Araştırma Makalesi
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Orta ve Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerinde Gelir Eşitsizliği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 303 - 316, 31.12.2022

Öz

Orta ve Doğu Avrupa (ODA) ülkeleri ortak bir geçmişe sahip olarak 1990’lı yıllarda geçiş sürecinden geçmişlerdir. Geçiş sürecini takip eden dönemde, ekonomi ve kurumlarında önemli yapısal değişmeler yaşamışlar ve ekonomileri hızlı bir biçimde büyüme göstermiştir. Her ne kadar ülkeler için iktisadi büyümenin sağlanması önem taşısa da bu tek başına yeterli olmayıp; büyümenin daha eşit bir gelir dağılımıyla desteklenmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, iktisadi büyüme ve kalkınma açısından gelir eşitsizliği konusu, özellikle ODA ülkeleri bakımından önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışma 12 ODA ülkesinde gelir dağılımında eşitsizliğini betimsel araştırma yönteminden faydalanarak incelemektedir. Yoksulluk oranı, yoksulluk riski taşıma oranı, gini katsayısı ve nüfusun yüzdelik dilimlerine göre gelir dağılımı gibi konuyla ilgili çok sayıda istatistiksel göstergeden faydalanıldığı çalışmada ülke bazında çeşitli sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma bulguları bölgede gelir dağılımı eşitsizliğinin önemli bir sorun olduğunu açık bir şekilde göstermektedir. Bir çok göstergeye göre eşitsizliğin en yüksek olduğu ülkeler Bulgaristan, Romanya ve Arnavutluk olup bu ülkeleri Letonya ve Litvanya takip etmektedir. Çekya, Slovenya ve Slovak Cumhuriyeti ise bölgede gelir dağılımının hem diğer ODA ülkelerine hem de AB27’ye görece daha eşit olduğu istisnai bir ülke grubunu oluşturmakta ve bu ülkeleri Estonya ve Macaristan takip etmektedir. Bu çalışma ile ulaşılan sonuçlar, ODA ülkelerindeki eşitsizliğin boyutunu azaltmayı hedefleyen politikaların tasarlanması süreçlerinde kullanılabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Andor, G. (2020). Contrasting Theories and Evidence About Income Inequality of Post-socialist Central and Eastern European Countries in the European Union. In Śliwiński, A., Polychronidou, P. and Karasavvoglou, A. (Eds) Economic Development and Financial Markets . Contributions to Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32426-1_3
  • Aristei, D., & Perugini, C. (2012). Inequality and Reforms in Transition Countries. Economic Systems, 36, 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2011.09.001
  • Brzezinski, M. (2018). Income inequality and the Great Recession in Central and Eastern Europe. Economic Systems, 42, 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2017.07.003
  • Butkus, M., Matuzevieiute, K., & Raupytė, K. (2020). Effects of Remittances on Poverty: Evidence in CEE Countries. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 11(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2020.11.24
  • Dombi, Á. (2013). Economic Growth and Development in Central and Eastern Europe after the Transformation. Public Finance Quarterly, 58(4), 452–468. http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=92508545&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Eurostat. (2022a). At-risk-of-poverty rate by Poverty Threshold, Age and Sex. [Database]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ILC_LI02__custom_3655949/default/table (23.10.2022)
  • Eurostat. (2022b). Gini Coefficient of Equivalised Disposable Income. [Database]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TESSI190/default/table (06.10.2022)
  • Eurostat. (2022c). Income Quintile Share Ratio (S80/S20) by Sex. [Database]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TESSI180/default/table (06.10.2022)
  • Goebel, J., Grabka, M. M., & Schröder, C. (2015). Income Inequality Remains High in Germany: Young Singles and Career Entrants Increasingly At Risk of Poverty. DIW Economic Bulletin, 5(25), 325–339. http://ideas.repec.org/a/diw/diwdeb/2015-25-1.html
  • Inchauste, G., & Karver, J. (2018). Understanding Changes in Inequality in the EU Background to “Growing United: Upgrading Europe’s Convergence Machine”. World Bank Report.
  • Josifidis, K., Supic, N., & Glavaski, O. (2018). Institutional Changes and Income Inequality: Some Aspects of Economic Change and Evolution of Values in CEE Countries. Eastern European Economics, 56(6), 522–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2018.1487265
  • Nae, T. (2019). Income Inequalities and Economic Convergence in CEE Countries. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 2(2), 149–156. https://bit.ly/3tzJHfC
  • OECD (2015), In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264235120-en.
  • OECD (2022). Income Distribution Database. [Database]. https://stats.oecd.org/ 20.09.2022 Sukiassyan, G. (2007). Inequality and Growth: What Does the Transition Economy Data Say? Journal of Comparative Economics, 35, 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2006.11.002
  • UN. (2017). Guide on Poverty Measurement. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/statmanuals/files/UNECE_Guide_on_Poverty_Measurement.pdf
  • UN. (2022). The SDGs in Action. [Web page] (25.10.2022)
  • Völlmecke, D., Jindra, B., & Marek, P. (2016). FDI, Human Capital and Income Convergence—Evidence for European Regions. Economic Systems, 40, 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2015.11.001
  • Wolff, P. (2010). Population and Social Conditions: 17% of EU Citizens were at-risk-of-poverty in 2008. In EUROSTAT Statistics in Focus: Vol. 9/2010. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-10-009/EN/KS-SF-10-009-EN.PDF
  • Worldbank. (2022a). Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines. [Web page]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines#12 (20.10.2022)
  • Worldbank. (2022b). World Development Indicators (WDI). [Database]. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=World-Development-Indicators (06.10.2022)
  • Worldbank. (2022c). The World by Income and Region. [Web page]. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/the-world-by-income-and-region.html (20.10.2022)
  • Yalkı, İ. (2021). Climate Change as a New Dimension of the Economic Discrimination. In Akıncılar Köseoğlu, N. and Apak, D. (Eds.) Challenging Discrimination in Different Areas: Turkey. Peter Lang GmbH.

Income Inequality in Central and Eastern European Countries

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 303 - 316, 31.12.2022

Öz

Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies share a common past and they passed through a transition period in the 1990s. They experienced rapid economic growth in the post-transition period by facing structural changes in their economies and institutions. Even though achieving economic growth is desirable, it is not sufficient alone; rather, it is expected to be supported by more even income distribution. Accordingly, income inequality becomes a crucial topic in economic growth and development, particularly for CEE countries. This study examines income inequality in 12 CEE economies using a descriptive research method. Using various indicators on the topic; such as the poverty headcount ratio, the at-risk-of-poverty rate, the Gini coefficient, and income quintiles and deciles-related measures, the study reaches diversified outcomes. The overall findings clearly show that income inequality is a critical concern in the region. Income inequality is the highest in Bulgaria, Romania, and Albania, and these economies are followed by Latvia and Lithuania according to most of the indicators utilized. Forming an exceptional group; Czechia, Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic have more even income distribution not only compared to the other CEE economies but also the EU27. These economies are followed by Estonia and Hungary according to the outcomes reached by this study. The findings of this study can be used for policy designs to decrease the extent of income inequality in CEE economies.

Kaynakça

  • Andor, G. (2020). Contrasting Theories and Evidence About Income Inequality of Post-socialist Central and Eastern European Countries in the European Union. In Śliwiński, A., Polychronidou, P. and Karasavvoglou, A. (Eds) Economic Development and Financial Markets . Contributions to Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32426-1_3
  • Aristei, D., & Perugini, C. (2012). Inequality and Reforms in Transition Countries. Economic Systems, 36, 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2011.09.001
  • Brzezinski, M. (2018). Income inequality and the Great Recession in Central and Eastern Europe. Economic Systems, 42, 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2017.07.003
  • Butkus, M., Matuzevieiute, K., & Raupytė, K. (2020). Effects of Remittances on Poverty: Evidence in CEE Countries. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 11(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2020.11.24
  • Dombi, Á. (2013). Economic Growth and Development in Central and Eastern Europe after the Transformation. Public Finance Quarterly, 58(4), 452–468. http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=92508545&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Eurostat. (2022a). At-risk-of-poverty rate by Poverty Threshold, Age and Sex. [Database]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ILC_LI02__custom_3655949/default/table (23.10.2022)
  • Eurostat. (2022b). Gini Coefficient of Equivalised Disposable Income. [Database]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TESSI190/default/table (06.10.2022)
  • Eurostat. (2022c). Income Quintile Share Ratio (S80/S20) by Sex. [Database]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TESSI180/default/table (06.10.2022)
  • Goebel, J., Grabka, M. M., & Schröder, C. (2015). Income Inequality Remains High in Germany: Young Singles and Career Entrants Increasingly At Risk of Poverty. DIW Economic Bulletin, 5(25), 325–339. http://ideas.repec.org/a/diw/diwdeb/2015-25-1.html
  • Inchauste, G., & Karver, J. (2018). Understanding Changes in Inequality in the EU Background to “Growing United: Upgrading Europe’s Convergence Machine”. World Bank Report.
  • Josifidis, K., Supic, N., & Glavaski, O. (2018). Institutional Changes and Income Inequality: Some Aspects of Economic Change and Evolution of Values in CEE Countries. Eastern European Economics, 56(6), 522–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2018.1487265
  • Nae, T. (2019). Income Inequalities and Economic Convergence in CEE Countries. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 2(2), 149–156. https://bit.ly/3tzJHfC
  • OECD (2015), In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264235120-en.
  • OECD (2022). Income Distribution Database. [Database]. https://stats.oecd.org/ 20.09.2022 Sukiassyan, G. (2007). Inequality and Growth: What Does the Transition Economy Data Say? Journal of Comparative Economics, 35, 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2006.11.002
  • UN. (2017). Guide on Poverty Measurement. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/statmanuals/files/UNECE_Guide_on_Poverty_Measurement.pdf
  • UN. (2022). The SDGs in Action. [Web page] (25.10.2022)
  • Völlmecke, D., Jindra, B., & Marek, P. (2016). FDI, Human Capital and Income Convergence—Evidence for European Regions. Economic Systems, 40, 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2015.11.001
  • Wolff, P. (2010). Population and Social Conditions: 17% of EU Citizens were at-risk-of-poverty in 2008. In EUROSTAT Statistics in Focus: Vol. 9/2010. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-10-009/EN/KS-SF-10-009-EN.PDF
  • Worldbank. (2022a). Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines. [Web page]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines#12 (20.10.2022)
  • Worldbank. (2022b). World Development Indicators (WDI). [Database]. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=World-Development-Indicators (06.10.2022)
  • Worldbank. (2022c). The World by Income and Region. [Web page]. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/the-world-by-income-and-region.html (20.10.2022)
  • Yalkı, İ. (2021). Climate Change as a New Dimension of the Economic Discrimination. In Akıncılar Köseoğlu, N. and Apak, D. (Eds.) Challenging Discrimination in Different Areas: Turkey. Peter Lang GmbH.
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Selda Görkey 0000-0002-2760-3667

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Görkey, S. (2022). Income Inequality in Central and Eastern European Countries. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 303-316.