BİR KUŞAK BİR YOL PROJESİNİN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞINDAKİ ANA ETMENLER: ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ (ÇHC) BAKIŞ AÇISI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 3, 1125 - 1139, 21.09.2022

Mehmet Serdar Çelık , Demir Ali Akyar , Bulut Ozan Ceylan

https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1101869

Öz

Bir Kuşak Bir Yol (BKBY) projesi, dünya ticaretine yön verecek büyüklükte bir proje olup, girişime altmış beşden fazla ülke dâhil olmuştur. BKBY dünya nüfusunun büyük bir kısmını etkileyecek devasa bir taşımacılık projesidir. Girişimin kara tarafı olan “İpek Yolu Ekonomik Kuşağı” Avrasya kıtası boyunca uzanan karayolu, demiryolu ve petrol boru hatlarından meydana gelen bir altyapı ağı oluşturmaktadır. Girişimin deniz taşımacılığı tarafını oluşturan “Deniz İpek Yolu” projesi, Doğu Asya ile Avrupa ve Akdeniz arasındaki, Güney Asya ile Doğu Afrika arasındaki ve Batı Pasifik ile Hint Okyanusu arasındaki ulaştırma bağlantısını büyük ölçüde geliştirecektir. BKBY projesi sadece kara ve deniz taşımacılığını değil, taşımacılıkla ilgili bütün sektörleri etkileyecektir. Çalışmada, dünyanın ikinci büyük ekonomisine sahip olan ve projenin yürütücüsü olan Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC)’nin, projeyi ortaya çıkarmasındaki iç ve dış motivasyon kaynakları incelenecektir. Çalışmada, uluslararası taşımacılık sektöründe çalışanların, ÇHC’nin bu projeyi neden öne çıkardığını öğrenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışma ile proje kapsamında, küresel bazda hangi unsurların değişebileceği tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada yürütülen literatür çalışması dahilinde, projeyle alakalı çalışmalara ulaşılsa da, özel olarak ÇHC’nin projeye bakışını anlatan detaylı bir çalışmaya ulaşılamamıştır. Çalışmada kapsamlı bir literatür taraması yapılarak ÇHC’nin projeyi ele almasındaki ana motivasyon kaynakları incelenip ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıklanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bir Kuşak Bir Yol, Deniz ipek Yolu, İpek Yolu Ekonomik Kuşağı, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti

Main Factors in the Emergence of the One Belt One Road Project: the People's Republic of China Perspective

Öz

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) is a crucial project to direct world trade, and more than sixty-five countries have been involved in the initiative. BKBY is a huge transportation project that will affect a large part of the world's population. The "Silk Road Economic Belt", which is the landside of the project, constitutes an infrastructure network consisting of highways, railways, and oil pipelines stretching across the Eurasian continent. Maritime Silk Road project will greatly improve the transport link between East Asia and Europe and the Mediterranean, between South Asia and East Africa, and between the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean. OBOR will affect not only land and sea transportation but also all sectors related to transportation. In this study, the internal and external motivation sources of China, which has the world's second-largest economy and is the executive of the project, will be examined. The study is aimed at those working in the transportation sector to learn about China's approach to the project and why it gives importance to this international project. Although studies related to this project were reached within the literature research carried out, a study that specifically addressed China's approach in internal and external context could not be reached. In the study, a comprehensive literature review was made and the main motivation sources for China's handling of the project were examined and explained in detail.

Anahtar Kelimeler

One Belt One Road, Maritime Silk Road, Silk Road Economic Belt, China

Kaynakça

• Blanchard, J. M. F. (2017). Probing China’s twenty-first-century maritime silk road initiative (MSRI): an examination of MSRI narratives. Geopolitics, 22(2), 246-268.
• Blasingame, D. (2018). The'Middle-Income'Trap: Is the One Belt, One Road Initiative Key to China's Ascension to a High-Income Economy?. One Road Initiative Key to China's Ascension to a High-Income Economy.
• Breslin, S. (2011). The ‘China model’and the global crisis: from Friedrich List to a Chinese mode of governance?. International Affairs, 87(6), 1323-1343.
• Casarini, N. (2015). “Is Europe to Benefit from China’s Belt and Road Initiative?” IAI Working
• CFR (Council on Foreign Relations). (2020). China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative.
• Chan, S. (2017). The belt and road initiative: Implications for China and East Asian economies. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 35(2), 52-78.
• Chaziza, M. (2019). The significant role of Oman in China’s maritime silk road initiative. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 6(1), 44-57.
• Chen, A. W., Chen, J., & Dondeti, V. R. (2020). The US-China trade war: dominance of trade or technology?. Applied Economics Letters, 27(11), 904-909.
• Chen, S. (2018). Regional responses to China’s maritime silk road initiative in Southeast Asia. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(111), 344-361.
• Chung, C. P. (2018). What are the strategic and economic implications for South Asia of China's Maritime Silk Road initiative?. The Pacific Review, 31(3), 315-332.
• Cigui, L. (2014). Reflections on Maritime Partnership: Building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. China Int'l Stud., 47, 5.
• Clarke, M. (2017). The belt and road initiative: China’s new grand strategy?. Asia Policy, (24), 71-79.
• CNBS (China’s National Bureau of Statistics). (2020). Chinese economic growth slows. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48985789
• DLA PIPER. (2018). China's One Belt One Road: Opportunities in Africa. Erişim adresi: https://www.dlapiperafrica.com/fr/africa-wide/insights/africa-connected/issue-01/chinas-one-belt-road.html.
• Du, W., & Li, M. (2019). Can environmental regulation promote the governance of excess capacity in China's energy sector? The market exit of zombie enterprises. Journal of Cleaner Production, 207, 306-316.
• Fallon, T. (2015). The new silk road: Xi Jinping's grand strategy for Eurasia. American Foreign Policy Interests, 37(3), 140-147.
• Ferdinand, P. (2016). Westward ho—the China dream and ‘one belt, one road’: Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping. International Affairs, 92(4), 941-957.
• Gale, J. B., & Shearer, A. (2018). The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue and the Maritime Silk Road Initiative. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
• GEI (Global Energy Institute). (2017). International Energy Agency Releases its World Energy Outlook. Erişim adresi: https://www.globalenergyinstitute.org/international-energy-agency-releases-its-world-energy-outlook.
• Ghiasy, R., & Zhou, J. (2017). The Silk Road Economic Belt: considering security implications and EU–China cooperation prospects, Executive summary.
• Godement, F. (2015). Europe scrambles to benefit from China’s 21st-Century Silk Road. Global Asia, 10(3), 34-38.
• GRI (Global Risk Insight). (2017). “Special Report: Can China overcome the Malacca Dilemma through OBOR and CPEC?” in Global Risk Insights. Erişim adresi: http://www.globalriskinsights.com
• Grieger, G. (2016): “One Belt, One Road (OBOR): China’s regional integration initiative”. Briefing. European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS). European Parliament.
• Guo, C., Lu, C., Andreevich, D. D., & Jielin, Z. (2019). Implications of" One Belt, One Road" Strategy for China and Eurasia, 19(1), 77-88.
• He, A. (2020). The Belt and Road Initiative: Motivations, financing, expansion and challenges of Xi’s ever-expanding strategy. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 4(1), 139-169.
• Herrero, A. G., & Xu, J. (2017). China's Belt and Road Initiative: Can Europe Expect Trade Gains?. China & World Economy, 25(6), 84-99.
• Hosain, S., and Hossain, S. (2019). One Belt One Road Initiative: a revolution on regional and global development. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, ISSN, 2201-4268. Erişim adresi: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative.
• Hu, B., Liu, Z., & Fan, S. (2020). A Study of the Mechanism of Government Intervention on Excess Capacity Through the Enterprise Overinvestment in China. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 12(2), 178-198.
• Huang, Y. (2016). Understanding China's Belt & Road initiative: motivation, framework and assessment. China Economic Review, 40, 314-321.
• Jenkins, R. (2022). How China is reshaping the global economy. Oxford University Press.
• Kang, L., Peng, F., Zhu, Y., & Pan, A. (2018). Harmony in diversity: can the one belt one road initiative promote China’s outward foreign direct investment?. Sustainability, 10(9), 3264.
• Kulaksız, S. (2019). Financial Integration via Belt and Road Initiative: China–Turkey Cooperation. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 11(1-2), 48-64.
• Kuo, L. and Kommenda, N. (2018). What is China's Belt and Road Initiative? Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/what-china-belt-road-initiative-silk-road-explainer.
• LBIA (LehmanBrown International Accountants). (2017). The Belt and Road Initiative.
• Len, C. (2015). China's 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiative, energy security and SLOC access. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, 11(1), 1-18.
• Li, K., & Lin, B. (2017). Economic growth model, structural transformation, and green productivity in China. Applied Energy, 187, 489-500.
• Lin, J., Kahrl, F., & Liu, X. (2018). A regional analysis of excess capacity in China’s power systems. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 129, 93-101.
• Lin, Yifu. (2012). A new Marshall Plan-driven global economic recovery. Wenhui Bao, October 16.
• Liu, X., Zhang, K., Chen, B., Zhou, J., & Miao, L. (2018). Analysis of logistics service supply chain for the One Belt and One Road initiative of China. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 117, 23-39.
• Marine Insight. (2019). Maritime Silk Routes- The Story of the Oldest Trade Routes. Erişim adresi: https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-history/maritime-silk-routes-the-story-of-the-oldest-trade-routes/
• MFA of PRC. (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC) (2015). Vision and actions on jointly building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st -Century Maritime Silk Road. National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. First Edition 2015.
• Misiągiewicz, J., & Misiągiewicz, M. (2017). China's “One Belt, One Road” initiative-the perspective of the European Union. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K–Politologia, 23(1), 33.
• Mohan Malik, J. (2018). Myanmar’s role in China’s maritime silk road initiative. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(111), 362-378.
• Müller-Markus, C. (2016): “One Belt, One Road: the Chinese Dream and its impact on Europe” Notes Internacionals. CIDOB. Number 148, May.
• Nie, W. (2016). Xi Jinping's foreign policy dilemma: One belt, one road or the South China Sea?. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 422-444.
• OECD. (2018). China's Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Trade, Investment and Finance Landscape. Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd.org/finance/Chinas-Belt-and-Road-Initiative-in-the-global-trade-investment-and-finance-landscape.pdf
• Pascha, W. (2020). Belts, Roads, and Regions: The dynamics of Chinese and Japanese infrastructure connectivity initiatives and Europe's responses (No. 1114). ADBI Working Paper Series.
• Pesek., W. (2017). Making Sense Of The South China Sea Dispute. Erişim adresi: https://www.forbes.com/sites/outofasia/2017/08/22/making-sense-of-the-south-china-sea-dispute/#405ec0051c3b
• PS (Project St. Sofia). (2020). The New Silk Road Economic Belt. Erişim adresi: https://www.projectstsofia.bg/
• Purbrick, M. (2018). Pirates of the South China Seas. Asian Affairs, 49(1), 11-26.
• Ratfrey, A. (2017). “Many Belts, Many Roads: how China’s provinces will tweak a global project” in The Diplomat. http://thediplomat.com
• Robbins, B. (2017). One Belt, One Road and the History of the Maritime Silk Route. E-International Relations Studies.
• Rolland, N. (2017). China's “Belt and Road Initiative”: Underwhelming or game-changer?. The Washington Quarterly, 40(1), 127-142.
• Russia Today. (2015): “China begins construction of Power of Siberia pipeline for gas delivered from Russia” in Russia Today. Erişim adresi: https://www.rt.com.
• Sarker, M. N. I., Hossin, M. A., Yin, X., & Sarkar, M. K. (2018). One belt one road initiative of China: implication for future of global development. Modern Economy, 9(4), 623-638.
• Schiavenza, M. (2013). Mapping China’s income inequality. The Atlantic, 13.
• Shahriar, S. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative: what will China offer the world in its rise.
• Singh, Z. D. (2014). Indian perceptions of China’s maritime silk road idea. Journal of Defence Studies, 8(4), 133-148.
• Song, M., Wang, S., Yu, H., Yang, L., & Wu, J. (2011). To reduce energy consumption and to maintain rapid economic growth: Analysis of the condition in China based on expended IPAT model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 5129-5134.
• Swaine, M. D. (2015). Chinese views and commentary on the ‘One Belt, One Road’initiative. China Leadership Monitor, 47(2), 3.
• Team, C. P. (2017). How will the Belt and Road Initiative advance China’s interests?. China Power, 8.
• Toktomushev, K. (2016). Central Asia and the Silk Road Economic Belt. University of Central Asia. Policy Brief 2016-1
• UNCTAD. (2022). https://unctad.org/news/global-trade-hits-record-77-trillion-first-quarter-2022.
• Villafuerte, J., Corong, E., & Zhuang, J. (2016). The One Belt, One Road Initiative: Impact on Trade and Growth. Paper presented at the 19th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, Washington.
• Visvizi, A., Lytras, M. D., & Jin, P. (2019). Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): New forms of international and cross-industry collaboration for sustainable growth and development. Sustainability, 12(1), 193.
• Walker, A. (2019). How China’s economy slowed. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48985789
• Wang, P., Wang, X., Huang, Z., & Fan, B. (2021). Overcoming the middle-income trap: International experiences and China’s choice. China Economic Journal, 14(3), 336-349.
• Wang, Y. (2015) China’s “New Silk Road”: A Case Study in EU-China Relations. In Amighini, A. and Berkofsky, A. (eds.) Xi’s Policy Gambles: The Bumpy Road Ahead. ISPI Report, p. 96
• Wang, Y. (2016). Offensive for defensive: the belt and road initiative and China's new grand strategy. The Pacific Review, 29(3), 455-463.
• Winter, T. (2016). One belt, one road, one heritage: Cultural diplomacy and the Silk Road. The Diplomat, 29, 1-5.
• Wood., J. (2017). What is ASEAN? Erişim adresi: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/05/what-is-ASEAN-explainer/
• Yalta, A. Y. (2013). Revisiting the FDI-led growth hypothesis: The case of China. Economic Modelling, 31, 335-343.
• Yang, Q., Hou, X., & Zhang, L. (2018). Measurement of natural and cyclical excess capacity in China's coal industry. Energy Policy, 118, 270-278.
• Ye, M. (2019). Fragmentation and mobilization: Domestic politics of the belt and road in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 28(119), 696-711.
• Yoshikawa, S. (2016). China's Maritime Silk Road initiative and local government. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 5(2), 79-89.
• Yu, H. (2017). Motivation behind China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’initiatives and establishment of the Asian infrastructure investment bank. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(105), 353-368.
• Yu, S., Qian, X., & Liu, T. (2019). Belt and road initiative and Chinese firms' outward foreign direct investment. Emerging Markets Review, 41, 100629.
• Zhang, D., Lei, L., Ji, Q., & Kutan, A. M. (2019). Economic policy uncertainty in the US and China and their impact on the global markets. Economic Modelling, 79, 47-56.