Covid-19 Salgınının Turizm Talebi Üzerine Etkilerinin “Undertourism” Kavramı Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 412 - 420, 31.10.2022
Kadir Erdem Bol
,
İsmail Kizilirmak
,
Yurdanur Yumuk
Öz
Turizm siyasi istikrarsızlıklardan, ekonomik darboğazlardan, doğal afetlerden ve salgın hastalıklardan en fazla etkilenen sektörlerin başında yer almaktadır. Turizm talebinde yaşanan düşüşün tüm turizm paydaşlarını olumsuz etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Covid-19 salgını öncesi genelde gelişmekte olan bazı turizm destinasyonları ve ada bölgelerinde ortaya çıkan “undertourism” (turizme yönelik düşük talep), pandemi ile birlikte overtourism (turizme yönelik aşırı talep) gibi bir problem haline gelmiş, turizm faaliyetlerinin devamlılığını tehdit ettiği görülmüştür. Turizm talebinde yaşanan söz konusu azalmanın turizm çalışanlarının mesleki devamlılığını da olumsuz yönde etkilediği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmanın amacı “undertourism” in sektörel bağlamda doğurduğu özellikle olumsuz sonuçları irdelemektir. Turizme yönelik düşük talebin aynı zamanda yan sektörler, doğal yaşam ve kültürel değerler üzerinde de olumsuz etkiler yarattığı belirtilmektedir. “Undertourism” kavramının alanyazına kazandırılması bakımından çalışmanın önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Abbas, J., Mubeen, R., Iorember, P. T., Raza, S., & Mamirkulova, G. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2, 1-11.
- Agrusa, J., Linnes, C., Lema, J., Min, J. E., Henthorne, T., Itoga, H., & Lee, H. (2021). Tourism Well-Being and Transitioning Island Destinations for Sustainable Development. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14,32.
- Bajrami, D. D., Terzic, A., Petrovic, M. D., Radovanovic, M., Tretiakova, T. N., & Hadoud, A. (2021). Will we have the same employees in hospitality after all? The impact of COVID-19 on employees’ work attitudes and turnover intentions. nternational Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 1-9.
- Beabout, L. (2019). You’ve heard of overtourism. Here’s why undertourism is just as important. [URL: https://greensuitcasetravel.com/2019/03/undertourism/] (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Eylül 2021).
- Burgen, S., & Giuffrida, A. (2020). How coronavirus is reshaping Europe's tourism hotspots. [URL: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/20/how-coronavirus-is-reshaping-europes-tourism-hotspots] (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Eylül 2021).
- Çeken, H. (2008). Turizmin bölgesel kalkınmaya etkisi üzerine teorik bir inceleme. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 10 (2), 293-306.
- Çeken, H., Dalgın, T., & Karadağ, L. (2009). Küreselleşme ve uluslararası turizm arasındaki ilişki. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22, 21-36.
- Çetin, T. (2009). Beypazarı’nda turist-yerli halk etkileşimi ve turizmin sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik etkileri. Türk Dünyası Đncelemeleri Dergisi / Journal of Turkish World Studies, 9 (1), 15-32.
- Drápela, E. (2020). Mass Tourism in The Bohemian Paradise: Both a Threat and An Opportunity. 15th International Conference- Topical Issues of Tourism: Overtourism—Risk for a Destination, 4–5 March 2020, College of Polytechnics: Jihlava, Czech Republic, ss. 31-40.
- DTÖ. (2021). 2020: A year in review. [URL: https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-and-tourism-2020] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
GhulamRabbany, M., Afrin, S., Rahman, A., Islam, F., & Hoque, F. (2013). Environmental effects of tourism. American Journal of Environment, Energy and Power Research, 1 (7), 117-130.
- Gowreesunkar, V. G., & Thanh , T. V. (2020). Between overtourism and undertourism: impacts, implications, and probable solutions. Overtourism, 45-68.
- Hasenzahl, L., & Cantoni, L. (2021). “Old” and “New” Media Discourses on Chinese Outbound Tourism to Switzerland Before and During the Covid-19 Outbreak. An Exploratory Study. Wörndl et al. (Ed.), içinde Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism (s. 530-542). Cham: Springer.
- Higginbottom, K., Northrope, C., & Green, R. (2001). Positive Effects Of Wildlife Tourism On Wildlife. Avustralya: CRC for Sustainable Tourism.
- Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Hasanat, M. W., Arif, I., & Hamid, A. A. (2020). The effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the tourism industry in China. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3 (1), 52-58.
- HTA. (2020). HTA Covid-19 Update. Hawaii Tourism Authority.
Kıral, B. (2020). Nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15, 170-189.
Martinko, K. (2021). From Overtourism to Undertourism: The World Just Can't Get It Right. [URL: https://www.treehugger.com/from-overtourism-to-undertourism-the-world-just-can-t-get-it-right-5075005] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Meydan Uygur, S., & Baykan, E. (2007). Kültür turizmi ve turizmin kültürel kültür turizmi ve turizmin kültürel varlıklar üzerindeki etkileri. Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 30-49.
- Özkök, F. (2006). Yoksulluğun azaltılmasında turizmin yeri. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5 (15), 85-98.
Öztürk, Y., & Yazıcıoğlu, İ. (2002). Gelişmekte olan ülkeler için alternatif turizm faaliyetleri üzerine teorik bir çalışma. Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 1-14.
- Peltier, D. (2019). Travel Megatrends 2019: Undertourism Is the New Overtourism. [URL: https://skift.com/2019/02/05/travel-megatrends-2019-undertourism-is-the-new-overtourism/] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Planeta. (2019). Undertourism. [URL: https://www.planeta.com/undertourism/] (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Eylül 2021).
- Pranskūnienė, R., & Perkumienė, D. (2020). Debating Overtourism and Undertourism in the Context. Рекомендовано до друку, 203-205.
Roth, A. (2020). Poachers Kill More Rhinos as Coronavirus Halts Tourism to Africa. [URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/science/coronavirus-poaching-rhinos.html] (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Eylül 2021).
- Ruggieri, G., Calo, P. & Orthodoxou, K. (2019). Overtourism and Undertourism. Brinklow et al. (Ed.), içinde The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Islands Economic Cooperation Forum (s. 85-108).
- Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic, Tourism and Degrowth. Hall et al. (Ed.), içinde Degrowth and Tourism: New Perspectives on Tourism Entrepreneurship, Destinations and Policy (s. 287-313). Routledge.
- Skare, M., Soriano, D. R., & Porada-Rachon, M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 163, 2-14.
- Skinner, H. (2021). Place branding—The challenges of getting it right: Coping with success and rebuilding from crises. Tourism and Hospitality, 2, 173-189.
- Smith, J. R. (2021). Travel's new threat is undertourism. [URL: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/travel-destinations-suffer-during-covid] (Erişm Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Soydanbay, G. (2017). A Systemic Analysis of Overtourism and Tourismophobia: And What Destinations Can Do About It. [URL: https://placebrandobserver.com/overtourism-tourismophobia-causes-solutions/] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Soydanbay, G. (2017). Undertourism: How to Make Archaeological Sites and Museums More Attractive as Destinations. [URL: https://placebrandobserver.com/how-to-make-museums-attractive-destinations/] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Sugathan, V. C., & Roopak, S. (2020). Impact Assessment of the COVID-19 Outbreak on International Tourism. UGC Care Group I Listed Journal, 148-158.
- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2021). Covid-19 Nedir? [URL: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66300/covid-19-nedir-.html] (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Eylül 2021).
- Temur, H. (2011). Turizmin Çevreye Etkileri. Dünya Gazetesi. [URL: https://www.dunya.com/gundem/turizmin-cevreye-etkileri-haberi-158509] (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Eylül 2021).
- Usui, R., Sheeran, L. K., Asbury, A. M., & Blackson, M. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mammals at tourism destinations: a systematic review. Mammal review, 51, 492-507.
- Volmann, C., Tokarski, K. O., Dinca, V. M., & Bogdan, A. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on Romanian Tourism. An explorative case study on prahova county, Romania. Amfiteatru Economic, 23 (56), 196-205.
- Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 3. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- WTTC. (2020). UK looks set to lose 2.4m jobs in 2020 due to COVID-19 and travel restrictions, says WTTC. [URL: https://wttc.org/News-Article/UK-looks-set-to-lose-over-2m-jobs-in-2020-due-to-COVID-19-and-travel-restrictions] (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Eylül 2021)
Evaluation of the effects of the pandemic of Covid-19 on tourism demand within the concept of “undertourism”
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 412 - 420, 31.10.2022
Kadir Erdem Bol
,
İsmail Kizilirmak
,
Yurdanur Yumuk
Öz
Tourism is one of the main sectors most affected by political instability, turndowns, natural disasters and epidemics. It is thought that decrease in tourism demand negatively affects all tourism stakeholders. “Undertourism” (low demand for tourism), which occured in some developing tourism destinations and island regions before Covid-19 pandemic, became a problem such as “overtourism” (excessive demand for tourism) with the pandemic and it was understood that it threatened the continuity of tourism activities. It appears that this decrease in tourism demand affects the professional continuity of the tourism employee negatively. In this context, the aim of the study is to examine particularly negative consequences of “undertourism” (low demand for tourism) in the tourism sector. It is stated that “undertourism” (low demand for tourism) also creates negative effects on sub-sectors, natural life and cultural values. It is thought that the study is worthy because of introducing the concept of “undertourism” to national literature.
Kaynakça
- Abbas, J., Mubeen, R., Iorember, P. T., Raza, S., & Mamirkulova, G. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2, 1-11.
- Agrusa, J., Linnes, C., Lema, J., Min, J. E., Henthorne, T., Itoga, H., & Lee, H. (2021). Tourism Well-Being and Transitioning Island Destinations for Sustainable Development. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14,32.
- Bajrami, D. D., Terzic, A., Petrovic, M. D., Radovanovic, M., Tretiakova, T. N., & Hadoud, A. (2021). Will we have the same employees in hospitality after all? The impact of COVID-19 on employees’ work attitudes and turnover intentions. nternational Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 1-9.
- Beabout, L. (2019). You’ve heard of overtourism. Here’s why undertourism is just as important. [URL: https://greensuitcasetravel.com/2019/03/undertourism/] (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Eylül 2021).
- Burgen, S., & Giuffrida, A. (2020). How coronavirus is reshaping Europe's tourism hotspots. [URL: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/20/how-coronavirus-is-reshaping-europes-tourism-hotspots] (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Eylül 2021).
- Çeken, H. (2008). Turizmin bölgesel kalkınmaya etkisi üzerine teorik bir inceleme. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 10 (2), 293-306.
- Çeken, H., Dalgın, T., & Karadağ, L. (2009). Küreselleşme ve uluslararası turizm arasındaki ilişki. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22, 21-36.
- Çetin, T. (2009). Beypazarı’nda turist-yerli halk etkileşimi ve turizmin sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik etkileri. Türk Dünyası Đncelemeleri Dergisi / Journal of Turkish World Studies, 9 (1), 15-32.
- Drápela, E. (2020). Mass Tourism in The Bohemian Paradise: Both a Threat and An Opportunity. 15th International Conference- Topical Issues of Tourism: Overtourism—Risk for a Destination, 4–5 March 2020, College of Polytechnics: Jihlava, Czech Republic, ss. 31-40.
- DTÖ. (2021). 2020: A year in review. [URL: https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-and-tourism-2020] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
GhulamRabbany, M., Afrin, S., Rahman, A., Islam, F., & Hoque, F. (2013). Environmental effects of tourism. American Journal of Environment, Energy and Power Research, 1 (7), 117-130.
- Gowreesunkar, V. G., & Thanh , T. V. (2020). Between overtourism and undertourism: impacts, implications, and probable solutions. Overtourism, 45-68.
- Hasenzahl, L., & Cantoni, L. (2021). “Old” and “New” Media Discourses on Chinese Outbound Tourism to Switzerland Before and During the Covid-19 Outbreak. An Exploratory Study. Wörndl et al. (Ed.), içinde Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism (s. 530-542). Cham: Springer.
- Higginbottom, K., Northrope, C., & Green, R. (2001). Positive Effects Of Wildlife Tourism On Wildlife. Avustralya: CRC for Sustainable Tourism.
- Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Hasanat, M. W., Arif, I., & Hamid, A. A. (2020). The effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the tourism industry in China. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3 (1), 52-58.
- HTA. (2020). HTA Covid-19 Update. Hawaii Tourism Authority.
Kıral, B. (2020). Nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15, 170-189.
Martinko, K. (2021). From Overtourism to Undertourism: The World Just Can't Get It Right. [URL: https://www.treehugger.com/from-overtourism-to-undertourism-the-world-just-can-t-get-it-right-5075005] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Meydan Uygur, S., & Baykan, E. (2007). Kültür turizmi ve turizmin kültürel kültür turizmi ve turizmin kültürel varlıklar üzerindeki etkileri. Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 30-49.
- Özkök, F. (2006). Yoksulluğun azaltılmasında turizmin yeri. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5 (15), 85-98.
Öztürk, Y., & Yazıcıoğlu, İ. (2002). Gelişmekte olan ülkeler için alternatif turizm faaliyetleri üzerine teorik bir çalışma. Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 1-14.
- Peltier, D. (2019). Travel Megatrends 2019: Undertourism Is the New Overtourism. [URL: https://skift.com/2019/02/05/travel-megatrends-2019-undertourism-is-the-new-overtourism/] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Planeta. (2019). Undertourism. [URL: https://www.planeta.com/undertourism/] (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Eylül 2021).
- Pranskūnienė, R., & Perkumienė, D. (2020). Debating Overtourism and Undertourism in the Context. Рекомендовано до друку, 203-205.
Roth, A. (2020). Poachers Kill More Rhinos as Coronavirus Halts Tourism to Africa. [URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/science/coronavirus-poaching-rhinos.html] (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Eylül 2021).
- Ruggieri, G., Calo, P. & Orthodoxou, K. (2019). Overtourism and Undertourism. Brinklow et al. (Ed.), içinde The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Islands Economic Cooperation Forum (s. 85-108).
- Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic, Tourism and Degrowth. Hall et al. (Ed.), içinde Degrowth and Tourism: New Perspectives on Tourism Entrepreneurship, Destinations and Policy (s. 287-313). Routledge.
- Skare, M., Soriano, D. R., & Porada-Rachon, M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 163, 2-14.
- Skinner, H. (2021). Place branding—The challenges of getting it right: Coping with success and rebuilding from crises. Tourism and Hospitality, 2, 173-189.
- Smith, J. R. (2021). Travel's new threat is undertourism. [URL: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/travel-destinations-suffer-during-covid] (Erişm Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Soydanbay, G. (2017). A Systemic Analysis of Overtourism and Tourismophobia: And What Destinations Can Do About It. [URL: https://placebrandobserver.com/overtourism-tourismophobia-causes-solutions/] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Soydanbay, G. (2017). Undertourism: How to Make Archaeological Sites and Museums More Attractive as Destinations. [URL: https://placebrandobserver.com/how-to-make-museums-attractive-destinations/] (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Eylül 2021).
- Sugathan, V. C., & Roopak, S. (2020). Impact Assessment of the COVID-19 Outbreak on International Tourism. UGC Care Group I Listed Journal, 148-158.
- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2021). Covid-19 Nedir? [URL: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66300/covid-19-nedir-.html] (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Eylül 2021).
- Temur, H. (2011). Turizmin Çevreye Etkileri. Dünya Gazetesi. [URL: https://www.dunya.com/gundem/turizmin-cevreye-etkileri-haberi-158509] (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Eylül 2021).
- Usui, R., Sheeran, L. K., Asbury, A. M., & Blackson, M. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mammals at tourism destinations: a systematic review. Mammal review, 51, 492-507.
- Volmann, C., Tokarski, K. O., Dinca, V. M., & Bogdan, A. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on Romanian Tourism. An explorative case study on prahova county, Romania. Amfiteatru Economic, 23 (56), 196-205.
- Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 3. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- WTTC. (2020). UK looks set to lose 2.4m jobs in 2020 due to COVID-19 and travel restrictions, says WTTC. [URL: https://wttc.org/News-Article/UK-looks-set-to-lose-over-2m-jobs-in-2020-due-to-COVID-19-and-travel-restrictions] (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Eylül 2021)