SUÇA SÜRÜKLENEN ÇOCUKLAR VE ÇOCUK SUÇLARININ KRİMİNAL AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ
Yıl 2022,
, 75 - 108, 09.05.2022
Ercan Altınsoy
,
Ali Kara
Öz
Çocuk ve suç kavramı 20.yy. başlarından itibaren çokça anılmaya başlanmıştır. Çocuk haklarının korunmasına yönelik bazı düzenlemelerin uluslararası camiada yapılması ihtiyacıyla birlikte çocukların suçtan korunması gerektiği anlayışı da ortaya çıkmıştır. Dünya da hiçbir çalışma suçun kaynağını açıklayan, oluşumuna neden olan temel bir neden ortaya koyamamıştır. Artık günümüzde bir gerçek var ki oda suçun oluşumuna etki eden birçok faktörün olduğudur. Ve suçun tamamen önlenmesi mümkün değildir. Ancak suç minimize edilerek asgari seviyeye indirilebilir. İnsanlar üzerindeki suç korkusu azaltılarak daha mutlu daha özgür, suç korkusunun olmadığı ya da çok az olduğu bir toplum meydana getirilebilir. İşte burada suçun oluşumunun temel nedenlerinden birisi olan çocuk suçluluğunun engellenmesi veya olabildiğince minimize edilmesi hayati önem kazanmaktadır. Çünkü küçük yaşta suça sürüklenen çocukların büyük bölümü ileriki yaşlarda suç kariyerlerini artırdıkları bilinen bir gerçektir. Bu makalede Türkiye’nin çocuk suçluluğu haritası çıkartılarak, çocukların suça sürüklenmesine neden olan faktörlerin kriminal açıdan incelemesi yapılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Agnew, R. A. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30: 47– 88.
- Agnew, R. A. (2006). Pressured into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. Cary, NC: Roxbury.
- Agnew, R. (2006). Storylines as a neglected cause of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(2), 119-147.
- Akers, R. L. (1985). Deviant Behavior: A Social Learning Approach, 3rd Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- Akers, R. L., & Jennings, W. G. (2015). Social learning theory. The handbook of criminological theory, 4, 230-240.
- Anda, R.F., Croft, J. B., Felitti, V.J., Nordenberg, D., Giles, W.H., Williamson, D.F. Giovino, GA. (1999). Olumsuz çocukluk deneyimleri ve ergenlik ve yetişkinlik döneminde sigara kullanımı. Jama, 282 (17), 1652-1658.
- Andrews, D. A., Zinger, I., Hoge, R. D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P., Cullen, F. T. (1990). Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta‐analysis. Criminology, 28(3), 369-404.
- Aslan A., ÖCAL O. (2012). Türkiye’de Suç Oranlarının Sürekliliği Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2012, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 1, s. 85-92.
- Aslan, M. Y. (2008) ‘’Çocuk Suçluluğu Hakkında Uluslararası ve Ulusal Hukuk Düzenlemeleri’’Ankara Barosu Dergisi Yıl:66 Sayı: 4 Güz 2008 88-96
- Baglivio, M. T., Epps, N., Swartz, K., Huq, M. S., Sheer, A., Hardt, N. S. (2014). The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in the lives of juvenile offenders. Journal of juvenile justice, 3(2).
- Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Epps, N., Nelson, R. (2017). Predicting adverse childhood experiences: The importance of neighborhood context in youth trauma among delinquent youth. Crime & Delinquency, 63(2), 166-188.
- Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., Epps, N. (2015). The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and juvenile offending trajectories in a juvenile offender sample. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(3), 229-241.
- Bandura, A. &Richard H. W. (1959). Adolescent Aggression. New York: Ronald Press.
- Barrett, D. E., & Katsiyannis, A. (2017). The Clemson juvenile delinquency project: Major findings from a multi-agency study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2050-2058.
- Bateman, T. (2014). Where has all the youth crime gone? Youth justice in an age of austerity. Children & Society, 28(5), 416-424.
- Bayer, P., Hjalmarsson, R., Pozen, D. (2009). Building criminal capital behind bars: Peer effects in juvenile corrections. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(1), 105-147.
- Blomberg, T. G., Mestre, J., Mann, K. (2013). Bir olumsallık dünyasında nedensellik aramak: Kriminoloji, araştırma ve kamu politikası.571
- Brezina, T. (1998). Adolescent maltreatment and delinquency: The question of intervening processes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35: 71– 99.
- Catalano, R. F. & Hawkins, J. D. (1996). The Social Development Model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In (J. David Hawkins, ed.), Delinquency and Crime: Current Theories. New York: Cambridge University Press.3-15
- Cohen, S. (2017) Against Criminology, New York: Routledge Press
- Cömert Ö., & SEVİM Y. (2017) ‘’Çocuk ve Suç İlişkisinin Sosyolojik Suç Kuramları ile İncelenmesi’’ Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi / Journal of Bitlis Eren University Institute of Social Sciences Cilt/Volume:6, Sayı/Number:1, Haziran/June 2017, 29-40
- Cömertler, N. & Muhsin K. (2007), "Türkiye'de Suç Oranının Sosyo-Ekonomik Belirleyicileri: Yatay Kesit Analizi", Ankara Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakülte Dergisi, 62-2: 37-57.
- Craig, J. M., Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., Epps, N. (2017). Do social bonds buffer the impact of adverse childhood experiences on reoffending?. Youth violence and juvenile justice, 15(1), 3-20.
- Cullen, F. T. & Agnew, R. (2001). Criminological theory: past to present essential readings, (Second Edition). Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company
- Derzon, J. H. (2010). The correspondence of family features with problem, aggressive, criminal, and violent behavior: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6: 263– 292.
- Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., Anda, R. F. (2003). Çocuklukta istismar, ihmal ve evdeki işlev bozuklukları ve yasadışı uyuşturucu kullanımı riski: olumsuz çocukluk deneyimleri çalışması. Pediatri, 111 (3), 564-572.
- Ehrlıch, I. (1973), “Participation İn İllegitimate Activities:A Theoretical And Empirical İnvestigation”, Journal of Political Economy, 81: 521–65.
- Elliott, D. S., David H., Suzanne S. A. (1985). Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Farrington, D. P. & Brandon C. W. (2003). Family‐based prevention of offending: A meta‐analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 36: 127– 151.
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American journal of preventive medicine, 14(4), 245-258.
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F. (1998). Adverse childhood experiences and health outcomes in adults: The Ace study. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 90(3), 31.
- Giordano, P. C. (2010). Legacies of crime: A follow-up of the children of highly delinquent girls and boys. Cambridge University Press.
- Gosain, M. (2020). Psychological Dimensions of Juvenile Delinquency. Available at SSRN 3697791, 1-17
- Gottfredson, M. R. & Travis H. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Hirschi, T. & Gottfredson, M. (1990). Maddi pozitivizm ve suç fikri. Akılcılık ve Toplum , 2 (4), 412-428.
- Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child's envrionment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102: 458– 489.
- Hay, C. (2003). Family strain, gender, and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 46(1), 107-135.
- Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F. (2000). Developmental risk factors for youth violence. Journal of adolescent health, 26(3), 176-186.
- Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Hirschi, T., & Stark, R. (1969). Hellfire and delinquency. Social Problems, 17(2), 202-213.
- Hoeve, M., Judith S. D., Veroni I. E., Peter H. V L., Smeenk, W., Jan R. M. G. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37: 749– 775.
- İçli, T. G. (2007), Kriminoloji, Ankara: Seçkin Kitapevi.
- Kling, J. R., Ludwig, J., Katz, L. F. (2005). Neighborhood effects on crime for female and male youth: Evidence from a randomized housing voucher experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(1), 87-130.
- Lipsey, M. W., Derzon, J. H. (1998). Predictors of serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research (pp. 86-105).
- Ludwig, J., Duncan, GJ., Hirschfield, P. (2001). Kentsel yoksulluk ve çocuk suçu: Rastgele bir konut hareketliliği deneyinden elde edilen kanıt. The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 116 (2), 655-679.
- Mannheim H., (1965) Comparative Criminology, Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company, sayfa 609, 624.
- Mears, D. P. (2007). Towards rational and evidence‐based crime policy. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35: 667– 682.
- Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence‐limited and life‐course persistent anti‐social behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100: 674– 701.
- Özkan Ö. (1994) Hukuki Ve Sosyolojik Açıdan Ülkemizde Çocuk Ve Çocuk Suçluluğu, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi İstanbul.
- Patacchini, E., & Zenou, Y. (2008). The strength of weak ties in crime. European Economic Review, 52(2), 209-236.
- Patterson, G. R. (1982). A Social Learning Approach. Volume 3: Coercive Family Practices. Eugene, OR: Castalia. 161-163
- Patterson, G. R., Chamberlain, P., Reid, J. B. (1982). A comparative evaluation of a parent-training program. Behavior therapy, 13(5), 638-650.
- Quetelet, A. (1984). Adolphe Quetelet's research on the propensity for crime at different ages. New York: Anderson Publishing Company. 1-75
- Ryan, J. P., & Testa, M. F. (2005). Child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency: Investigating the role of placement and placement instability. Children and youth services review, 27(3), 227-249.
- Sampson, Robert J. & John H. Laub. (1993). Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Structural variations in juvenile court processing: Inequality, the underclass, and social control. Law and society review, 285-311.
- Sandler, I. N., Erin S., Sharlene A. W., David P. M. (2011). Long‐term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting: Lasting effects but uncertain processes. Annual Review of Psychology 62: 299– 329.
- Siegel, L. J.; Welsh, B. C.; Senna, J. J (2003). Juvenile delinquency (5. Edition). Thomsen/Wadsworth Pub.
- Solak. A. (2008). “Yeni Yetişen Neslin Suça Yatkın Kişiler Olma Riski” http://www. haberler.com/prof-adem-solak-yeni-yetişen-neslin-suca-yatkın-haberi/ (11.03.2008).
- Sherman, D. C., Lawrence, W., Gottfredson, D. L., MacKenzie, J., Reuter, P., Shawn, D. B. (1998). Preventing crime: What works, what doesn’t, what’s promising. In Corrections Forum (Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 19-23).
- Steinberg, L. 2001. We know some things: Parent‐adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11: 1– 19.
- Thornberry, T. P. (1987). Toward an interactional theory of delinquency. Criminology, 25: 863– 891.
- TÜİK (2020, Ocak 01). Erişim tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2021, https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
- TÜİK (2021, Temmuz 01). Erişim tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2021, https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
- Wikipedi (2021, Şubat 14) Erişim tarihi: 21 Haziran 2021, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/id,_ego_ve_süperego
- Wolfgang, M. (1961), “Pioneers in Criminology: Cesare Lombroso”, The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 52, No.4: 1835-1909
- World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organization.
CHILDREN DRIVEN TO CRIME AND A CRIMINAL ANALYSIS OF CHILD CRIMES
Yıl 2022,
, 75 - 108, 09.05.2022
Ercan Altınsoy
,
Ali Kara
Öz
Child and crime concept 20th century. It started a lot from the very beginning. It can be said that the information about the promotion of the product used in the product content has been reviewed for child safety. No research in the world has revealed a fundamental reason for the occurrence of crime. Now there is a fact that is a factor influencing the formation of the room. And it is impossible to live pathetically. However, the offense of reduction can be deducted. By reducing crimes against people, a happier, freer society can be created with little or no purpose. One of the main reasons this happens is to minimize the vital importance of education. Because criminal complaints are filed against graduates of departments where young candidates grow their careers. In this article, Turkey's juvenile delinquency map is drawn and the factors that cause juvenile delinquency are analyzed from a criminal perspective.
Kaynakça
- Agnew, R. A. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30: 47– 88.
- Agnew, R. A. (2006). Pressured into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. Cary, NC: Roxbury.
- Agnew, R. (2006). Storylines as a neglected cause of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(2), 119-147.
- Akers, R. L. (1985). Deviant Behavior: A Social Learning Approach, 3rd Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- Akers, R. L., & Jennings, W. G. (2015). Social learning theory. The handbook of criminological theory, 4, 230-240.
- Anda, R.F., Croft, J. B., Felitti, V.J., Nordenberg, D., Giles, W.H., Williamson, D.F. Giovino, GA. (1999). Olumsuz çocukluk deneyimleri ve ergenlik ve yetişkinlik döneminde sigara kullanımı. Jama, 282 (17), 1652-1658.
- Andrews, D. A., Zinger, I., Hoge, R. D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P., Cullen, F. T. (1990). Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta‐analysis. Criminology, 28(3), 369-404.
- Aslan A., ÖCAL O. (2012). Türkiye’de Suç Oranlarının Sürekliliği Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2012, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 1, s. 85-92.
- Aslan, M. Y. (2008) ‘’Çocuk Suçluluğu Hakkında Uluslararası ve Ulusal Hukuk Düzenlemeleri’’Ankara Barosu Dergisi Yıl:66 Sayı: 4 Güz 2008 88-96
- Baglivio, M. T., Epps, N., Swartz, K., Huq, M. S., Sheer, A., Hardt, N. S. (2014). The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in the lives of juvenile offenders. Journal of juvenile justice, 3(2).
- Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Epps, N., Nelson, R. (2017). Predicting adverse childhood experiences: The importance of neighborhood context in youth trauma among delinquent youth. Crime & Delinquency, 63(2), 166-188.
- Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., Epps, N. (2015). The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and juvenile offending trajectories in a juvenile offender sample. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(3), 229-241.
- Bandura, A. &Richard H. W. (1959). Adolescent Aggression. New York: Ronald Press.
- Barrett, D. E., & Katsiyannis, A. (2017). The Clemson juvenile delinquency project: Major findings from a multi-agency study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2050-2058.
- Bateman, T. (2014). Where has all the youth crime gone? Youth justice in an age of austerity. Children & Society, 28(5), 416-424.
- Bayer, P., Hjalmarsson, R., Pozen, D. (2009). Building criminal capital behind bars: Peer effects in juvenile corrections. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(1), 105-147.
- Blomberg, T. G., Mestre, J., Mann, K. (2013). Bir olumsallık dünyasında nedensellik aramak: Kriminoloji, araştırma ve kamu politikası.571
- Brezina, T. (1998). Adolescent maltreatment and delinquency: The question of intervening processes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35: 71– 99.
- Catalano, R. F. & Hawkins, J. D. (1996). The Social Development Model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In (J. David Hawkins, ed.), Delinquency and Crime: Current Theories. New York: Cambridge University Press.3-15
- Cohen, S. (2017) Against Criminology, New York: Routledge Press
- Cömert Ö., & SEVİM Y. (2017) ‘’Çocuk ve Suç İlişkisinin Sosyolojik Suç Kuramları ile İncelenmesi’’ Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi / Journal of Bitlis Eren University Institute of Social Sciences Cilt/Volume:6, Sayı/Number:1, Haziran/June 2017, 29-40
- Cömertler, N. & Muhsin K. (2007), "Türkiye'de Suç Oranının Sosyo-Ekonomik Belirleyicileri: Yatay Kesit Analizi", Ankara Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakülte Dergisi, 62-2: 37-57.
- Craig, J. M., Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., Epps, N. (2017). Do social bonds buffer the impact of adverse childhood experiences on reoffending?. Youth violence and juvenile justice, 15(1), 3-20.
- Cullen, F. T. & Agnew, R. (2001). Criminological theory: past to present essential readings, (Second Edition). Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company
- Derzon, J. H. (2010). The correspondence of family features with problem, aggressive, criminal, and violent behavior: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6: 263– 292.
- Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., Anda, R. F. (2003). Çocuklukta istismar, ihmal ve evdeki işlev bozuklukları ve yasadışı uyuşturucu kullanımı riski: olumsuz çocukluk deneyimleri çalışması. Pediatri, 111 (3), 564-572.
- Ehrlıch, I. (1973), “Participation İn İllegitimate Activities:A Theoretical And Empirical İnvestigation”, Journal of Political Economy, 81: 521–65.
- Elliott, D. S., David H., Suzanne S. A. (1985). Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Farrington, D. P. & Brandon C. W. (2003). Family‐based prevention of offending: A meta‐analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 36: 127– 151.
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American journal of preventive medicine, 14(4), 245-258.
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F. (1998). Adverse childhood experiences and health outcomes in adults: The Ace study. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 90(3), 31.
- Giordano, P. C. (2010). Legacies of crime: A follow-up of the children of highly delinquent girls and boys. Cambridge University Press.
- Gosain, M. (2020). Psychological Dimensions of Juvenile Delinquency. Available at SSRN 3697791, 1-17
- Gottfredson, M. R. & Travis H. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Hirschi, T. & Gottfredson, M. (1990). Maddi pozitivizm ve suç fikri. Akılcılık ve Toplum , 2 (4), 412-428.
- Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child's envrionment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102: 458– 489.
- Hay, C. (2003). Family strain, gender, and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 46(1), 107-135.
- Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F. (2000). Developmental risk factors for youth violence. Journal of adolescent health, 26(3), 176-186.
- Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Hirschi, T., & Stark, R. (1969). Hellfire and delinquency. Social Problems, 17(2), 202-213.
- Hoeve, M., Judith S. D., Veroni I. E., Peter H. V L., Smeenk, W., Jan R. M. G. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37: 749– 775.
- İçli, T. G. (2007), Kriminoloji, Ankara: Seçkin Kitapevi.
- Kling, J. R., Ludwig, J., Katz, L. F. (2005). Neighborhood effects on crime for female and male youth: Evidence from a randomized housing voucher experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(1), 87-130.
- Lipsey, M. W., Derzon, J. H. (1998). Predictors of serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research (pp. 86-105).
- Ludwig, J., Duncan, GJ., Hirschfield, P. (2001). Kentsel yoksulluk ve çocuk suçu: Rastgele bir konut hareketliliği deneyinden elde edilen kanıt. The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 116 (2), 655-679.
- Mannheim H., (1965) Comparative Criminology, Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company, sayfa 609, 624.
- Mears, D. P. (2007). Towards rational and evidence‐based crime policy. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35: 667– 682.
- Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence‐limited and life‐course persistent anti‐social behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100: 674– 701.
- Özkan Ö. (1994) Hukuki Ve Sosyolojik Açıdan Ülkemizde Çocuk Ve Çocuk Suçluluğu, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi İstanbul.
- Patacchini, E., & Zenou, Y. (2008). The strength of weak ties in crime. European Economic Review, 52(2), 209-236.
- Patterson, G. R. (1982). A Social Learning Approach. Volume 3: Coercive Family Practices. Eugene, OR: Castalia. 161-163
- Patterson, G. R., Chamberlain, P., Reid, J. B. (1982). A comparative evaluation of a parent-training program. Behavior therapy, 13(5), 638-650.
- Quetelet, A. (1984). Adolphe Quetelet's research on the propensity for crime at different ages. New York: Anderson Publishing Company. 1-75
- Ryan, J. P., & Testa, M. F. (2005). Child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency: Investigating the role of placement and placement instability. Children and youth services review, 27(3), 227-249.
- Sampson, Robert J. & John H. Laub. (1993). Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Structural variations in juvenile court processing: Inequality, the underclass, and social control. Law and society review, 285-311.
- Sandler, I. N., Erin S., Sharlene A. W., David P. M. (2011). Long‐term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting: Lasting effects but uncertain processes. Annual Review of Psychology 62: 299– 329.
- Siegel, L. J.; Welsh, B. C.; Senna, J. J (2003). Juvenile delinquency (5. Edition). Thomsen/Wadsworth Pub.
- Solak. A. (2008). “Yeni Yetişen Neslin Suça Yatkın Kişiler Olma Riski” http://www. haberler.com/prof-adem-solak-yeni-yetişen-neslin-suca-yatkın-haberi/ (11.03.2008).
- Sherman, D. C., Lawrence, W., Gottfredson, D. L., MacKenzie, J., Reuter, P., Shawn, D. B. (1998). Preventing crime: What works, what doesn’t, what’s promising. In Corrections Forum (Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 19-23).
- Steinberg, L. 2001. We know some things: Parent‐adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11: 1– 19.
- Thornberry, T. P. (1987). Toward an interactional theory of delinquency. Criminology, 25: 863– 891.
- TÜİK (2020, Ocak 01). Erişim tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2021, https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
- TÜİK (2021, Temmuz 01). Erişim tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2021, https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
- Wikipedi (2021, Şubat 14) Erişim tarihi: 21 Haziran 2021, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/id,_ego_ve_süperego
- Wolfgang, M. (1961), “Pioneers in Criminology: Cesare Lombroso”, The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 52, No.4: 1835-1909
- World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organization.