Özgeciliğin Ortaya Çıktığı Durumların Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 92, 1685 - 1697, 08.10.2024

Zeynep Başerer Berber

https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1470289

Öz

Özgecilik, başkalarının refahı, ihtiyaçları ve mutluluğuyla ilgilenme ve onlara yardım etme eğilimidir. Bir başka deyişle özgecilik, bireyin kendi çıkarlarına göre hareket etmesinden ziyade genellikle başkalarının refahına odaklanması ve onlara yardım etme arzusuyla hareket etmesidir. Özgecilik; empati, cömertlik, yardımseverlik, paylaşma ve hoşgörü gibi olumlu sosyal ve duygusal niteliklerle ilişkili bir kavramdır. Bu nedenle başkalarının ihtiyaçlarına duyarlılık göstermek, başkalarının acılarını hafifletmek ve toplumsal dayanışmayı teşvik etmek için çeşitli şekillerde ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Ancak özgeciliğin her bireyde somut bir şekilde ortaya çıkması farklı durumlara bağlı olmakta ve bu da kendi içinde çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Yapılan bu çalışma ile özgeciliğin hangi durumlarda ortaya çıktığını değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Derleme niteliği taşıyan bu çalışma ile özgeciliğin ne olduğu, bireylerde özgeciliğin nasıl geliştiği ve gelişimini etkileyen faktörlerin neler olduğu üzerinde durularak özgeciliğin bireylerde ortaya çıktığı durumlar örneklerle detaylandırılmıştır. Yapılan bu çalışma aracılığıyla özgeciliğin bireyler ve toplumlar için son derece önemli olan bir kavram olduğuna vurgu yapılırken, özgeciliğin insanların duygusal, sosyal ve toplumsal bağlantılarını güçlendirilmesinde, toplumsal refahı artırılmasında, sosyal adalet ve eşitlik için ne kadar gerekli olduğu konusu üzerinde de durulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Özgecilik, Özgeci Davranış, Yardım Etme Davranışı, Karşılıksız Yardım

Evaluation of Situations Where Altruism Occurs

Öz

Kaynakça

• Allison, P. D. (1992). How culture induces altruistic behavior. University of Pennsylvania.
• Ashton, M. C., Paunonen, S. V., Helmes, E., & Jackson, D. N. (1998). Kin altruism, reciprocal altruism, and the Big Five personality factors. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19 (4), 243-255. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513898000099
• Aydoğdu, Ü. R., Karamustafaoğlu, O. & Bülbül, M. Ş. (2017). Akademik araştırmalarda araştırma yöntemleri ile örneklem ilişkisi: Doğrulayıcı doküman analizi örneği. Dicle University Journal of Ziya Gokalp Education Faculty, (30), 556-565. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/786633
• Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A., & Leiser, T. (1980). The development of altruistic behavior: Empirical evidence. Developmental Psychology, 16(5), 516-524. https://sci-hub.se/10.1037/0012-1649.16.5.516
• Batson, C. Daniel, Nadia Ahmad and Jo- Ann Tsang (2002), Four Motives for Community Involvement, Journal of Social Issues, 58 (3), 429–445. https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/25043.pdf
• Berkowitz, L. (1972), “Social Norms, Feelings, and Other Factors Affecting Helping and Altruism” in L. Berkowitz (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 63-108, San Diego, CA: Academic Press
• Bierhoff, H. W. (2002), Prosocial Behaviour, London: Psychology Press
• Buss, D.M. (2008). Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
• Comte, A.(1852) The Catechism of Positive Religion. Trans. R. Congreve. London: Chapman, 1858. Google Book Search.
• Dahl, A., & Paulus, M. (2019). From interest to obligation: The gradual development of human altruism. Child Development Perspectives, 13(1), 10-14. https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cdep.12298
• Darlington Jr, P. J. (1978). Altruism: Its characteristics and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 75(1), 385-389. https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC411253&blobtype=pdf
• Dawkins. R. (1976). The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Dovidio, J.F. (1984). Helping behavior and altruism: an empirical and conceptual overview. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,ed. L Berkowitz, vol. 17, pp. 361–427. New York: Academic
• Dubeski, N. (2001). Durkheim’s altruism as the source of his social holism: A discussion of the viability of a social basis for moral principles. Electronic Journal of Sociology, 5, 3. https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/202/300/ejofsociology/2002/v06n04/dubeski.html
• Eisenberg, N., Miller, P. A., Shell, R., McNalley, S., & Shea, C. (1991). Prosocial development in adolescence: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 27, 849–857. https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.849
• Elster, J. (2006), Altruistic Behaviour and Altruistic Motivations” in Serge-Christophe Kolm and Jean Mercier Ythier (eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity, 1, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 183–206.
• Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
• Eroğlu, M. (2023). Çocukluk Döneminde Bilişsel Gelişim: Piaget ve Vygotsky’nin Bilişsel Gelişim Kuramlarının İncelenmesi ve Karşılaştırılması. Eğitim ve Yeni Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 6(1), 69-77. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2981783
• Ersanlı, K. & Doğru Çabuker, E. (2015). Diğerkamlık ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14 (52), 43-53. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/70610
• Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, 425(6960), 785-791. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9042569_The_Nature_of_Human_Altruism
• Gaulin, S.J.C. & McBurney, D. H. (2004). Evolutionary Psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
• Grusec, J. E., Davidov, M., Lundell, L. (2002). Prosocial and helping behavior. In Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development: Blackwell Handbooks of Developmental Psychology, ed. PK Smith, CH Hart, pp. 457–74. Malden, MA: Blackwell Sci.
• Hruschka, D. J. (2010). Friendship: Development, ecology, and evolution of a relationship. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Kahana, E., Bhatta, T., Lovegreen, L. D., Kahana, B., & Midlarsky, E. (2013). Altruism, helping, and volunteering: Pathways to well-being in late life. Journal of aging and health, 25(1), 159-187. https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3910233&blobtype=pdf
• Kerr, B., Godfrey-Smith, P., & Feldman, M. W. (2004). What is altruism?. Trends in ecology & evolution, 19(3), 135-140. https://petergodfreysmith.com/KerrGSFeldmanAltruismTREE.pdf
• Khalil, E. L. (2004). What is altruism?. Journal of economic psychology, 25(1), 97-123. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167487003000758
• Krebs, D. (1982). Altruism-A rational approach. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior. NY: Academic Press
• Krebs, D. L. (1970), Altruism - An Examination of the Concept and a Review of the Literature, Psychological Bulletin, 73 (4), 258-302. https://www.proquest.com/openview/5d8f52f9226bf0222ef9c5ef181ff313/1?cbl=60977&pq-origsite=gscholar&parentSessionId=l3lK2RbD4QG9rtzlc8zF8Cj%2B7Fi%2ByIhlxrHGVnW0Dvw%3D
• Leeds, R. (1963). Altruism and the Norm of Giving. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behaviour and Development, 9 (3), 229-240. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23082789?seq=4
• Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2009). Social Construction of Reality. In S. Littlejohn, & K. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Communication Theory (pp. 892-895). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Ma, H. K. (2017). The development of altruism with special reference to human relationships: A 10-stage theory. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(271), 1-14. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00271/full
• Madsen, E. A., Tunney, R. J., Fieldman, G., et al. (2007). Kinship and altruism: A cross‐cultural experimental study. British Journal of Psychology, 98, 339-359. https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/5315300/4091559.pdf
• Mathew. K.J., Deepa, P.S., Karthıck. S. ve Sakshı Rai. (2016). Evolation of Altruism in Humans, International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Researc (ISSIR), 5 (12), 45-65. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312070513_EVOLUTION_OF_ALTRUISM_IN_HUMANS
• Musick, M. & Wilson, J. (2008), Volunteers: A Social Profile, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Omoto, A. M. & Snyder M. (1995). Sustained helping without obligation: motivation, longevity of service, and perceived attitude change among AIDS volunteers. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 68, 671–87.
• Parrett, M. (2023). Gender differences in altruism and the price of altruism: evidence from restaurant tips. Applied Economics Letters, 30(8), 1097-1100. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504851.2022.2036678
• Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 56, 365-392. https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/psych/56/1/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141.pdf?expires=1718005065&id=id&accname=ar-376620&checksum=0EC6CFD789F82FB444BFE7ED7531EC1C
• Piaget, J. (2013). Origin of Intelligence in the Child: Selected Works vol 3 (Vol. 3). Routledge.
• Piliavin, J.A., & Charng, H. (1990). Altruism; a review of recent theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology. 17, 27-65. https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/soc/16/1/annurev.so.16.080190.000331.pdf?expires=1713441683&id=id&accname=ar-376620&checksum=9AEBE3BA8E22837DE9935AE33B94E04A
• Radovanović, B. (2019). Altruism in behavioral, motivational and evolutionary sense. Filozofija i društvo, 30(1), 122-134. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331658840_Altruism_in_behavioural_motivational_and_evolutionary_sense
• Ramsey, G. (2016). Can altruism be unified?, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 56, 32-38. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284344854_Can_altruism_be_unified
• Ratner, K. G., & Way, B. M. (2013). Unselfish genes? The quest to uncover genomic influences on prosocial behavior. Social neuroscience, 8(5), 397-399. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/17470919.2013.832372?needAccess=true
• Scott, N. & Seglow, J. (2007), Altruism, Open University Press, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education
• Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts
• Snyder, M.& Patrick C. D. (2013), “Altruism and Prosocial Behaviour”, in Theodore Millon, Melvin Lerner and Irving Meiner (eds), Handbook of Psychology, Volume 5: Personality and Social Psychology, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 467–485.
• Stich, S. (2007). Evolution, altruism and cognitive architecture: a critique of Sober and Wilson’s argument for psychological altruism. Biology & Philosophy, 22, 267-281. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226927147_Evolution_altruism_and_cognitive_architecture_A_critique_of_Sober_and_Wilson's_argument_for_psychological_altruism#full-text
• Stukas, A. A., & Clary, E. G. (2012). Altruism and helping behavior. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 100-107). Kiddlington, UK: Academic Press. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315572104_Altruism_and_Helping_Behavior
• Swank, J. M., Limberg, D., & Liu, R. (2020). Development of the altruism scale for children: An assessment of caring behaviors among children. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 53(1), 34-43. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07481756.2019.1667245
• Swank, J. M., Ohrt, J. H., & Robinson, E. M. (2013). A qualitative exploration of counseling students' perception of altruism. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 52(1), 23-38. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2013.00030.x
• Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q Rev Biol, 46, 35–57. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230818222_The_Evolution_of_Reciprocal_Altruism#full-text
• Underwood, B. & Moore, B. S. (1982). The generality of altruism in children. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior. NY: Academic Press
• Warneken, F. (2013). The development of altruistic behavior: Helping in children and chimpanzees. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 80(2), 431-442. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12285465/The%20Development%20of%20Altruistic.pdf;sequence=1
• Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2009). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology, 100(3), 455–471. https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1348/000712608X379061
• Wendland, J. R., Martin, B. J., Kruse, M. R., Lesch, K. P., & Murphy, D. L. (2006). Simultaneous genotyping of four functional loci of human SLC6A4, with a reappraisal of 5-HTTLPR and rs25531. Molecular psychiatry, 11(3), 224-226. https://www.nature.com/articles/4001789