Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Substance-related Psychotic Disorders

Yıl 2020, , 49 - 58, 13.03.2020

Melis Karaoğlan Göksu Kaşarcı Elif Şahin , Elif Sinem İplik

https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2020.0005

Öz

In recent years, substance-related disorders have become an important public health problem due to the effects of substance use on the nervous system later in life periods. Substance-related disorders are basically divided into two categories; substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance-related disorders consist of substance intoxication, substance withdrawal and other substance-induced disorders such as substance-induced psychotic disorders. The possibility of conversion of substance use disorders to chronic psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disease reveals the importance of its diagnosis and treatment. In related cases, it is important to make distinction between the primer psychotic disorder and substance related disorder for correct diagnosis and effective treatment. Current treatment options for psychotic disorders caused by the substance include the use of typical (classic) and atypical antipsychotics. Nowadays, atypical antipsychotics are the primary drug of choice in the treatment of substance-induced psychotic disorders, not only because of their positive impacts on psychotic symptoms but also because of their reducing effect on substance craving and seeking and fewer extrapyramidal side effects compared to typical antipsychotics. This review aims to explain the pathogenesis of substance-related psychotic disorders and to discuss the atypical antipsychotics used in the treatment within the framework of current literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Atypical antipsychotics, substance-related disorder, psychotic disorder

Madde İlişkili Psikotik Bozuklukların Tedavisinde Kullanılan Atipik Antipsikotikler

Öz

Son yıllarda madde ile ilişkili bozukluklar, madde bağımlılığının gittikçe yaygınlaşması ve madde kullanımının daha ileri dönemlerde kişinin sinir sistemi üzerinde yarattığı etkileri dolayısıyla önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu haline gelmiştir. Maddenin yol açtığı bozukluklar temel olarak 2 gruba ayrılmaktadır; madde kullanım bozuklukları ve maddenin yol açtığı bozukluklar. Maddenin yol açtığı bozukluklar; maddenin intoksikasyonu, madde yoksunluğu ve maddenin yol açtığı psikotik bozukluklar gibi diğer madde ilişkili bozukluklardır. Madde ilişkili psikotik bozuklukların ileriki dönemlerde şizofreni veya bipolar bozukluk gibi kronik psikotik bozukluklara dönüşme olasılığı, bozukluğun tanı ve tedavisinin oldukça önemli olduğunu gözler önüne sermektedir. İlgili vakalarda birincil psikotik bozukluk ve maddenin yol açtığı psikotik bozukluk ayrımlarının yapılması, doğru tanı ve etkin tedavi uygulamaları açısından önem arz etmektedir. Maddenin yol açtığı psikotik bozuklukların güncel tedavi seçenekleri arasında tipik (klasik) ve atipik antipsikotiklerin kullanımı yer almaktadır. Günümüzde, psikotik belirtiler üzerindeki olumlu etkilerinin yanı sıra; madde kullanma arzusu ve madde arayışını azaltmaları ve klasik antipsikotiklere oranla daha az ekstrapiramidal sistem yan etkilerine sahip olmaları sebebiyle atipik antipsikotikler ilk tercih edilen ilaç grubudur. Bu derleme kapsamında madde ilişkili gelişen psikotik bozuklukların patogenezi ve farmakoterapide kullanılan atipik antipsikotiklerin güncel bilgiler ışığında tartışılması amaçlanmıştır..

Anahtar Kelimeler

Atipik antipsikotikler, madde ilişkili bozukluklar, psikotik bozukluk

Kaynakça

• 1. Lewis A. The Psychopathology Of Insight. Br J Med Psychol 1934; 14(4): 332-48. [CrossRef]
• 2. Amador XF, Strauss DH, Yale SA, Gorman JM. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1991; 17(1): 113-32. [CrossRef]
• 3. Mueser KT, Gingerich S. Treatment of co-occurring psychotic and substance use disorders. Soc Work Public Health 2013; 28(3-4): 424-39. [CrossRef]
• 4. Kessler RC, Wai TC, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62(6): 617-27. [CrossRef]
• 5. Rush B, Koegl CJ. Prevalence and profile of people with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders within a comprehensive mental health system. Can J Psychiatry 2008; 53(12): 810-21. [CrossRef]
• 6. Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Ogburn E, Grant BF. Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64(7): 830-42. [CrossRef]
• 7. Akerman SC, Brunette MF, Noordsy DL, Green AI. Pharmacotherapy of Co-Occurring Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorders. Curr Addict Rep 2014; 1(4): 251-60. [CrossRef]
• 8. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. p.481-585. [CrossRef]
• 9. Adinoff B. Neurobiologic processes in drug reward and addiction. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2004; 12(6): 305-20. [CrossRef]
• 10. Chen WL, Hsieh CH, Chang HT, Hung CC, Chan CH. The epidemiology and progression time from transient to permanent psychiatric disorders of substance-induced psychosis in Taiwan. Addict Behav 2015; 47: 1-4. [CrossRef]
• 11. Dilbaz N, Akvardar Y, Berkman K, Oral G, Uluğ B, Uzbay T, et al. Madde Bağımlılığı Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu El Kitabı. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, BÖLÜM 4: Alkol Kullanım Bozukluğu. 2012. p.105-23.
• 12. Wang HR, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Caffeine-induced psychiatric manifestations: A review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 30(4): 179-82. [CrossRef]
• 13. Hedges BDW, Woon FL, Hoopes SP. Caffeine-Induced Psychosis. CNS Spectr 2009; 14(3): 127-9. [CrossRef]
• 14. Lucas PB, Pickar D, Kelsoe J, Rapaport M, Pato C, Hommer D. Effects of the acute administration of caffeine in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 28: 35-40. [CrossRef]
• 15. Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MMS. Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: Clinical implications. Iran J Psychiatry 2012; 7(4): 149-56.
• 16. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2019 Booklet 5: Cannabis And Hallucinogens. (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.XI.8.p.9-49. Available from: https:// wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/
• 17. Greenfield SF, Back SE, Lawson K, Brady KT. Substance Abuse in Women. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010; 33(2): 339-55. [CrossRef]
• 18. Garcia-Romeu A, Kersgaard B, Addy PH. Clinical applications of hallucinogens: A review. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24(4): 229-68. [CrossRef]
• 19. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2019 Booklet 5: Cannabis And Hallucinogens. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.XI.8.p.51-73. Available from: https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/
• 20. Dilbaz N, Akvardar Y, Berkman K, Oral G, Uluğ B, Uzbay T, et al. Madde Bağımlılığı Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu El Kitabı. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, BÖLÜM 9: Uçucularin Kullanimina Bağli Ruhsal Ve Davranişsal Bozukluklar. 2012. p.15767.
• 21. Robinson SM, Adinoff B. The classification of substance use disorders: Historical, contextual, and conceptual considerations. Behav Sci (Basel) 2016; 6(3): 1-23. [CrossRef]
• 22. Frese WA, Eiden K. Opioids: Nonmedical use and abuse in older children. Pediatrics in Review 2011; 32(4): e44-e52. [CrossRef]
• 23. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2018 Booklet 1: Executive Summary and Policy Implications. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9.p.1-32. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/ [CrossRef]
• 24. Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Ogburn E, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64(7): 830-42. [CrossRef]
• 25. Kluwe-Schiavon B, Viola TW, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Lumertz FS, Salum GA, Grassi-Oliveira R, et al. Substance related disorders are associated with impaired valuation of delayed gratification and feedback processing: A multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2020; 108: 295307. [CrossRef]
• 26. Dilbaz N, Akvardar Y, Berkman K, Oral G, Uluğ B, Uzbay T, et al. Madde Bağımlılığı Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu El Kitabı. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Madde Kullanımı İle İlişkili Bozukluklar (DSM-IV-TR'ye Göre). 2012. p.22-45.
• 27. Prom-Wormley EC, Ebejer J, Dick DM, Bowers MS. The genetic epidemiology of substance use disorder: A review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180: 241-59. [CrossRef]
• 28. Balhara YPS, Kuppili PP, Gupta R. Neurobiology of Comorbid Substance Use Disorders and Psychiatric Disorders: Current State of Evidence. J Addict Nurs 2017; 28(1): 11-26. [CrossRef]
• 29. Niemi-Pynttari JA, Sund R, Putkonen H, Vorma H, Wahlbeck K, Pirkola SP. Substance-Induced Psychoses Converting Into Schizophrenia: A Register-Based Study of 18,478 Finnish Inpatient Cases. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74(1): e94-e99. [CrossRef]
• 30. Su MF, Liu MX, Li JQ, Lappin JM, Li SX, Wu P, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of methamphetamine-associated psychotic symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9: 489. [CrossRef]
• 31. Roncero C, Ros-Cucurull E, Daigre C, Casas M. Prevalence and risk factors of psychotic symptoms in cocaine-dependent patients. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2012; 40(4): 187-97.
• 32. Rognli EB, Berge J, Håkansson A, Bramness JG. Long-term risk factors for substance-induced and primary psychosis after release from prison. A longitudinal study of substance users. Schizophr Res 2015; 168(1-2): 185-90. [CrossRef]
• 33. Straussner SLA, Hanson M, Seiger BH, Davis J, et al. Assessment and Treatment of Clients with Substance Use Disorders: An Overview. In Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner editor, Clinical work with substance-abusing clients (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications. 2014.p.3-35.
• 34. Murty P, Chand P. Treatment of dual diagnosis disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2012; 25(3): 194-200. [CrossRef]
• 35. McEvoy JP, Freudenreich O, Levin ED, Rose JE. Haloperidol increases smoking in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995; 119(1); 124-6. [CrossRef]
• 36. Green AI, Zimmet S V., Strous RD, Schildkraut JJ. Clozapine for comorbid substance use disorder and schizophrenia: Do patients with schizophrenia have a reward-deficiency syndrome that can be ameliorated by clozapine? Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1999; 6(6): 287-96. [CrossRef]
• 37. Marin-Mayor M. Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Dual Diagnosis Patients: A Review. Int J Neurol Neurother 2015; 2: 1-13. [CrossRef]
• 38. Duran A. Psikiyatride İlaçla Tedavi. In: Türkiye'de Sık Karşılaşılan Psikiyatrik Hastalıklar. İ.Ü.Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimleri Etkinlikleri Sempozyum Dizisi No:62. 2008. p.275-302.
• 39. Hippius H. The history of clozapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989; 99: S3-S5. [CrossRef]
• 40. Chopko TC, Lindsley CW. Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Risperidone. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2018; 9(7): 1520-9. [CrossRef]
• 41. Caley CF, Weber SS. Sulpiride: An antipsychotic with selective dopaminergic antagonist properties. Ann Pharmacother 1995; 29(2): 152-60. [CrossRef]
• 42. Lieberman JA, Scott Stroup T, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(12): 1209-23. [CrossRef]
• 43. Tamminga CA, Lahti AC. The new generation of antipsychotic drugs. In: International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1996; 11(Suppl 2): 73-6. [CrossRef]
• 44. Masand PS, Nemeroff CB, Newcomer JW, Lieberman JA, Schatzberg AF, Weiden PJ, et al. From Clinical Research to Clinical Practice: A 4-Year Review of Ziprasidone. CNS Spectrums. Cambridge University Press; 2005; 10 (S17): 1-20. [CrossRef]
• 45. Prommer E. Aripiprazole: A New Option in Delirium. Am J Hosp Palliat Med 2017; 34(2): 180-5. [CrossRef]
• 46. Corena-McLeod M. Comparative pharmacology of risperidone and paliperidone. Drugs R D 2015; 15(2): 163-74. [CrossRef]
• 47. Vieta E, Montes JM. A Review of Asenapine in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Clin Drug Investig 2018; 38(2): 87-99. [CrossRef]
• 48. Starzer MSK, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. Rates and predictors of conversion to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder following substance-induced psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175(4): 343-50. [CrossRef]
• 49. Green AI, Noordsy DL, Brunette MF, O'Keefe C. Substance Abuse and Schizophrenia: Pharmacotherapeutic Intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008; 34(1): 61-71. [CrossRef]
• 50. Meltzer HY. Update on Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs. Annu Rev Med 2013; 64: 393-406. [CrossRef]