An Electronically Tunable Low Power Low Pass Filter Employing Capacitor Multiplier for Biomedical Applications
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 845 - 861, 30.12.2022
Deniz Özenli
,
Ersin Alaybeyoğlu
Öz
In this work, a novel 0.9nW low pass filter is proposed using 0.18µm TSMC technology in Cadence environment to reject unwanted signals of biomedical applications. Active RC filter is designed with a new capacitor multiplier implementation providing high multiplication factor along with low power consumption. The designed circuit operates with ±0.3V supply voltages with DTMOS technique. At the same time, the power consumption of the proposed circuit is very low that can be implemented in implantable devices. The bandwidth of the designed filter is adjustable between 500mHz and 65Hz. In terms of Figure of Merit, the proposed filter outperforms the recommended circuits in the literature.
Kaynakça
- Aazam M., Zeadally S., and Harras K. A., (2018) Deploying fog computing in industrial internet of things and industry 4.0, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 4674–4682.
- Wan J., Tang S., Shu Z., Li D., Wang S., Imran M., and Vasilakos A., (2016) Software-defined industrial internet of things in the context of industry 4.0, IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 16, no. 20, pp. 1–1.
- Vittoz E. and Fellrath J., (1977) CMOS analog integrated circuits based on weak inversion operations, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 224–231.
- Kim H. S. and Cha H.-K., (2018) A low-noise biopotential CMOS amplifier IC using low-power two-stage Ota for Neural Recording Applications, Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, vol. 27, no. 05, p. 1850068.
- Sun C.-Y., and Lee S.-Y., (2018) A fifth-order Butterworth Ota-C LPF with multiple-output differential-input OTA for ECG applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 421–425.
- Li Y., Poon C. C., and Zhang Y.-T., (2010) Analog integrated circuits design for processing physiological signals,” IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 93–105.
- Bano S., Narejo G. B., and Usman Ali Shah S. M., (2018) Low voltage low power single ended operational transconductance amplifier for low frequency applications, Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 1875–1884.
- Behrouj A. R., Ghorbani A. R., Ghaznavi-Ghoushchi M. B., and Jalali M., (2019) A low-power CMOS transceiver in 130nm for wireless sensor network applications, Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 1015–1039.
- Rout S. S., Acharya S., and Sethi K., (2018) A low phase noise gm -boosted DTMOS VCO design in 180nm CMOS technology, Karbala International Journal of Modern Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 228–236.
- Alaybeyoglu E., (2019) Implementation of capacitor multiplier with cell‐based variable transconductance amplifier, IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 267–272.
- Sawigun C. and Thanapitak S., (2018) A 0.9-nW, 101-Hz, and 46.3-Vrms IRN Low-Pass Filter for ECG Acquisition Using FVF Biquads, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 2290–2298.
- Hou Y., Yousef K., Atef M., Wang G., and Lian Y., (2018) A 1-to-1-khz, 4.2-to-544-NW, multi-level comparator based level-crossing ADC for IoT applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 1390–1394.
- Kaur A., Agarwal A., Agarwal R., and Kumar S., (2018) A novel approach to ECG R-peak detection,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 6679–6691.
- Ozenli D., Alaybeyoglu E., and Kuntman H., (2021)“A grounded capacitance multiplier circuit employing VDTA, 2021 13th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), pp. 38–41.
- Harrison R. R., (2007) A versatile integrated circuit for the acquisition of Biopotentials, IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 115–122.
- Machha Krishna J. R. and Laxminidhi T., (2019) Widely tunable low-pass gm−C filter for biomedical applications., IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 239–244.
- Nagaraj K., (1989) A parasitic-insensitive area-efficient approach to realizing very large time constants in switched-capacitor circuits, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1210–1216.
- Solis-Bustos S., Silva-Martinez J., Maloberti F., and Sanchez-Sinencio E., (2000) A 60-DB dynamic-range CMOS sixth-order 2.4-Hz low-pass filter for medical applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 1391–1398.
- Veeravalli A., Sanchez-Sinencio E., and Silva-Martinez J., (2002) Transconductance amplifier structures with very small transconductances: A comparative design approach, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 770–775.
- Zhou L. and Chakrabartty S., (2015) Design of low-Gm transconductors using Varactor-based degeneration and linearization technique, IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), pp. 1-4.
- Tanzawa T., (2010) On two-phase switched-capacitor multipliers with minimum circuit area, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2602–2608.
- Yesil A., Yuce E., and Minaei S., (2017) Grounded capacitance multipliers based on active elements, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 79, pp. 243–249.
- Abuelma'atti M. T. and Tasadduq N. A., (1999) Electronically tunable capacitance multiplier and frequency-dependent negative-resistance simulator using the current-controlled current conveyor, Microelectronics Journal, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 869–873.
- Prommee P. and Somdunyakanok M., (2011) CMOS-based current-controlled DDCC and its applications to capacitance multiplier and Universal Filter, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 1–8.
- Khan A. A., Bimal S., Dey K. K., and Roy S. S., (2002) Current conveyor based R- and C- multiplier circuits, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 312–316.
- Das B. P., Watson N. and Liu Y., (2010) Wide tunable all pass filter using OTA as active component”. IEEE International Conference on Signals and Electronic Circuits, pp. 379-382.
- Liu P.-J., Hsu C.-Y., and Chang Y.-H., (2015) Techniques of dual-path error amplifier and capacitor multiplier for on-chip compensation and soft-start function, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1403–1410.
- Sagbas M., Ayten U. E., Sedef H., and Koksal M., (2009) Electronically tunable floating inductance simulator,” AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 423–427.
- Shin S.-H., Kweon S.-J., Jo S.-H., Choi Y.-C., Lee S., and Yoo H.-J., (2015) A 0.7-MHz–10-MHz CT+ DT hybrid baseband chain with improved passband flatness for LTE application, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 244–253.
- Rincon-Mora G. A., (2000) Active capacitor multiplier in Miller-compensated circuits, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 26–32.
- Shukla P. and Gupta A., (2017) Current-mode PMOS capacitance multiplier, IEEE International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC), pp. 1–4.
- Achigui H. F., Fayomi C. J. B., and Sawan M., (2006) 1-V DTMOS-based class-AB operational amplifier: Implementation and experimental results, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 2440–2448.
- Uygur A. and Kuntman H., (2013) DTMOS-based 0.4 V ultra low-voltage low-power VDTA design and its application to EEG data processing, Radioengineering, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 458-466.
- Kalekar P., Vernekar P., Vasantha M. H., Kumar Y. B. N., and Bonizzoni E., (2018) A 0.5 V low power DTMOS OTA-C filter for ECG sensing applications, IEEE SENSORS, pp. 1-4.
- Srivastava P., Gupta R. K., Sharma R. K. and Ranjan R. K., (2020) MOS-only Memristor emulator, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 39, no. 11, 5848-5861.
- Lorenzo R. and Chaudhury S., (2017) Dynamic threshold sleep transistor technique for high speed and low leakage in CMOS circuits, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 36(7), 2654-2671.
- Tsividis Y. and McAndrew C., (2011) Operation and Modeling of the MOS Transistor, Oxford Univ. Press.
- Parke S. A., Hu C., and Ko P. K., (1993) Bipolar-fet hybrid-mode operation of quarter-micrometer SOI mosfets (MESFETs read MOSFETs), IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 234–236.
- Alaybeyoğlu E. and Kuntman H., (2019) Capacitor multiplier with high multiplication factor for integrated low pass filter of biomedical applications using DTMOS technique, AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 107, pp. 291-297.
- Alaybeyoğlu E. and Kuntman H., (2018) A new implementation of the reconfigurable analog baseband low pass filter with cell-based variable transconductance amplifier, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 87-96.
- Lo T.-Y. and Hung C.-C., (2007) A wide tuning range Gm-C continuous-time analog filter, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 713–722.
- Lee S.-Y. and Cheng C.-J., (2009) Systematic design and modeling of a OTA-C filter for portable ECG detection,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 53–64.
- Liu Y.-T., Lie D. Y. C., Hu W., and Nguyen T., (2012) An ultralow-power CMOS transconductor design with wide input linear range for biomedical applications, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 2211–2214.
- Mahmoud S. A., Bamakhramah A., and Al-Tunaiji S. A., (2013) Low-noise low-pass filter for ECG portable detection systems with digitally programmable range, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 2029–2045.
- Arya R. and Oliveira J. P., (2016) Gm-C biquad filter for low signal sensor applications, 23rd International Conference Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, pp. 207–210.
Biyomedikal Uygulamalar için Kapasite Çarpıcı Kullanan Elektronik Olarak Ayarlanabilen Düşük Güçlü Alçak Geçiren Süzgeç
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 845 - 861, 30.12.2022
Deniz Özenli
,
Ersin Alaybeyoğlu
Öz
Bu çalışmada, biyomedikal uygulamaların istenmeyen işaretleri süzmek için Cadence ortamında 0.18µm TSMC teknolojisi kullanılarak yeni bir 0.9nW düşük geçiş filtresi önerilmiştir. Aktif RC filtresi, düşük güç tüketimi ile birlikte yüksek çarpma faktörü sağlayan ve üç katmalı OTA yapısından oluşan yeni bir kapasite çarpıcı devresi ile tasarlanmıştır. Tasarlanan filtrenin bant genişliği 500mHz ile 65Hz arasında ayarlanabilmektedir. Aynı zamanda önerilen devrenin güç tüketimi taşınabilir cihazlarda uygulanabilecek kadar düşüktür. Önerilen kapasite çarpıcı devresi özellikle güç tüketimi ve çalışma gerilimi açısından literatürde önerilen devrelerden daha yüksek performans göstermektedir.
Kaynakça
- Aazam M., Zeadally S., and Harras K. A., (2018) Deploying fog computing in industrial internet of things and industry 4.0, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 4674–4682.
- Wan J., Tang S., Shu Z., Li D., Wang S., Imran M., and Vasilakos A., (2016) Software-defined industrial internet of things in the context of industry 4.0, IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 16, no. 20, pp. 1–1.
- Vittoz E. and Fellrath J., (1977) CMOS analog integrated circuits based on weak inversion operations, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 224–231.
- Kim H. S. and Cha H.-K., (2018) A low-noise biopotential CMOS amplifier IC using low-power two-stage Ota for Neural Recording Applications, Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, vol. 27, no. 05, p. 1850068.
- Sun C.-Y., and Lee S.-Y., (2018) A fifth-order Butterworth Ota-C LPF with multiple-output differential-input OTA for ECG applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 421–425.
- Li Y., Poon C. C., and Zhang Y.-T., (2010) Analog integrated circuits design for processing physiological signals,” IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 93–105.
- Bano S., Narejo G. B., and Usman Ali Shah S. M., (2018) Low voltage low power single ended operational transconductance amplifier for low frequency applications, Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 1875–1884.
- Behrouj A. R., Ghorbani A. R., Ghaznavi-Ghoushchi M. B., and Jalali M., (2019) A low-power CMOS transceiver in 130nm for wireless sensor network applications, Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 1015–1039.
- Rout S. S., Acharya S., and Sethi K., (2018) A low phase noise gm -boosted DTMOS VCO design in 180nm CMOS technology, Karbala International Journal of Modern Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 228–236.
- Alaybeyoglu E., (2019) Implementation of capacitor multiplier with cell‐based variable transconductance amplifier, IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 267–272.
- Sawigun C. and Thanapitak S., (2018) A 0.9-nW, 101-Hz, and 46.3-Vrms IRN Low-Pass Filter for ECG Acquisition Using FVF Biquads, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 2290–2298.
- Hou Y., Yousef K., Atef M., Wang G., and Lian Y., (2018) A 1-to-1-khz, 4.2-to-544-NW, multi-level comparator based level-crossing ADC for IoT applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 1390–1394.
- Kaur A., Agarwal A., Agarwal R., and Kumar S., (2018) A novel approach to ECG R-peak detection,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 6679–6691.
- Ozenli D., Alaybeyoglu E., and Kuntman H., (2021)“A grounded capacitance multiplier circuit employing VDTA, 2021 13th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), pp. 38–41.
- Harrison R. R., (2007) A versatile integrated circuit for the acquisition of Biopotentials, IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 115–122.
- Machha Krishna J. R. and Laxminidhi T., (2019) Widely tunable low-pass gm−C filter for biomedical applications., IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 239–244.
- Nagaraj K., (1989) A parasitic-insensitive area-efficient approach to realizing very large time constants in switched-capacitor circuits, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1210–1216.
- Solis-Bustos S., Silva-Martinez J., Maloberti F., and Sanchez-Sinencio E., (2000) A 60-DB dynamic-range CMOS sixth-order 2.4-Hz low-pass filter for medical applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 1391–1398.
- Veeravalli A., Sanchez-Sinencio E., and Silva-Martinez J., (2002) Transconductance amplifier structures with very small transconductances: A comparative design approach, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 770–775.
- Zhou L. and Chakrabartty S., (2015) Design of low-Gm transconductors using Varactor-based degeneration and linearization technique, IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), pp. 1-4.
- Tanzawa T., (2010) On two-phase switched-capacitor multipliers with minimum circuit area, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2602–2608.
- Yesil A., Yuce E., and Minaei S., (2017) Grounded capacitance multipliers based on active elements, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 79, pp. 243–249.
- Abuelma'atti M. T. and Tasadduq N. A., (1999) Electronically tunable capacitance multiplier and frequency-dependent negative-resistance simulator using the current-controlled current conveyor, Microelectronics Journal, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 869–873.
- Prommee P. and Somdunyakanok M., (2011) CMOS-based current-controlled DDCC and its applications to capacitance multiplier and Universal Filter, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 1–8.
- Khan A. A., Bimal S., Dey K. K., and Roy S. S., (2002) Current conveyor based R- and C- multiplier circuits, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 312–316.
- Das B. P., Watson N. and Liu Y., (2010) Wide tunable all pass filter using OTA as active component”. IEEE International Conference on Signals and Electronic Circuits, pp. 379-382.
- Liu P.-J., Hsu C.-Y., and Chang Y.-H., (2015) Techniques of dual-path error amplifier and capacitor multiplier for on-chip compensation and soft-start function, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1403–1410.
- Sagbas M., Ayten U. E., Sedef H., and Koksal M., (2009) Electronically tunable floating inductance simulator,” AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 423–427.
- Shin S.-H., Kweon S.-J., Jo S.-H., Choi Y.-C., Lee S., and Yoo H.-J., (2015) A 0.7-MHz–10-MHz CT+ DT hybrid baseband chain with improved passband flatness for LTE application, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 244–253.
- Rincon-Mora G. A., (2000) Active capacitor multiplier in Miller-compensated circuits, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 26–32.
- Shukla P. and Gupta A., (2017) Current-mode PMOS capacitance multiplier, IEEE International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC), pp. 1–4.
- Achigui H. F., Fayomi C. J. B., and Sawan M., (2006) 1-V DTMOS-based class-AB operational amplifier: Implementation and experimental results, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 2440–2448.
- Uygur A. and Kuntman H., (2013) DTMOS-based 0.4 V ultra low-voltage low-power VDTA design and its application to EEG data processing, Radioengineering, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 458-466.
- Kalekar P., Vernekar P., Vasantha M. H., Kumar Y. B. N., and Bonizzoni E., (2018) A 0.5 V low power DTMOS OTA-C filter for ECG sensing applications, IEEE SENSORS, pp. 1-4.
- Srivastava P., Gupta R. K., Sharma R. K. and Ranjan R. K., (2020) MOS-only Memristor emulator, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 39, no. 11, 5848-5861.
- Lorenzo R. and Chaudhury S., (2017) Dynamic threshold sleep transistor technique for high speed and low leakage in CMOS circuits, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 36(7), 2654-2671.
- Tsividis Y. and McAndrew C., (2011) Operation and Modeling of the MOS Transistor, Oxford Univ. Press.
- Parke S. A., Hu C., and Ko P. K., (1993) Bipolar-fet hybrid-mode operation of quarter-micrometer SOI mosfets (MESFETs read MOSFETs), IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 234–236.
- Alaybeyoğlu E. and Kuntman H., (2019) Capacitor multiplier with high multiplication factor for integrated low pass filter of biomedical applications using DTMOS technique, AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 107, pp. 291-297.
- Alaybeyoğlu E. and Kuntman H., (2018) A new implementation of the reconfigurable analog baseband low pass filter with cell-based variable transconductance amplifier, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 87-96.
- Lo T.-Y. and Hung C.-C., (2007) A wide tuning range Gm-C continuous-time analog filter, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 713–722.
- Lee S.-Y. and Cheng C.-J., (2009) Systematic design and modeling of a OTA-C filter for portable ECG detection,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 53–64.
- Liu Y.-T., Lie D. Y. C., Hu W., and Nguyen T., (2012) An ultralow-power CMOS transconductor design with wide input linear range for biomedical applications, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 2211–2214.
- Mahmoud S. A., Bamakhramah A., and Al-Tunaiji S. A., (2013) Low-noise low-pass filter for ECG portable detection systems with digitally programmable range, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 2029–2045.
- Arya R. and Oliveira J. P., (2016) Gm-C biquad filter for low signal sensor applications, 23rd International Conference Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, pp. 207–210.