İnsan Kanserlerinin Etiyolojisinde Gen-Çevre Etkileşiminin Rolü

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 30 - 37, 30.12.2021

Mehmet Emin Arayıcı , Yasemin Başbınar , Hülya Ellidokuz

Öz

Kanser, tüm dünyada ikinci önde gelen ölüm nedeni olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. 2018'de meydana gelen her altı ölümden biri kanserden kaynaklanmıştır. Gen-çevre etkileşiminde en önemli odak noktası yerleşik kanser risk faktörlerinin metabolizmasında yer alan enzimleri kodlayan genlerdir. Bu genlerin, metabolizmayı değiştirebilen ve kanserojenlere maruziyeti artıran veya azaltan dolayısıyla kanser riskini etkileyen yaygın varyant formları vardır. Çeşitli epidemiyolojik ve deneysel çalışmalar, birçok insan hastalığının sadece belirli genetik ve çevresel faktörlerden değil, aynı zamanda gen-çevre etkileşimlerinden kaynaklandığını göstermiştir. Son yıllarda kanserin ne tamamen genetik ne de tamamen çevresel etmenlerden oluştuğu daha da açık bir şekilde ortaya konmuştur. Genetik polimorfizmlerin, insanların kansere ve diğer kronik hastalık durumlarına duyarlılığında kritik bir rol oynadığı geniş çapta bildirilmiş olmasına rağmen, birçok tek nükleotid polimorfizmine (SNP'ler), insanların çevresel stresörlere maruz kalmasından kaynaklanan somatik mutasyonlar neden olmaktadır. Bilimsel kanıtlar, birçok kanserin etiyolojisinin ve patogenizinin genetik ve çevre arasındaki ortak etkiden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. Araştırmalar ayrıca çevresel faktörlerin spesifik allelik varyantlarla etkileşimlerinin hastalıklara karşı hassasiyeti oldukça değiştirdiğine dikkat çekmiştir. Bu derlemede, gen-çevre etkileşimlerinin doğasına genel bir bakış sağlamanın yanında bazı kanserlerin etkisine vurgu yaparak insan kanserlerindeki rollerini tartışıyoruz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

çevresel sorunlara maruziyet, moleküler epidemiyoloji, tümörler, polimorfizmler, gen-çevre etkileşimi

The Role of Gene-Environment Interactions in the Etiology of Human Cancers

Öz

Cancer is the second biggest cause of mortality on the world. In 2018, cancer claimed the lives of one out of every six people. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of known cancer risk factors are one of the most significant areas of study in gene-environment interaction. These genes have frequent variant forms that can change metabolism and increase or decrease exposure to carcinogens, affecting risk of cancer. According to many observational and clinical research, a large number of human illnesses are caused not only by certain hereditary and environmental variables, as well as by gene-environment interactions. In recent years, it has become revealed more clearly that cancer is neither entirely genetic nor entirely composed of environmental factors. Altough genetic polymorphisms have been widely reported to play a crucial role in the sensivity of humans to cancer and different diseases states, somatic mutations produced by human exposure to environmental factors are responsible for several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Studies in this field shows that the etiology and pathogenesis of many cancers arise through a complex interaction mechanism of genetic and environmental factors. According to scientific studies, the combination of environmental variables with particular allelic variations has a substantial impact on disease risk. In this article, presented a summary of the dynamics of gene-environment interactions and explained how they work in human malignancies, with a focus on the influence of specific tumors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

environmental exposure, molecular epidemiology, neoplasms, polymorphism, gene-environment interaction

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