Türkiye'nin kuzeyinde Tick-borne ensefalitis virüsünün serolojik ve moleküler araştırması

Yıl 2022, , 34 - 39, 15.06.2022

Gökhan Asal Cüneyt Tamer , Harun Albayrak

https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1064554

Öz

Kene kaynaklı ensefalit (TBE), Avrasya'nın birçok bölgesinde endemik viral zoonotik bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Orta Karadeniz bölgesinde çeşitli ruminant türlerinden (sığır, keçi ve koyun) toplanan tam kan, serum örnekleri ve sert kenelerde Tick-borne ensefalitis virusuna karşı RNA ve IgG antikorlarının varlığı araştırıldı. 2625 kene ve 708 kan örneğinde TBEV genomik RNA bulunamadı. Bununla birlikte, anti-TBEV antikorları için yapılan serolojik inceleme, TBEV IgG antikorunun: 198 sığırdan 61'i (%30.8), 115 keçiden 7'si (%6.1) ve 147 koyundan 15'i (%10.2) ELISA yöntemiyle pozitif bulunmuştur. İller için pozitiflik oranları şu şekildedir: Samsun %12,7, Sivas %35,2 ve Tokat %13,2. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki kenelerde TBEV'nin önceki bulgularını desteklemektedir ve halk sağlığı açısından (maruz kalanlara yönelik aşı önerileri açısından) önem arzetmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Evcil hayvanlar, Real time RT-PCR, Seroprevelans, Kene, Tick-borne ensefalitis virusu

Destekleyen Kurum

Ondokuz Mayıs University

Proje Numarası

PYO.VET.1904.17.008.

Serological survey and molecular investigation of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Northern Turkey

Öz

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an endemic viral zoonotic disease in many regions of Eurasia. In this study, whole blood, serum samples and the hard ticks collected from a variety of ruminant species (cattle, goat and sheep) in the middle Black Sea region of Turkey were investigated for the presence of RNA and IgG antibodies against Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). No TBEV genomic RNA was found in 2625 tick and 708 blood samples. However, serological examination for anti-TBEV antibodies revealed that TBEV IgG antibody was found as follow: cattle 61 of 198 (30.8%), goat 7 of 115 (6.1%) and sheep 15 of 147 (10.2%), and confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positivity rates for the provinces were as follows: Samsun 12.7%, Sivas 35.2% and Tokat 13.2%. This information supports previous findings of TBEV in ticks in Turkey and may be of relevance for public health considerations (in respect to vaccination recommendations for those exposed).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Domestic animals, Real time RT-PCR, Seroprevalence, Tick, Tick-borne encephalitis virus

Proje Numarası

PYO.VET.1904.17.008.

Kaynakça

• Aydin L, Bakirci S. (2007). Geographical distribution of ticks in Turkey. Parasitol Res. 101, 163–166.
• Bakir M, Ugurlu M, Dokuzoguz B, Bodur H, Tasyaran, MA,Vahaboglu H. (2005). Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Middle Anatolia: a multicentre study of clinical features and outcome measures. J Med Microbiol. 54, 385–389.
• Balogh Z, Egyed L, Ferenczi E, Ban E, Szomor KN, Takacs M, Berencsi G. (2012). Experimental infection of goats with tickborne encephalitis virus and the possibilities to prevent virüs transmission by raw goat milk. Intervirology. 55, 194–200.
• Dai X, Shang G, Lu S, Yang J, Xu J. (2018). A new subtype of eastern tick‐borne encephalitis virus discovered in Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China. Emerg Microbes Infec. 7, 74.
• Dorrbecker B, Dobler G, Spiegel M, Hufert FT. (2010). Tick‐borne encephalitis virus and the immune response of the mammalian host. Travel Med Infect Dis. 8, 213–222.
• Ecker M, Allison, SL, Meixner, T, Heinz FX. (1999). Sequence analysis and genetic classification of tick‐borne encephalitis viruses from Europe and Asia. J Gen Virol. 80, 179–185.
• Ergunay K, Ozer N, Us D, Ozkul A, Simsek F, Kaynas S. (2007). Seroprevalence of West Nile virus and tickborne encephalitis virus in southeastern Turkey: first evidence for tick-borne encephalitis virus infections. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7, 157–161.
• Ergunay K, Saygan MB, Aydogan S, Litzba N, Sener B, Lederer S, Niedrig M, Hascelik G, Us D. (2011). Confirmed exposure to tick-borne encephalitis virus and probable human cases of tick-borne encephalitis in Central/Northern Anatolia, Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health. 58, 220–227.
• Esen B, Gozalan A, Coplu N, Tapar FS, Uzun R, Aslan T, Ertek M, Buzgan T, Akin L. (2008). The presence of tick-borne encephalitis in an endemic area for tick-borne diseases, Turkey. Tropl Doct. 38, 27-28.
• Gritsun TS, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA. (2003a). Tick-borne encephalitis. Antiviral Res. 57, 129–46.
• Gritsun TS, Frolova TV, Zhankov AI, Armesto M, Turner SL, Frolova MP, Pogodina VV, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA. (2003b). Characterization of a siberian virus isolated from a patient with progressive chronic tick‐borne encephalitis. J Virol. 77, 25–36.
• Holzmann H, Aberle SW, Stiasny K, Werner P, Mischak A, Zainer B, Netzer M, Koppi S, Bechter E, Heinz FX. (2009). Tick‐borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of Austria. Emerg Infect Dis. 15, 1671–1673.
• Inci A, Yildirim A, Duzlu O, Doganay M, Aksoy S. (2016). Tick-borne diseases in Turkey: A review based on one health perspective. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 10, e0005021.
• Juceviciene A, Zygutiene M, Leinikki P, Korvenkontio HB, Salminen M, Han X, Vapalahti O. (2005). Tick-borne encephalitis virüs infections in Lithuanian domestic animals and ticks. Scandinavian J Infect Dis. 37, 742–746.
• Kaiser R. (2012). Tick‐borne encephalitis: Clinical findings and prognosis in adults. The Wien Med Wochensschr. 162, 239–243.
• Karan T, Tekin S, Bursali A, Keskin A. (2014). Investigation of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in ıxodid ticks collected from central black sea region in Turkey. J New Results Sci. 4, 30–35.
• Kerlik J, Avdicova M, Stefkovicova M, Tarkovska V, Valachova MP, Molcanyi T, Mezencev R. (2018). Slovakia reports highest occurrence of alimentary tick‐borne encephalitis in Europe: Analysis of tick‐borne encephalitis outbreaks in Slovakia during 2007–2016. Travel Med Infect Dis. 26, 37–42.
• Klaus C, Hoffmann B, Moog U, Schau U, Beer M, Suss J. (2010). Can goats be used as sentinels for tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) in nonendemic areas? Experimental studies and epizootiological observations. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr. 123, 441–445.
• Klaus C, Beer M, Saier R, Schau U, Moog U, Hoffmann B, Diller R, Suss J. (2012). Goats and sheep as sentinels for tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) virus–epidemiological studies in areas endemic and non‐endemic for TBE virus in Germany. Ticks Tick-borne Dis. 3, 27–37.
• Klaus C, Horugel U, Hoffmann B, Beer M. (2013). Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in horses: Clinical and laboratory findings and epidemiological investigations. Vet Microbiol. 163, 368–372.
• Klaus C, Ziegler U, Kalthoff D, Hoffmann B, Beer M. (2014). Tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV) ‐ findings on cross reactivity and longevity of TBEV antibodies in animal sera. BMC Vet Res. 10, 78.
• Kovalev SY, Mukhacheva TA. (2017). Reconsidering the classification of tick‐borne encephalitis virus within the Siberian subtype gives new insights into its evolutionary history. Infect Genet Evol. 55, 159–165.
• Lindquist L, Vapalahti O. (2008). Tick‐borne encephalitis. Lancet. 371, 1861–1871.
• Paulsen KM, das Neves CG, Granquist EG, Madslien K, Stuen S, Pedersen BN, Vikse R, Rocchi M, Laming E, Andreassen AK. (2020). Cervids as sentinel-species for tick-borne encephalitis virus in Norway - A serological study. Zoonoses Public Health. 67, 342–351.
• Paulsen KM, Stuen S, das Neves CG, Suhel F, Gurung D, Soleng A, Stiasny K, Vikse R, Andreassen AK, Granquist EG. (2019). Tick-borne encephalitis virus in cows and unpasteurized cow milk from Norway. Zoonoses Public Health. 66, 216–222.
• Radda A, (1971). Antibodies against group A and B arboviruses in domestic animals from Turkey. EUTıp Fak Mecmuası. 10, 227–230.
• Rieille N, Klaus C, Hoffmann D, Peter O, Voordouw MJ. (2017). Goats as sentinel hosts for the detection of tick‐borne encephalitis risk areas in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland. BMC Vet Res. 13, 217.
• Ruzek D, Zupanc TA, Borde J, Chrdle A, Eyer L, Karganova G, Kholodilov I, Knap N, Kozlovskaya L, Matveev A, Miller AD, Osolodkin DI, Överby AK, Tikunova N, Tkachev S, Zajkowska J, (2019). Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: Review of pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and vaccines. Antiviral Res. 164, 23–51.
• Salat J, Mihalca AD, Mihaiu M, Modry D, Ruzek D. (2017). Tickborne encephalitis in sheep, Romania. Emerg Infect Dis. 23, 2065–2067.
• Schwaiger M, Cassinotti P. (2003). Development of a quantitative realtime RT-PCR assay with internal control for the laboratory detection of tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA. J Clin Virol. 27, 136–145.
• Serter F. (1968). Tick-borne meningo-encephalitis cases in Izmir area. EU Tıp Fak Mecmuası, 7, 1–13.
• Suss J. (2011). Tick‐borne encephalitis 2010: Epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia‐an overview. Ticks Tick-borne Dis. 2, 2–15.
• Uyar Y, Akcali A, Carhan A, Ozkaya E, Ertek M. (2007). Seroprevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) among cases with tick bite history in Turkey. Türk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 64, 21–25.
• Weissenbock H, Suchy A, Holzmann H. (1998). Tick-borne encephalitis in dogs: Neuropathological findings and distribution of antigen. Acta Neuropathol. 95, 361–366.
• Whitby JE, Whitby SN, Jennings AD, Stephenson JR, Barrett ADT. (1993). Nucleotide sequence of the envelope protein of a Turkish isolate of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is distinct from other viruses of the TBE virus complex. J Gen Virol. 74, 921–924.
• Yilmaz H, Barut K, Karakullukcu A, Kasapcopur O, Kocazeybek B, Altan E, Cizmecigil UY, Yilmaz A, Bilgin Z, Esatgil MU, Klaus C, Richt JA, Turan N. (2019). Serological evidence of tick-borne encephalitis and west nile virus infections among children with arthritis in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 19, 446–449.