Yarasa kaynaklı zoonotik viruslar

Yıl 2023, , 211 - 218, 28.12.2023

Müge Fırat

https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1321675

Öz

Yarasalar böcek popülasyonlarının dengelenmesi, bitkilerin tozlaşması ve tohumların yayılması gibi önemli ekolojik katkıları bulunan, çok farklı habitatlarda yaşayabilen ve rodentlerden sonra Memeliler sınıfının en fazla çeşitlilik gösteren takımıdır. Yarasalar vücut büyüklüklerine oranla oldukça uzun yaşamaları, uzak mesafelere uçabilme ve göç etme yetenekleri, tüneme, sosyal organizasyon, hibernasyon, termoregülasyon, ekolokasyon, torpor ve kuvvetli bağışıklık sistemi mekanizmaları sonucu zoonotik viral hastalıklar da dahil olmak üzere pek çok mikroorganizma için rezervuar konaktır. Virusların pek çoğunun doğal yaşam döngüsünde yer alan ve bünyelerinde zengin bir virus çeşitliliğine sahip olan yarasalardan insanlara virusların bulaşması, doğrudan veya yabani ve çiftlik hayvanları ara konaklığıyla olmaktadır. Yarasaların eskiden beri Rhabdoviridae ailesinden Kuduz lyssavirusu ve diğer kuduz-ilişkili lyssavirusları taşıdıkları bilgisine ek olarak, Coronaviridae ailesinden SARS-CoV ve MERS-CoV, Filoviridae ailesinden Ebola ve Marburg viruslar ile Paramyxoviridae ailesinden Nipah ve Hendra viruslar gibi önemli viral zoonoz etkenlerin de doğal taşıyıcıları oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Bu derlemede yarasaların diğer hayvan türleri ile karşılaştırıldığında tür başına daha yüksek oranda zoonotik virusları taşımalarına katkıda bulunan çeşitli faktörler ve önemli bazı yarasa kaynaklı zoonotik viral hastalıklar hakkında genel bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yarasa, Yarasa biyolojisi, Yarasa kaynaklı viruslar, Yarasa kaynaklı zoonotik viruslar, Yarasa kaynaklı zoonotik viral hastalıklar

Bat-borne zoonotic viruses

Öz

Bats are the most diverse order of Mammalia class after rodents, having important ecological contributions such as stabilization of insect populations, pollination of plants and dispersal of seeds, and can live in very different habitats. Bats are reservoir hosts for many microorganisms, including zoonotic viral diseases, as a result of their relatively long lifespan, ability to fly long distances and migrate, roost, social organization, hibernation, thermoregulation, echolocation, torpor, and strong immune system mechanisms. The transmission of viruses from bats which have a rich virus diversity in their body and most of them take place in their natural life cycle, to human occurs directly or through the intermediate host of wild and farm animals. In addition to the information that bats have been carrying Lyssavirus rabies and other rabies-related lyssaviruses from the Rhabdoviridae family, which has been known for a long time, it has been determined that they are also natural carriers of important viral zoonotic agents such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV from the Coronaviridae family, Ebola and Marburg viruses from the Filoviridae family and Nipah and Hendra viruses from the Paramyxoviridae family. In this review, it is aimed to give general information about various factors that contribute to the fact that bats carry a higher rate of zoonotic viruses per species compared to other animal species and some important bat-borne zoonotic viral diseases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bat, Bat biology, Bat borne viruses, Bat-borne zoonotic viruses, Bat-borne zoonotic viral diseases

Kaynakça

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