COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Yetişkinlerin Besin Destekleri Kullanımlarının İncelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 4, 430 - 439, 15.12.2021

Gülperi Demir , Beyza Kılıçkalkan , Muhammed Kazım Takak

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.988805

Cited By: 7

Öz

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde yetişkinlerin besin destekleri (vitamin-mineral ve bitkisel ürün) kullanımlarının incelenmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel nitelikte olan araştırma, Mayıs 2021-Ağustos 2021 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma 18-65 yaş arası 402 yetişkin üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama aracı olarak online anket formu uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların %58.7’si kadın, %41.3’ü erkektir (ortalama yaş; 36.3±11.7 yıl) ve %77.9’u üniversite ve lisansüstü mezunudur. %15.4’ü COVID-19 tanısı aldığını belirtmiştir. Katılımcıların %66.2’si pandemi sürecinde besin destekleri kullanmıştır. Besin destekleri kullanım amaçları sırasıyla; ‘bağışıklık sistemini güçlendirmek’ (%72.9), ‘kendini iyi hissetmek’ (%44.0), ‘COVID-19’dan korunmak’ (%39.1) ve ‘vücuttaki yetersizliği gidermek’(%35.7) tir. Katılımcıların yarıdan fazlasının besin desteklerinin COVID-19’a karşı koruyucu olduğuna inandığı ve COVID-19 tanısı alanların çoğunluğunun (%80.6) besin destekleri kullanmaya başladıkları saptanmıştır. Katılımcıların besin desteği hakkında bilgiyi en çok kitle iletişim araçlarından edindikleri; besin desteği kullanma kararında sağlık uzmanlarının, kitle iletişim araçlarının ve sosyal çevrenin etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Pandemi sürecinde en çok kullanılan besin destekleri C, D, B grubu vitaminleri, zencefil, tarçın, yeşil çay ve zerdeçaldır. Çalışmada, besin destekleri kullanımında; cinsiyet, öğrenim durumu ve yaşanılan yer, medeni durum, gelir, meslek, kronik hastalık durumu, COVID-19 tanısı alma durumunun etkili olduğu saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Araştırmanın sonucunda, COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde yetişkinlerin besin destekleri kullanımının arttığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Besin destekleri, beslenmeyi destekleyici veya bağışıklığı güçlendirici olarak kullanılmasıyla birlikte yanlış bilgiler ve bilinçsiz kullanım sonucunda sağlığı bozucu etkilere neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, besin desteklerinin doktor veya diyetisyen gibi uzmanların kontrolünde kullanılması ve sağlığa etkileri konusunda farkındalığın artırılması önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Besin destekleri, Covid-19, pandemi, bağışıklık, sağlık

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

Katılımcılara teşekkür ederiz.

Investigation of Adults’ Use of Dietary Supplements during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Öz

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the use of dietary supplements (vitamin-mineral and herbal products) by adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: The descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed between May 2021 and August 2021. The study was conducted on 402 adults aged between 18-65 years old. An online questionnaire was used as a data collection tool.
Results: 58.7% of the participants were female, 41.3% male (mean age; 36.3±11.7 years), and 77.9% of them were university or postgraduate degrees. 15.4% stated that they were diagnosed with COVID-19. 66.2% of the participants used dietary supplements during the pandemic. Participants'purposes for using nutritional supplements were to ‘strengthen the immune system’ (72.9%), ‘feel good’ (44.0%), ‘protect from COVID-19’ (39.1%) and ‘eliminate body deficiency’(35.7%), respectively. It was determined that more than half of the participants believed that dietary supplements were protective against COVID-19 and that the majority (80.6%) of those diagnosed with COVID-19 started using dietary supplements. It was determined that the participants obtained information about dietary supplements mostly from the mass media; health professionals, mass media and the social environment were effective in the decision to use dietary supplements The most used dietary supplements during the pandemic were C, D, B group vitamins, ginger, cinnamon, green tea and turmeric. In the study, it was found that gender, educational status, place of residence, marital status, income, occupation, chronic disease status, COVID-19 diagnosis were effective in the use of dietary supplements.
Conclusion: As a result of the research, it was revealed that the use of dietary supplements by adults increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although dietary supplements are used to support nutrition or strengthen immunity, they cause health-impairing effects as a result of incorrect information and unconscious use. For this reason, it is important to use dietary supplements under the control of specialists such as a doctor or dietitian and to raise awareness about their effects on health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dietary supplements, Covid-19, pandemic, immunity, health

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• 1- Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of autoimmunity 2020;109:102433.
• 2- Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2020;9(1):1-12.
• 3- Shakoor H, Feehan J, Al Dhaheri AS, et al. Immuneboosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas 2021;143:1–9.
• 4- Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, Jeewandara C, Ranasinghe P. Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 2020;14(4):367-382.
• 5- Jawhara S. Could intravenous immunoglobulin collected from recovered coronavirus patients protect against covid-19 and strengthen the immune system of new patients? International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020;21(7):2272.
• 6- Curtis LJ, Bernier P, Jeejeebhoy K, et al. Costs of hospital malnutrition. Clinical Nutrition 2017;36(5):1391-1396.
• 7- Polamarasetti P, Danik M. Nutrition planning during the covid-19 pandemic for aging immunity. Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease 2020;3:109-123.
• 8- Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2007;51(4):301-323.
• 9- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması (TBSA) 2019. Ankara 2019;69-195.
• 10- Ergen A, Bekoğlu FB. Türkiye’de besin destek ürünlerine yönelik görüşler ve tüketici profilini tanımlamaya yönelik bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi 2016;8(1):323-341.
• 11- Austin Z, Martin JC, Gregory PA. Pharmacy practice in times of civil crisis: The experience of SARS and the blackout in Ontario, Canada. Res. Social Adm Pharm. 2007;3: 320–335.
• 12- Lake MA. What we know so far: COVID-19 current clinical knowledge and research. Clin. Med. (Lond.) 2020;20:124–127.
• 13- World Health Organization, 2020a. ’Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations’. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations. Erişim tarihi 10 Ağustos 2021. (Accessed August 10, 2021.)
• 14- World Health Organization, 2020b. ‘‘Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ”. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirus-disease-2019-(covid-19). Erişim tarihi 8 Ağustos 2021. (Accessed August 8, 2021.)
• 15- Salathe M, Althaus CL, Neher R, et al. COVID-19 epidemic in Switzerland: on the importance of testing, contact tracing and isolation. Swiss. Med. Wkly 2020;150:w20225.
• 16- Grebow, J. Dietary supplement sales skyrocket during coronavirus pandemic. Nutritional Outlook 2020;23(4):14.
• 17- Kantar. Consumer panel for food, beverages and household products, 2020. Available: kantarworldpanel.com. Erişim tarihi 10 Ağustos 2021. (Accessed August 10, 2021.)
• 18- Çimke S, Yıldırım Gurkan D. Determination of interest in vitamin use during covid-19 pandemic using google trends data: Infodemiology study. Nutrition 2021;85:1-6.
• 19- Ipsos Araştırma Merkezi. (2021). Koronavirüs salgını ve toplum araştırmasının 49. dönem verileri. Available at: https://www.ipsos.com/tr-tr/vatandaslar-salgin-basindan-bu-yana-ortalama-66-kilo-almis. Erişim tarihi 10 Ağustos 2021. (Accessed August 10, 2021.)
• 20- Calder PC, Carr AC, Gombart AF, Eggersdorfer M. Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients 2020;12:1181.
• 21- Adams KK, Baker WL, Sobieraj DM. Myth busters: dietary supplements and COVID-19. Ann. Pharmacother 2020;54:820–826.
• 22- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals. The EFSA Journal 2006;10:1-45.
• 23- Al-Naggar AR, Chen R. Prevalence of vitaminmineral supplements use and associated factors among young Malaysians. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2011;12:1023-1029.
• 24- AlGaeed H, Aljaber M, Alwehaibi, A, et al. General public knowledge and use of dietary supplements in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care 2019; 8: 3147.
• 25- Samreen S, Siddiqui AN, Wajid S, Mothana AR, Almarfadi OM. Prevalence and use of dietary supplements among pharmacy students in Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag. Healthcare Polic 2020,13:1523–1531.
• 26- Maggini S, Pierre A, Calder PC. Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course. Nutrients 2018;10(10):1531.
• 27- Calder PC. Nutrition, immunity and covid-19. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2020;3:e000085:74–92.
• 28- Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 2017;356:i6583.
• 29- Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A review of micronutrients and the immune system–working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients 2020;12:236.
• 30- Bellikci Koyu E, Çalık G, Kaner Tohtak G, Günsel Yıldırım G. Sağlık çalışanlarının besin desteği kullanma durumları ve ilişkili etmenler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;34(2):141-151.
• 31- Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchnre A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 2007;39(2):175–191.
• 32- Bakan Koçak S. Çankırı özel Karatekin hastanesi sağlık personeli ve diyet polikliniğine başvuran hastalarda gıda takviyelerinin kullanımı üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi/Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2013.
• 33- Kafadar D, Sayın E, Çelik İH. Aile hekimliği polikliniğine başvuran hastaların vitamin / mineral destekleri ile ilgili bilgi ve tutumları. Jour Turk Fam Phy 2020;11(2):56-67.
• 34- Karadeniz S. Beslenme ve diyetetik polikliniğine başvuran hastaların, bitkisel ürün ve besin destekleri hakkındaki bilgi ve tutumlarının saptanması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Yeditepe Üniversitesi/Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2020.
• 35- Sirico F, Miressi S, Castaldo C, et al. Habits and beliefs related to food supplements: results of a survey among Italian students of different education fields and levels. Plos One 2018;13(1):e0191424.
• 36- Özcan V. İlaç ve gıda takviyelerinin içerikleri hakkında kullanıcıların bilgi ve talep düzeyinin ölçülmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi/Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2018.
• 37- Özkan Ş. Zayıflama amaçlı kullanılan bitkisel besin desteklerinin tüketim sıklığı ve etkinliği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Okan Üniversitesi/Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2019.
• 38- Özbek H. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Araştırma ve İstatistik Yöntemler. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitapevi, 2017.
• 39- Liu J, Liao X, Qian S, et al. 2020. Community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Shenzhen, China, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020;26:1320–1323.
• 40- Hathcock J. Dietary supplements: how they are used and regulated. J Nutr 2001;131:1114–1117.
• 41- Euromonitor International. Dietary Supplements in Poland 2020. Available at: https://www.euromonitor.com/dietary-supplements-in-poland/report. Erişim tarihi 10 Ağustos 2021. (Accessed August 10, 2021.)
• 42- Kamarli Altun H, Karacil Ermumcu MS, Seremet Kurklu N. Evaluation of dietary supplement, functional food and herbal medicine use by dietitians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health Nutrition 2020;24(5):861–869.
• 43- Alwafaz HA, Khan N, Aljumah GA, Hussain SD, Al- Daghri NM. Dietary intake and supplement use among Saudi residents. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021;18:6435.
• 44- Alyami HS, Orabi MAA, Aldhabbah FM, et al. Knowledge about covid-19 and beliefs about and use of herbal products during the covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2020;28:1326–1332.
• 45- Zhao A, Li Z, Ke Y, et al. Dietary diversity among Chinese residents during the covid-19 outbreak and its associated factors. Nutrients 2020;12(6):1699.
• 46- Mestaghanmi H, Labriji A, Kehailou FZ, et al. Study of the association between the consumption of dietary supplements and lifestyle factors in a population of Moroccan academics during the covid 19 health crisis. Open Access Library Journal 2021;8:e7585.
• 47- CRN-Funded COVID-19 Survey. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1180357/dietary-supplement-usagechange-due-to-covidus-adults-by-gender/. Erişim tarihi 8 Ağustos 2021. (Accessed August 8, 2021.)
• 48- EL Alamlab A, Fattah A, Chait A. Medicinal plants used for the prevention purposes during the covid-19 pandemic in Morocco. J. Analytical Sci. Appl. Biotechnol 2020;2:4–11.
• 49- Kutlu N, Ekin MM, Alav A, Ceylan Z, Meral R. Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde bireylerin beslenme alışkanlığında meydana gelen değişimin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research 2021;8(1):173-187.
• 50- Kılıç Kanak E, Öztürk SN, Özdemir Y, Asan K, Öztürk Yılmaz S. Gıda takviyeleri kullanım alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 2021;10(1):168-177.
• 51- Rovira MA, Grau M, Castañer O, et al. Dietary supplement use and health-related behaviors in a mediterranean population. Journal of nutrition education and behavior 2013; 45(5):386-391.
• 52- Del Castillo MD, Iriondo-DeDond A, Martirosyan DM. Are functional foods essential for sustainable health? Ann. Nutr. Food Sci. 2018;2:1015.
• 53- Chen F, Du M, Blumberg JB, et al. Association among dietary supplement use, nutrient intake, and mortality among U.S. adults: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2019;170(9):604-13.
• 54- Li K, Kaaks R, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S. Consistency of vitamin and/or mineral supplement use and demographic, lifestyle and health‐status predictors: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)‐Heidelberg cohort. Br J Nutr. 2010;104:1058‐64.
• 55- Marques‐Vidal P, Vollenweider P, Waeber G. Trends in vitamin, mineral and dietary supplement use in Switzerland. The CoLaus study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71:122‐7.
• 56- Demir, G. Nutrition, health behaviour changes, and eating behaviours of adults during the covid 19 pandemic period. TJFM&PC 2020;14(4):639-645.
• 57- Brugliera L, Spina A, Castellazzi P, et al. Nutritional management of covid-19 patients in a rehabilitation unit. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2020;74:860–863.
• 58- Alfawaz H, Khan N, Alfaifi A, et al. Prevalence of dietary supplement use and associated factors among female college students in Saudi Arabia. BMC Women’s Health 2017;17:1–7.
• 59- Samar E. Pandemi sürecinde spor salonlarında egzersiz yapan kişilerde gıda takviyesi kullanma durumunun incelenmesi. ISPEC Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities 2021;5(2):189-203.
• 60- OʹBrien SK, Malacova E, Sherriff JL, Black LJ. The prevalence and predictors of dietary supplement use in the Australian population. Nutrients 2017;9:1154.
• 61- Kim JW, Lee SH, Kim JE, et al. The association between taking dietary supplements and healthy habits among Korean adults: results from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2010‐2012). Korean J Fam Med. 2016;37:182‐7.
• 62- Kofoed CLF, Christensen J, Dragsted LO, Tjønneland A, Roswall N. Determinants of dietary supplement use‐healthy individuals use dietary supplements. Br J Nutr. 2015;113:1993‐2000.
• 63- Pouchieu C, Andreeva VA, Peneau S, et al. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary correlates of dietary supplement use in a large sample of French adults: results from the NutriNet‐Sante Cohort Study. Br J Nutr. 2013;110:1480‐91.
• 64- Kim HJ, Giovannucci E, Rosner B, Willett WC, Cho E. Longitudinal and secular trends in dietary supplement use: nursesʹ health study and health professionals follow‐up study, 1986‐2006. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114:436‐43.
• 65- Kobayashi E, Sato Y, Umegaki K, Chiba T. The prevalence of dietary supplement use among college students: a nationwide survey in Japan. Nutrients 2017;9:1250.
• 66- Dickinson A, Blatman J, El-Dash N, Franco JC. Consumer usage and reasons for using dietary supplements: report of series of surveys. J Am Coll Nutr 2014;33(2):176-82.
• 67- Marupuru S, Axon DR, Slack MK. How do pharmacists use and recommend vitamins, minerals, herbals and other dietary supplements? BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19:229.
• 68- Lam CS, Koon HK, Chung VCH, Cheung YT. A public survey of traditional, complementary and integrative medicine use during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. Plos One 2021;16(7):e0253890.
• 69- Hamulka J, Jeruszka-Bielak M, Górnicka M, Drywień ME, Zielinska-Pukos MA. Dietary Supplements during COVID-19 outbreak. Results of Google Trends analysis supported by PLifeCOVID-19 online studies. Nutrients 2021;13(1): 54.
• 70- Friis K, Lasgaard M, Rowlands G, Osborne RH, Maindal HT. Health literacy mediates the relationship between educational attainment and health behavior: a Danish population-based study. J Health Commun 2016;21(sup2):54–60.
• 71- Lee JS, Kim J. Factors affecting the use of dietary supplements by Korean adults: data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2009;109(9):1599-1605.
• 72- Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Savastano S, Colao A. Nutritional recommendations for COVID-19 quarantine. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74:850–851.
• 73- Scarmozzino F, Visioli F. Covid-19 and the subsequent lockdown modified dietary habits of almost half the population in an Italian sample. Foods 2020;9(5):675.
• 74- Buttriss J. Vitamins and minerals. Nutrition & Food Science 1989;89(1):7-9.
• 75- Tek NA, Pekcan G. Besin Destekleri Kullanılmalı mı? Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü. Ankara: Klasmat Matbaacılık, 2008, 27.
• 76- Bellikci Koyu E, Karaağaç Y. Viral enfeksiyonlarda vitaminler ve mineraller: covid-19 odağında bir derleme. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;5(2):165-173.
• 77- Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L. The role of Vitamin D in the prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2020;32(7):1195-1198.
• 78- Zhang J, Taylor EW, Bennett K, Saad R, Rayman MP. Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China [Letter to the editors]. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2020;111(6):1297–9.
• 79- Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a meta-regression analysis. Journal of Intensive Care 2020;8(1):15.
• 80- Razzaque MS. COVID-19 pandemic: can maintaining optimal zinc balance enhance host resistance? The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2020;251(3):175-181.
• 81- Haleem A, Javaid M, Vaishya R. Effects of COVID 19 pandemic in daily life.Current Medicine Research and Practice Curr Med Res Pract. 2020;10(2):78–79.
• 82- Coelho-Ravagnani CF, Corgosinho FC, Sanches FFZ, et al. Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutr Rev. 2020;0(0):1–14.
• 83- Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020;395:912-920.