Havayolu Taşımacılığı ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişki: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Örneği
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 149 - 168, 28.01.2024
Mehmet Uçar
,
Mücahit Ülger
,
Mert Anıl Atamer
Öz
Bu çalışma, Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin, Güney Afrika ve Türkiye'nin bulunduğu seçilmiş altı gelişmekte olan BRICS-T ülkesinin havayolu taşımacılığının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki olası etkilerini incelemektedir. Havayolu taşımacılığı için havayolu yolcu ve havayolu yük taşımacılığı değişkenleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışma 1993’ten 2021’e kadar olan panel verilerin yıllık dönemlerini kapsamaktadır. Ampirik çıkarımlar yapmak için genelleştirilmiş en küçük kareler yöntemi testi uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonucunda değişen varyans, otokorelasyon ve yatay kesit bağımlılık testleri yapılarak modelin uygunluğu test edilmiştir. Kurulan ilk sabit etkili modelde Wald test sonuçlarına göre modelde değişen varyans sorunun olduğu, Wooldridge (2002) testi sonuçlarına göre otokorelasyon sorunun olmadığı ve Breusch Pagan testi sonuçlarına göre ise yatay kesit bağımlılık sorununun olduğu söylenebilir. Bundan dolayı modelin standart hatalarına yönelik Driscoll-Kraay düzeltmesi yapılarak model yeniden tahmin edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, BRICS-T ülkelerinde havayolu ile taşınan yük miktarının ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif, havayolu ile taşınan yolcu sayısının ise ekonomik büyüme üzerinde negatif etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. İyi kurgulanmış ve gelişmiş bir ulaştırma altyapısı, yolcu ve yük taşıma maliyetlerini azalmasına, transit ve aktarmalı havayolu taşımacılığının diğer ülkelerden bu ülkelere kaymasına sebep olabilir bu durum da ticaret ile turizm amaçlı ziyaretlerin genişlemesine yardımcı olarak ekonomik büyümeyi destekleyecektir.
Kaynakça
- Adebayo, T. S., & Samour, A. (2023). Renewable Energy, Fiscal Policy and Load Capacity Factor in BRICS Countries: Novel Findings from Panel Nonlinear ARDL Model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-25.
- Adedoyin, F. F., Bekun, F. V., Driha, O. M. & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2020). The Effects of Air Transportation, Energy, ICT and FDI on Economic Growth in the Industry 4.0 Era: Evidence from the United States. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 160, 1-10.
- Ali, R., Bakhsh, K. & Yasin, M. A. (2023). Causal Nexus Between Air Transportation and Economic Growth in BRICS Countries. Journal of Air Transport Management, 107, 1-6.
- Altuntaş, M. & Kılıç, E. (2021). Havayolu Taşımacılığı ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 187-202.
- Anfofum, A. A., Saheed, Z. & Iluno, C. (2015). Air Transportation Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(2), 1-11.
- Baker, D., Merkert, R. & Kamruzzaman, M. (2015). Regional Aviation and Economic Growth: Cointegration and Causality Analysis in Australia. Journal of Transport Geography, 43, 140-150.
- Baltacı, N., Sekmen, Ö. & Akbulut, G. (2015). The Relationship Between Air Transport and Economic Growth in Turkey: Cross-Regional Panel Data Analysis Approach. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 7(1), 89-100.
- Beyzatlar, M. A., Karacal, M. & Yetkiner, H. (2014). Granger-Causality between Transportation and GDP: A Panel Data Approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 63, 43-55.
- Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
- Brida, J. G., Monterubbianesi, P. D. & Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2018). Exploring Causality between Economic Growth and Air Transport Demand for Argentina and Uruguay. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 7(4), 310-329.
- Chang, Y.-H. & Chang, Y.-W. (2009). Air Cargo Expansion and Economic Growth: Finding the Empirical Link. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(5), 264-265.
- Chi, J. & Baek, J. (2013). Dynamic Relationship between Air Transport Demand and Economic Growth in the United States: A New Look. Transport Policy, 29, 257-260.
- Driscoll, J. C. & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
- Eren, A. S., Eryer, A. & Eryer, S. (2020). Havayolu Taşımacılığı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin İncelenmesi Türkiye Örneği: Ampirik Bir Analiz. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi, 2(3), 236-257.
- Gümüş Akar, P., Manga, M. & Bal, H. (2019). Havayolu Taşımacılığında Liberalizasyon ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 18(3), 1160-1174.
- Hakim, M. M. & Merkert, R. (2016). The Causal Relationship between Air Transport and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from South Asia. Journal of Transport Geography, 56, 120-127.
- Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
- Hu, Y., Xiao, J., Deng, Y., Xiao, Y. & Wang, S. (2015). Domestic Air Passenger Traffic and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Models. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, 95-100.
- Irwin, M. D. & Kasarda, J. D. (1991). Air Passenger Linkages and Employment Growth in US Metropolitan Areas. American Sociological Review, 524-537.
- Ishutkina, M. & Hansman, R. J. (2008). Analysis of Interaction between Air Transportation and Economic Activity. Paper Presented at the 26th Congress of ICAS and 8th AIAA ATIO.
- Kasarda, J. D. & Green, J. D. (2005). Air Cargo as an Economic Development Engine: A Note on Opportunities and Constraints. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(6), 459-462.
- Kiracı, K. (2017). Havayolu Taşımacılığı ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik Analizi: Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 197-216.
- Küçükönal, H. & Sedefoğlu, G. (2017). The Causality Analysis of Air Transport and Socio-Economics Factors: The Case of OECD Countries. Transportation Research Procedia, 28, 16-26.
- Law, C. C. H., Zhang, Y., Gow, J. & Vu, X.-B. (2022). Dynamic Relationship between Air Transport, Economic Growth and Inbound Tourism in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. Journal of Air Transport Management, 98, 102161.
- Marazzo, M., Scherre, R. & Fernandes, E. (2010). Air Transport Demand and Economic Growth in Brazil: A Time Series Analysis. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 46(2), 261-269.
- Mehmood, B., Aleem, M. & Shahzad, N. (2015). Air-Transport and Macroeconomic Performance in Asian Countries: An Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, 25(2), 179-192.
- Merkert, R. & Webber, T. (2018). How to Manage Seasonality in Service Industries-The Case of Price and Seat Factor Management in Airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 72, 39-46.
- Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
- Rodrigue, J.-P. (2023, October 10). Air Transportation Growth and Economic Growth, 1950-2020. https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter5/air-transport/air-transport-economic-growth
- Stephens, M. S., Ikeogu, V., Stephens, O. B. & Ukpere, W. I. (2014). Empirical Analysis of the Contribution of the Aviation Industry to the Nigerian Economy. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 115-125.
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data MIT Press. Cambridge, MA, 108(2), 245-254.
- Yao, S. & Yang, X. (2012). Air Transport and Regional Economic Growth in China. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 19(3), 318-329.
- Zhang, F. & Graham, D. J. (2020). Air Transport and Economic Growth: A Review of the Impact Mechanism and Causal Relationships. Transport Reviews, 40(4), 506-528.
- Zhang, Y.34 & Zhang, A. (2021). COVID-19 and Bailout Policy: The case of Virgin Australia. Transport Policy, 114, 174-181.
The Dynamic Relationship Between Airline Transportation and Economic Growth: The Sample of BRICS-T Countries
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 149 - 168, 28.01.2024
Mehmet Uçar
,
Mücahit Ülger
,
Mert Anıl Atamer
Öz
This study examines the possible effects of airline transportation on the economic growth of six selected developing BRICS-T countries, including Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey. For airline transportation, airline passenger and airline cargo transportation variables were discussed. The study covers the annual periods of panel data from 1993 to 2021. Generalized least squares method test was applied to make empirical inferences. As a result of the application, the suitability of the model was tested by performing heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation and cross-sectional dependency tests. In the first fixed effect model established, it can be said that there is a heteroscedasticity problem in the model according to the Wald test results, that there is no autocorrelation problem according to the Wooldridge (2002) test results, and that there is a cross-sectional dependency problem according to the Breusch Pagan test results. Therefore, the model was re-estimated by making Driscoll-Kraay correction for the standard errors of the model. The findings of this study show that the amount of cargo transported by airline has a positive effect on economic growth in BRICS-T countries, and the number of passengers carried by airline has a negative effect on economic growth. A well-constructed and developed transportation infrastructure can reduce passenger and cargo transportation costs and cause transit and connecting airline transportation to shift from other countries to these countries, which will support economic growth by helping to expand visits for trade and tourism purposes.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun
davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak
gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir
değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim. Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm.
Kaynakça
- Adebayo, T. S., & Samour, A. (2023). Renewable Energy, Fiscal Policy and Load Capacity Factor in BRICS Countries: Novel Findings from Panel Nonlinear ARDL Model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-25.
- Adedoyin, F. F., Bekun, F. V., Driha, O. M. & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2020). The Effects of Air Transportation, Energy, ICT and FDI on Economic Growth in the Industry 4.0 Era: Evidence from the United States. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 160, 1-10.
- Ali, R., Bakhsh, K. & Yasin, M. A. (2023). Causal Nexus Between Air Transportation and Economic Growth in BRICS Countries. Journal of Air Transport Management, 107, 1-6.
- Altuntaş, M. & Kılıç, E. (2021). Havayolu Taşımacılığı ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 187-202.
- Anfofum, A. A., Saheed, Z. & Iluno, C. (2015). Air Transportation Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(2), 1-11.
- Baker, D., Merkert, R. & Kamruzzaman, M. (2015). Regional Aviation and Economic Growth: Cointegration and Causality Analysis in Australia. Journal of Transport Geography, 43, 140-150.
- Baltacı, N., Sekmen, Ö. & Akbulut, G. (2015). The Relationship Between Air Transport and Economic Growth in Turkey: Cross-Regional Panel Data Analysis Approach. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 7(1), 89-100.
- Beyzatlar, M. A., Karacal, M. & Yetkiner, H. (2014). Granger-Causality between Transportation and GDP: A Panel Data Approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 63, 43-55.
- Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
- Brida, J. G., Monterubbianesi, P. D. & Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2018). Exploring Causality between Economic Growth and Air Transport Demand for Argentina and Uruguay. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 7(4), 310-329.
- Chang, Y.-H. & Chang, Y.-W. (2009). Air Cargo Expansion and Economic Growth: Finding the Empirical Link. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(5), 264-265.
- Chi, J. & Baek, J. (2013). Dynamic Relationship between Air Transport Demand and Economic Growth in the United States: A New Look. Transport Policy, 29, 257-260.
- Driscoll, J. C. & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
- Eren, A. S., Eryer, A. & Eryer, S. (2020). Havayolu Taşımacılığı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin İncelenmesi Türkiye Örneği: Ampirik Bir Analiz. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi, 2(3), 236-257.
- Gümüş Akar, P., Manga, M. & Bal, H. (2019). Havayolu Taşımacılığında Liberalizasyon ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 18(3), 1160-1174.
- Hakim, M. M. & Merkert, R. (2016). The Causal Relationship between Air Transport and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from South Asia. Journal of Transport Geography, 56, 120-127.
- Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
- Hu, Y., Xiao, J., Deng, Y., Xiao, Y. & Wang, S. (2015). Domestic Air Passenger Traffic and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Models. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, 95-100.
- Irwin, M. D. & Kasarda, J. D. (1991). Air Passenger Linkages and Employment Growth in US Metropolitan Areas. American Sociological Review, 524-537.
- Ishutkina, M. & Hansman, R. J. (2008). Analysis of Interaction between Air Transportation and Economic Activity. Paper Presented at the 26th Congress of ICAS and 8th AIAA ATIO.
- Kasarda, J. D. & Green, J. D. (2005). Air Cargo as an Economic Development Engine: A Note on Opportunities and Constraints. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(6), 459-462.
- Kiracı, K. (2017). Havayolu Taşımacılığı ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik Analizi: Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 197-216.
- Küçükönal, H. & Sedefoğlu, G. (2017). The Causality Analysis of Air Transport and Socio-Economics Factors: The Case of OECD Countries. Transportation Research Procedia, 28, 16-26.
- Law, C. C. H., Zhang, Y., Gow, J. & Vu, X.-B. (2022). Dynamic Relationship between Air Transport, Economic Growth and Inbound Tourism in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. Journal of Air Transport Management, 98, 102161.
- Marazzo, M., Scherre, R. & Fernandes, E. (2010). Air Transport Demand and Economic Growth in Brazil: A Time Series Analysis. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 46(2), 261-269.
- Mehmood, B., Aleem, M. & Shahzad, N. (2015). Air-Transport and Macroeconomic Performance in Asian Countries: An Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, 25(2), 179-192.
- Merkert, R. & Webber, T. (2018). How to Manage Seasonality in Service Industries-The Case of Price and Seat Factor Management in Airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 72, 39-46.
- Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias‐Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
- Rodrigue, J.-P. (2023, October 10). Air Transportation Growth and Economic Growth, 1950-2020. https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter5/air-transport/air-transport-economic-growth
- Stephens, M. S., Ikeogu, V., Stephens, O. B. & Ukpere, W. I. (2014). Empirical Analysis of the Contribution of the Aviation Industry to the Nigerian Economy. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 115-125.
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data MIT Press. Cambridge, MA, 108(2), 245-254.
- Yao, S. & Yang, X. (2012). Air Transport and Regional Economic Growth in China. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 19(3), 318-329.
- Zhang, F. & Graham, D. J. (2020). Air Transport and Economic Growth: A Review of the Impact Mechanism and Causal Relationships. Transport Reviews, 40(4), 506-528.
- Zhang, Y.34 & Zhang, A. (2021). COVID-19 and Bailout Policy: The case of Virgin Australia. Transport Policy, 114, 174-181.