Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus canis from dogs

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 6 - 13, 30.06.2021

Ezgi Şababoğlu , Dilek Öztürk , Hülya Türütoğlu

https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.756567

Öz

Streptococcus canis is an important opportunistic pathogen that infects animals and humans. It causes various infections, including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, otitis externa, arthritis, skin infections, necrotizing fasciitis, and septicemia in dogs and cats. It can also lead to human infections. There are still very few specific studies on the identification and antimicrobial resistance of this pathogen. In this study, the phenotypic and biochemical properties of 12 S. canis isolates obtained from the vaginal discharge of 11 dogs and the open wound of one dog with facial necrosis were determined, and their susceptibility to some antibiotics were investigated. The phenotypic and biochemical properties of 12 isolates, such as esculin hydrolysis, hippurate hydrolysis, synergistic CAMP-like hemolytic activity, brain hearth infusion agar containing 6.5% NaCl, and carbohydrate fermentation were investigated by conventional bacteriological methods. All the isolates were found in Group G according to Lancefield serogrouping. The presence of the species-specific 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region (ISR) and sodAint gene was also detected in all the isolates using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. All the isolates were detected to be susceptible to penicillin G, cefoperazone, ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and resistant to gentamicin and neomycin.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical properties, species-specific genes, Streptococcus canis

Köpeklerden Streptococcus canis'in izolasyonu ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılığı

Öz

Streptococcus canis, hayvanları ve insanları enfekte eden önemli bir opportunistik patojendir. Köpeklerde ve kedilerde artritis, deri enfeksiyonları, otitis eksterna, septisemi, fasiyal nekroz ve streptokokkal toksik şok sendromu gibi çeşitli enfeksiyonlara neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca insan enfeksiyonlarına da yol açabilmektedir. Bu patojenin identifikasyonu ve antimikrobiyal direncine yönelik çalışmalar hala az sayıdadır. Bu çalışmada, hasta 11 köpeğin vajinal akıntısından ve 1 fasiyal nekrozlu köpeğin açık yarasından izole edilen 12 S. canis izolatının fenotipik ve biyokimyasal özellikleri ile bazı antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları incelendi. 12 izolatın eskülin hidrolizi, hippurat hidrolizi, sinerjistik CAMP benzeri hemolitik aktivitesi, %6.5 NaCl içeren Brain Heart Infusion agar (BHIA)’da üremesi ve karbonhidrat fermentasyonu gibi fenotipik ve biyokimyasal özellikleri konvansiyonel bakteriyolojik metodlar ile incelendi. Tüm izolatların Lancifield serogruplandırmasına göre G grubunda yer aldığı belirlendi. Ayrıca tüm izolatların polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu ile tür spesifik ISR ve sodAint genlerini taşıdığı saptandı. İzolatların tamamının amoksisilin-klavulanik asit, sefaperazon, ampisilin ve penisilin G’ye duyarlı, gentamisin ve neomisine dirençli olduğu belirlendi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antimikrobiyal duyarlılık, biyokimyasal özellikler, Streptococcus canis, tür spesifik genler

Kaynakça

• Abma E, Vandenabeele S, Campos M, Bosnians T, Stock E, De Rooster H. (2013) Necrotizing fasciitis in a dog. Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr. 82, 134-142.
• Avki S, Türütoğlu H, Temizsoylu MD, Yiğitaslan K. (2008) Bir köpekte streptococcal toksik şok sendromu: Streptococcus canis- et yiyen bakteri. Vet Cerrahi Derg. 14, 24-26.
• Bagcigil AF, Kirsan I, Ikiz S, Ozgur NY. (2004) Bacteriological examination of the bitches with pyometra. Medycyna Wet. 60, 934-936.
• Bert F, Lambert-Zechovsky N. (1997) Septicemia caused by Streptococcus canis in a human. J Clin Microbiol. 35, 777-779.
• Chaffer M, Friedman S, Saran A, Younis A. (2005) An outbreak of Streptococcus canis mastitis in a dairy herd in Israel. N Z Vet J. 53, 261-264.
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2018) Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals; 4th ed. CLSI supplement VET08 CLSI Wayne, PA, USA
• Devriese LA, Hommez J, Kilpper-Balz R, Schleifer KH. (1986) Streptococcus canis sp. nov.: A species of group G streptococci from animals. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 36, 422-425.
• DeWinter LM, Prescott JF. (1999) Relatedness of Streptococcus canis from canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. Can J Vet Res. 63, 90-95.
• Diren Sıǧırcı B, Koenhemsi L, Gönül R, Uysal A, Özgür NY. (2012) Bir köpeǧin idrar yolu infeksiyonunda saptanan Acinetobacter baumannii ve Streptococcus canis. Istanbul Univ Vet Fak Derg. 38, 73-78.
• Efstratiou A, Colman G, Hahn G, Timoney JF, Boeufgras JM, Monget D. (1994) Biochemical differences among human and animal streptococci of Lancefield group C or group G. J Med Microbiol. 41, 145-148.
• Fukushima Y, Tsuyuki Y, Goto M, Yoshida H, Takahashi T. (2019) Species identification of β-hemolytic streptococci from diseased companion animals and their antimicrobial resistance data in Japan (2017). Jpn J Infect Dis. 72(2), 94-98.
• Fulde M, Rohde M, Polok A, Preissner KT, Chhatwal GS, Bergmann S. (2013) Cooperative plasminogen recruitment to the surface of Streptococcus canis via M protein and enolase enhances bacterial survival. mBio. 4(2):e00629-12.
• Galpérine T, Cazorla C, Blanchard E, Boineau F, Ragnaud JM, Neau D. (2007) Streptococcus canis infections in humans: Retrospective study of 54 patients. J Infect. 55, 23-26.
• Glassman AR, Ramachandran A, Lyon SD, Robertson J, Kanda I, Brandão J. (2020) Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in a captive kinkajou (Potos flavus). J Exot Pet Med. 33, 42-45.
• Hassan AA, Akineden Ö, Usleber E. (2005) Identification of Streptococcus canis isolated from milk of dairy cows with subclinical mastitis. J Clin Microbiol. 43(3), 1234-1238.
• Hassan AA, Khan IU, Abdulmawjood A, Lämmler C. (2003) Development of PCR assays for detection of Streptococcus canis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 219, 209-214.
• Jensen A, Kilian M. (2012) Delineation of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, its subspecies, and its clinical and phylogenetic relationship to Streptococcus pyogenes. J Clin Microbiol, 50, 113-126.
• Lacave G, Coutard A, Troché G, Augusto S, Pons S, Zuber B, Laurent V, Amara M, Couzon B, Bédos JP, Pangon B, Grimaldi D. (2016) Endocarditis caused by Streptococcus canis: an emerging zoonosis? Infection. 44, 111-114.
• Lam MM, Clarridge JE, Young EJ, Mizuki S. (2007) The other group G streptococcus: Increased detection of Streptococcus canis ulcer infections in dog owners. J Clin Microbiol. 45(7), 2327-2329.
• Lamm CG, Ferguson AC, Lehenbauer TW, Love BC. (2010) Streptococcal infection in dogs: A retrospective study of 393 cases. Vet Pathol. 47, 387-395.
• Lefébure T, Richards VP, Lang P, Pavinski-Bitar P, Stanhope MJ. (2012) Gene repertoire evolution of Streptococcus pyogenes inferred from phylogenomic analysis with Streptococcus canis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. PLoS One. 7(5), e37607.
• Lysková P, Vydržalová M, Královcová D, Mazurová J. (2007) Prevalence and characteristics of Streptococcus canis strains isolated from dogs and cats. Acta Vet Brno. 76, 619-625.
• Mališová B, Šantavý P, Lovečková Y, Hladký B, Kotásková I, Pol J, Lonský V, Němec P, Freiberger T. (2019) Human native endocarditis caused by Streptococcus canis-a case report. APMIS. 127(1), 41–44.
• Moriconi M, Acke E, Petrelli D, Preziuso S. (2017) Multiplex PCR-based identification of Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies from dogs. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 50, 48-53.
• Ohtaki H, Ohkusu K, Ohta H, Miyazaki T, Yonetamari J, Usui T, Mori I, Ito H, Ishizuka T, Seishima M. (2013) A case of sepsis caused by Streptococcus canis in a dog owner: A first case report of sepsis without dog bite in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 19, 1206-1209.
• Olufemi F, Okpara E, Akinduti P, Ojo EO, Nwata JA. (2017) Vaginal carriage of antimicrobial resistant Lancefield group G streptococci among dogs in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Alexandria J Vet Sci. 54, 8-12.
• Pedersen K, Pedersen K, Jensen H, Finster K, Jensen VF, Heuer OE. (2007) Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from diagnostic samples from dogs. J Antimicrob Chemother. 60, 775-781.
• Pesavento PA, Bannasch MJ, Bachmann R, Byrne BA, Hurley KF. (2007) Fatal Streptococcus canis infections in intensively housed shelter cats. Vet Pathol. 44, 218-221.
• Pinho MD, Matos SC, Pomba C, Lübke-Becker A, Wieler LH, Preziuso S, Melo-Cristino J, Ramirez M. (2013) Multilocus sequence analysis of Streptococcus canis confirms the zoonotic origin of human infections and reveals genetic exchange with Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. J Clin Microbiol. 51, 1099-1109.
• Richards VP, Zadoks RN, Pavinski Bitar PD, Lefébure T, Lang P, Werner B, Tikofsky L, Moroni P, Stanhope MJ. (2012) Genome characterization and population genetic structure of the zoonotic pathogen, Streptococcus canis. BMC Microbiol. 12, 293.
• Sharma B, Srivastava MK, Srivastava A, Singh R. (2012) Canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome associated with necrotizing fasciitis: An overview. Vet World. 5, 311-319.
• The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2019): Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 9.0. Available from: http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_ files/Breakpoint_tables/v_9.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf, Accessed 22.05.2019.
• Tikofsky LL, Zadoks RN. (2005) Cross-infection between cats and cows: Origin and control of Streptococcus canis mastitis in a dairy herd. J Dairy Sci. 88, 2707-2713.
• Whatmore AM, Engler KH, Gudmundsdottir G, Efstratiou A. (2001) Identification of isolates of Streptococcus canis infecting humans. J Clin Microbiol. 39, 4196-4199.
• Whiley RA, Hardie JM. (2009) Taxonomic outline of the phylum Firmicutes. In: De Vos P, Garrity GM, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, Schleifer K-H, Whitman WB. eds. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Springer, New York. p. 655-711.
• Woo PC, Fung AM, Lau SK, Wong SS, Yuen KY. (2001) Group G beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. J Clin Microbiol. 39, 3147-3155.