Bağlarda Petri Hastalığı’nın Mücadelesi Üzerine Araştırmalar

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 50 Sayı: 2-3, 23 - 33, 27.04.2022

Dilek Poyraz , Ayşe Uysal-morca

Öz

Petri Hastalığı (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pcl), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Pm)) hem asma fidanlarında, hem de genç ve yaşlı bağlarda gelişme geriliği ve geriye doğru ölüm şeklinde kendini göstermekte ve gittikçe artarak hemen hemen her bağda varlığı söz konusu olmaktadır. Petri hastalığının yayılmasının en önemli faktörlerinden biri üretim materyalleridir. Bununla birlikte hastalık genç ve yaşlı bağlarda budama yaralarından hastalık etmenlerinin sporlarının girişiyle yayılmaktadır. Bu projede, fidanlıklarda üretim materyallerine sıcak su uygulamasının, sıcak su uygulaması ile birlikte bazı biyopreparat kombinasyonlarının ve bazı fungisit uygulamalarının üretim materyallerindeki söz konusu fungal etmenleri arındırma üzerine etkisinin saptanması ve budama yaralarından Petri Hastalığı etmenlerinin girişinin engellenmesi üzerine bazı biyopreparat ve fungisitlerin etkisini saptayarak arazi koşullarında da söz konusu hastalığın yayılmasını engellemek amaçlanmıştır. Proje kapsamında, in-vitro’da virülensliği yüksek olarak belirlenen Pcl ve Pm izolatlarının bazı fungisitlere (azoxystrobin, kresoxim methyl, kresoxim methyl + boscalid, trifloxystrobin, cyprodinil + fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, carbendazim, tebuconazole, fluopyram+tebuconazole, metrafenone, triadimenol ve fosforoz asidi) karşı duyarlılık düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Etkili olarak bulunan fungisitler ile sıcak su (50 °C 30 dk) ve biyopreparat uygulamalarının in-vivo’da asma çeliklerindeki Pcl ve Pa etmenlerine etkisi saptanmıştır. Çalışma 2014-2017 yılları arasında Bornova Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsünde yürütülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Asma, Vitis vinifera, Petri hastalığı, Phaeoacremonium oleophilum, Phaeomoniella chylamydospora, mücadele

Destekleyen Kurum

.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü

Proje Numarası

TAGEM-BS-13/08-05/02-13

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmayı TAGEM-BS-13/08-05/02-13 no’lu proje olarak destekleyen T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü’ne ve çalışmalarımda bana sağlanan imkânlardan dolayı Bornova Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne ve mesai arkadaşlarıma teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanması aşamasında bana yardımlarını esirgemeyen hocam sayın Prof.Dr. Ersin Onoğur’a teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca Manisa Bağcılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü ve Manisa İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü’ne çalışmamda bana desteklerinden dolayı teşekkür ederim.

Researches on Control of the Petri Disease in Vineyards

Öz

Petri disease (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pcl), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Pm)) reveals itself in the form of growth retardation and dieback in nursery grapevines, as well as young and old vineyards and the disease occurs increasingly almost every vineyard. Production material is one of the most important factors of the spread of the disease. Besides, the disease might be spread by the agent’s spores entrance to pruning wounds in young and old vineyards. Aim of the project, determination of the applications effectivenesses against fungal agents of the disease with application of hot water to the production materials and hot water with the application of some combinations of biopreparates and fungicides and avoiding entrance of the disease agents through pruning wounds. The sensitivity level of the high sensitive isolates of Pcl and Pm tested in-vitro conditions against some fungicides (azoxystrobin, kresoxim methyl, kresoxim-methyl + boscalid, trifloxystrobin, cyprodinil + fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, carbendazim, tebuconazole, fluopyram + tebuconazole, metrafenone, triadimenol and phosphorous acid) within the scope of the project were detected. The impact of effective fungicides, hot water (50 °C 30 min) and biopreparation applications on Pcl and Pa agents in grapevine cuttings were determined in-vivo conditions. This project was carried out between 2014-2017 in Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vineyards, Vitis vinifera, petri disease, phaeoacremonium oleophilum, phaomoniella chlamydospora, control

Proje Numarası

TAGEM-BS-13/08-05/02-13

Kaynakça

• Aroca, A., Gramaje, D., Armengol, J., Garcia-Jiménez, J. and Raposo, R. 2010. Evaluation of the Grapevine Nursery Propagation Process as A Source of Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Occurrence of Trunk Disease Pathogens in Rootstock Mother Vines in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 126 (2): 165-174.
• Chiarappa, L. 2000. Esca (Black Measles) of Grapevine, An Overview. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 39 (1): 11-15.
• Crous, P.W., Gams, W., Wingfield, M.J. and Van Wyk, P.S. 1996. Phaeoacremonium Gen. Nov. Associated with Wilt And Decline Diseases of Woody Hosts And Human İnfections. Mycologia 88 (5): 786-796.
• Crous, P.W. and Gams, W. 2000. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Gen. Et Comb. Nov., A Causal Organism of Petri Grapevine Decline and Esca. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 39: 112–118.
• Crous, P. W., Swart, L. and Coertze S. 2001. The Effect of Hot Water Treatment On Fungi Occuring İn Apparently Healthy Grapevine Cuttings. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 40: 464-466.
• Çelik, H., Ağaoğlu, Y.S., Fidan, Y., Marasalı, B. and Soylemezoğlu, G. 1998. Genel Bağcılık. Sunfidan A.Ş. Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi:1.
• Edwards, J., Pascoe, I., Salib, S. and Laucart, N. 2000. Hot Water Treatment of Grapevine Cuttings Reduces Incidence of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in Young Vines, Co-Operative Research Centre For Viticulture, Po Box 154, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
• Edwards, J., Laukart, N. and Pascoe, I. 2001a. In Situ Sporulation of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in the Vineyard, Phytopathologia Mediterranea 40: 61-66.
• Erkan, M. 2000. A General Approach for Esca Disease in the Vineyards of Turkey. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 39: 35-37.
• Eskalen, A., Douglas, Gubler, W. and Khan, A. 2001a. Rootstock Susceptibility to Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium spp. Phytopathology Mediterranean, 40: 433-438.
• Eskalen, A. and Gubler, W.D. 2001b. Association of Spores of Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium inflatipes And Pm. Aleophilum with Grapevine Cordons İn California. Phytopathology Mediterranean 40: 429-432.
• Eskalen, A., Rooney-Latham, S. and Gubler, W.D. 2004. Spore Release of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Associated With Grapevine Cordons in California. Phytopathology 94: 28.
• Eskalen, A., Rooney-Latham, S. and Gubler, W.D. 2007a. Protection of Grapevine Pruning Wounds Against Esca And Young Esca Pathogens. Phytopathology, 97: 33.
• Eskalen, A., Felıcıano, A.J. and Gubler, W.D. 2007b. Susceptibility of Grapevine Pruning Wounds and Symptom Development in Response to Infection by Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospore. Plant Disease, 91:1100-1104.
• Fourie, P.H. and Hallen, F. 2004. Proactive Control of Petri Disease of Grapevine Through Treatment of Propagation Material. Plant Disease, 88:1241-1245.
• Fourie, P. H. and Halleen, F. 2006. Chemical and Biological Protection of Grapevine Propagation Material From Trunk Disease Pathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology 116: 255-265.
• Gramaje, D., García-Jimenez, J., and Armengol, J. 2008. Sensitivity of Petri Disease Pathogens to Hot Water Treatments İn Vitro. Annals of Applied Biology, 153: 95-103.
• Gramaje, D., Aroca, A., Raposo, R., Garcia-Jimenez, J. and Armengol, J. 2009a. Evaluation of Fungicides to Control Petri Disease Pathogens İn The Grapevine Propagation Process, Crop Protection 28: 1091-1097.
• Gramaje, D., Armengol, J., Salazar, D., López-Cortés, I. and Garcia-Jiménez, J. 2009b. Effect of Hot-Water Treatments Above 50ºC on Grapevine Viability and Survival of Petri Disease Pathogens. Crop Protection 28: 280-285.
• Gramaje, D., Alaniz, S., Abad-Campos, P., Garcıa-Jiménez, J. and Armengol, J. 2010. Effect of Hot-Water Treatments In Vitro on Conidial Germination and Mycelial Growth of Grapevine Trunk Pathogens. Annals of Applied Biology, 156: 231-241.
• Graniti, A. 2006. From ’Fire Esca’ To ‘Esca of Grapevine’. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 45: 5-11.
• Groenewald, M., Denman, S. and Crous, P.W. 2000b. Fungicide Sensitivity of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, The Causal Organism of Petri Grapevine Decline. South African Enology Viticulture, 21 (2), 59-61.
• Graniti, A., Surico, G. and Mugnai, L. 2000. Esca of Grapevine: A Disease Complex Or A Complex of Diseases. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 39: 16-20.
• Gubler, W.D., Eskalen, A., Rooney, S. N., Feliciano, A.J. and Khan, A. 2004. Susceptibility of Grapevine Pruning Wounds To Infection by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium spp. Phytopathology 92:S32.
• Gubler, W. D. and Eskalen, A. 2008. Grapevine Nursery Practices and Effects on Petri Disease and Young Esca. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual National Viticulture Research Conference, July 9–11, 2008, University Of California, Davis.
• Halleen, F., Crous, P.W. and Petrini, O. 2003. Fungi Associated with Healthy Grapevine Cuttings in Nurseries, With Special Reference to Pathogens İnvolved İn Decline Of Young Vines, Australian Plant Pathology, 32:47-52.
• Jaspers, M.V. 2001. Sensivity Of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora to Fungicides in Vitro. New Zealand Plant Protection, 54: 225-228.
• Kakalikova, L., Jankura, E. and Srobarova, A. 2006. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora: Causal Agent of Vine Decline (Vitis Vinifera) in the Vineyards of Slovakia, Plant Pathology, 55: 815.
• Kotze, C., Van Nıekerk, J., Mostert, L., Halleen, F. and Fourıe, P. 2011. Evaluation of Biocontrol Agents for Grapevine Pruning Wound Protection Against Trunk Pathogen Infection. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50: 247-263.
• Mohammadi, H. and Banihashemi, Z. 2012. First Report of Phaeoacremonium inflatipe and Phaeoacremonium mortoniae Associated with Grapevine Petri Disease in Iran. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2012) Vol. 14: 1405-1414.
• Mostert, L., Groenewald, J.Z., Summerbell, R.C., Robert, V., Sutton, D.A., Padhye, A.A. and Crous, P.W. 2005. Species of Phaeoacremonium Associated With İnfections in Humans and Environmental Reservoirs in Infected Woody Plants. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43 (4): 1752-1767.
• Mugnai, L., Graniti, A. and Surico, G. 1999. Esca (Black Measles) and Brown Wood Streaking: Two Old and Elusive Diseases of Grapevines, Plant Disease 83 (5): 404-418.
• Mutawila, C., Fourie, P.H., Halleen, F. and Mostert, L. 2011a. Grapevine Cultivar Variation to Pruning Wound Protection by Trichoderma Species Against Trunk Pathogens, Phytopathologia Mediterranea 50: 264-276.
• Mutawila, C., Fourie, P.H., Halleen, F. and Mostert, L. 2011b. Histo-Pathology Study of The Growth Of Trichoderma Harzianum, Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora and Eutypa Lata On Grapevine Pruning Wounds, Phytopathologia Mediterranea 50: 46-60.
• Quaglia, M., Covarelli, L. and Zazzerini, A., 2009. Epidemiological Survey on Esca Disease in Umbri, Central Italy, Phytopathologia Mediterranea 48: 84-91.
• Pascoe, I. and Cottral, E. 2000. Developments in Grapevine Trunk Disease Research in Australia, Phytopathologia Mediterranea 39: 68-75.
• Penn, C. 2001. From Mystery Disease to Discovery of Pathogens, Http:// Winebusiness.Com / Html/ Monthlyarticle (Erişim Tarihi: 24.10.2008).
• Poyraz, D. 2012. Ege Bölgesindeki Bağlarda Petri Ve Kav Hastalığına Neden Olan Fungal Etmenlerin Moleküler Yöntemlerle Saptanması Ve Mücadelesi Üzerine Araştırmalar, Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Rolshausen, P.E., Úrbez-Torres, J.R., Rooney-Latham, S., Eskalen, A., Smith, R.J. and Gubler, W.D. 2010. Evaluation Of Pruning Wound Susceptibility and Protection Against Fungi Associated With Grapevine Trunk Diseases. American Journal Of Enology And Viticulture, 61: 113–119.
• Romanazzi, G., Murolo, S., Pizzichini, L. and Nardı, S. 2009. Esca in Young and Mature Vineyards, And Molecular Diagnosis Of The Associated Fungi, European Journal Of Plant Pathology, 125: 277-290.
• Rooney-Latham, S., Eskalen, A. and Gubler, W.D. 2001a. Recovery of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium inflatipes From Soil And Grapevine Tissues, Phytopathology Mediterranean, 40: 351-356.
• Rooney-Latham, S. and Gubler, W. D. 2001b. Effect of Hot Water Treatments on Eradication of Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora And Phaeoacremonium inflatipes From Dormant Grapevine Wood, Phytopathology Mediterrenea, 40: 467-472.
• Rooney-Latham, S., Eskalen, A. and Gubler, W.D. 2004. Ascospore Discharge and Occurrence of Togninia Minima (Anamorph = Phaeoacremonium Aleophilum) İn California Vineyards, Phytopathology, 94: S57.
• Rooney-Latham, S., Eskalen, A., Gallegos, L.L. and Gubler, W.D. 2006. Potential Alternate Sources of Inoculum for Causal Agents Of Esca (Black Measles) of Grapevine in California, Phytopathology, 96: 99.
• Stamp, J.A. 2001. The Contribution of Imperfections in Nursery Stock to The Decline of Young Vine in California. Phytopathology Mediterranean, 40: 369-375.
• Serra, S., Mannonı, M.A., Lıgıos V. and Fiori P.P. 2011. Occurrence of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora on Grapevine Planting Material in Sardinia and its Control with Combined Hot Water and Cyproconazole Treatments, Phytopathol. Mediterr. (2011) 50 (Supplement), S61−S76.
• Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü, 2017. Zirai Mücadele Teknik Talimatları, Ankara.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2019, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/
• Whiting, E.C., Khan, A. and Gubler, W.D. 2001. Effect of Temperature and Mycelial Growth of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium spp. Plant Disease, 85 (2): 195-201.