Tatarlı Höyük’ten (Adana) Hellenistik Dönem İthal Mühürlü Amphora Kulpları

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 15, 153 - 174, 15.05.2018

Erkan Dündar , Ayça Gerçek

https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.420778

Cited By: 3

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Tatarlı Höyük Kazılarında 2008-2017 yılları
arasında bulunan ve Hellenistik Dönem’e tarihlenen yirmi iki mühürlü amphora
kulpu ele alınmıştır. Tatarlı Höyük Adana/Ceyhan’ın 24 km doğusunda, önceleri
Yedigöz/Yedioluk olarak isimlendirilen Tatarlı köyünde bulunmaktadır. Ovalık
Kilikya Bölgesi’ndeki büyük höyük yerleşimlerinden biri olan Tatarlı Höyük 350
metreye 180 metre boyutlarında olup ova zemininden 37 metre yüksekliktedir. Çukurova’nın
doğusunda bulunan höyük önemli ticaret rotaları üzerinde yer alır.

Bu çalışmada değerlendirilen yirmi iki mühürlü amphora
kulpundan on sekizinin Rodos kökenli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İkisi okunamayan
Rodos mühürlerinin dokuzu yönetici, yedisi ise üreticilere aittir. Höyükte
bulunan ikinci büyük buluntu grubu ise Kıbrıs kökenlilerdir. Ele geçen iki
Kıbrıs kökenli amphora kulpunun birisinin üzerinde Kıbrıs hece yazısıyla
yazılmış ancak tam olarak okunamayan bir mühür bulunmaktadır. Diğer Kıbrıs
örneği üzerinde ise dört harften oluşan bir monogram görülür. Yerleşimde
bulunan mühürler arasında sadece bir tanesi Khios kökenlidir. Söz konusu kulp
üzerinde M. Ö. yak. 250 - yak. 225 yılları arasında aktif olan ve mühürlerine
birçok yerleşimde rastlanan üretici Ἱκέσιος’un ismi okunur. Höyükte ele geçen mühürler arasında belki
de en önemli olan örnek bir Knidos mührüdür. Bu mühür üzerinde yönetici Λυσάνιος ve üretici Ἀριστοκράτης’un isimleri
birlikte görünür. Her iki ismin de Tatarlı örneğinde bulunması, önceki
çalışmalarda farklı dönemlere tarihlenen bu isimlerin kronolojilerinin yeni
veriler bağlamında yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerektiğini göstermiştir. Bu
nedenle, yönetici Λυσάνιος ve üretici Ἀριστοκράτης için bu çalışmada M. Ö. 2.
yüzyılın ilk yarısı gibi geniş bir tarih aralığı verilmesi yoluna gidilmiştir.

Ovalık
Kilikya’nın önemli höyük yerleşimlerinden biri olan Tatarlı Höyük’te bulunan
yirmi iki adet mühürlü amphora kulpunun, bölgeden konu hakkında bilgi veren
malzemeler olması önemlidir. Söz konusu buluntular, özelde yerleşimin
Hellenistik Dönem tabakalarının tarihlendirilmesine katkı sağladığı gibi, aynı
zamanda mühürlü amphora kulplarının Küçük Asya’nın Akdeniz coğrafyasındaki
yayılımı ve istatistiği açısından da önemli bilgiler sunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tatarlı Höyük, mühürlü amphora kulpları, Kilikya, Hellenistik Dönem

Imported Hellenistic Stamped Amphora Handles from Tatarlı Höyük (in the Province of Adana-Turkey)

Öz

Twenty two
amphora stamps from the Tatarlı Höyük excavations in Cilicia (2008-2017) are
the subject of this article. Tatarlı Höyük is situated in the Tatarlı village,
formerly Yedigöz/Yedioluk, 24 km east of Ceyhan, Adana. It is one of the
largest sites in Cilicia Pedias (Plain Cilicia), and is a flat-topped, wooded
mound on a basalt outcrop, with a base measuring 350 m by 180 m and a height of
37 m. Located in the eastern part of the Çukurova, the mound was in a strategic
position with its location on important trade routes.

It was
determined that eighteen of the twenty two stamped amphora handles in this
study were of Rhodian origin. Nine of the Rhodian stamps belong to the eponyms,
and seven to the fabricants. Only two of the Rhodian stamps are illegible. The
second group from the Tatarlı Höyük are of Cyprus origin. One of two amphora
handles in this group has a stamp in the Cypriot syllable, but it cannot be clearly
read. On the other Cypriot example there is also a monogram or an abbreviation
consisting of four letters. Only one Chian stamp was found. The name of the
fabricant Ἱκέσιος, which is thought to have been active between ca. 250 - ca.
225 B.C., is read on this Chian stamp found at the site. Perhaps the most
important example among the Tatarlı examples is the Cnidian stamp. On the stamp
both the name of the eponym Λυσάνιος and the name of the fabricant Ἀριστοκράτης
are recorded. The appearance of both these names together on the Tatarlı
example raises questions concerning the published chronology of these names, as
they have been dated to different periods in previous studies. In the context
of this find, it seems the place of these two figures in the chronology may
need to be revised. For this reason, a somewhat broader date range has been given
to both the eponym Λυσάνιος and the fabricant Ἀριστοκράτης, the first half of
the 2^nd century B.C.

These twenty two stamped amphora handles found at Tatarlı Höyük, a major
mound site of Cilicia Pedias (Plain Cilicia), provide us with a body of information
on this subject for the region. This material, in particular, provides
important information not only for the dating of the settlement’s Hellenistic
Period strata, but also concerning the spread and statistics of the amphora within
Asia Minor’s Mediterranean geography.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tatarlı Höyük, stamped amphora handles, Cilicia, Hellenistic Period

Kaynakça

• H. Akıl, Miniature Cream Vessels from Tatarlı Höyük dated to the Hellenistic Period, in: E. Kozal et al. (ed.), Questions, Approaches, and Dialogues in the Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology. Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates, Münster 2017, 667-682.
• E. Alkaç, Hellenistik Dönem’de Khios’ta Mühürlü Amphora Üretimi ve Mühürleme Sistemleri (PhD diss. Mersin University), Mersin 2012.
• D. T. Ariel – G. Finkielsztejn, Amphora Stamps and Imported Amphoras, in: A. Kloner (ed.), Maresha Excavations Final Report I: Subterranean Complexes 21, 44, 70, IAA Reports 17, Jerusalem 2003, 137-151.
• D. T. Ariel, Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass, Excavations at the city of David 1978-1985, Qedem 30, Jérusalem 1990.
• F. Aslan – H. Çakan – K. S. Girginer, 2015. Tatarlı Höyük (Ceyhan-Adana) Kazısı Hellenistik Dönem Tabakalarına Ait Arkeobotaniksel Bulgular, Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 29, 2015, 99-106.
• C. Barker, Hellenistic Stamped Amphora Handles Held in the Nicholson Museum, Sydney, MedA 12, 1999, 111-123.
• C. Barker, The Use of Rhodian Amphorae in Hellenistic Graves at Nea Paphos, Cyprus, in: J. Eiring – J. Lund (eds.), Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26-29, 2002, Athens 2004, 73-84.
• C. G. Botti, Catalogue des Monuments Exposes au Musée Gréco-Romain d’Alexandrie, Alexandrie 1901.
• C. Börker, Griechische Amphorenstempel vom Tell Halaf bis zum Persischen Golf, BaM 7, 1974, 31-49.
• C. Börker – J. Burow, Die hellenistischen Amphorenstempel aus Pergamon (PF 11), Berlin 1998.
• L. Buzoianu, Ştampile rhodiene de la edificiul roman cu mozaic, Pontica 13, 1980, 119-139.
• Y. Calvet, Les timbres amphoriques (1965-1970). Salamine de Chypre III, Paris 1972.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde Bulunan Rhodos Amphora Mühürleri (M.A. diss. Ege University), İzmir 1995.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, İskenderiye Kurtarma Kazılarında Ele Geçen Hellenistik Dönem Amphora mühürleri (PhD diss. Ege University), İzmir 2000.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Hellenistic Stamped Amphora Handles from the Bridge Excavations, Gabarri Sector 2, in: J.-Y. Empereur – M.-D. Nenna (eds.) Nécropolis 2/1, Etudes Alexandrines 7, 2003, 213-260.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Stamped Amphora Handles from Assos-Turkey, ADerg 10/2, 2007, 109-131.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Database Studies of Amphora Stamps, in: Protection and Enhancement of Cultural Heritage the Case of Trans¬port Amphorae, Proceedings of the Scientific Conference Rhodes, 30 September 2017, Rhodes 2017, 215-223.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol – E. Canoğlu, Mısır-Alexandria Greko-Romen Müzesi’nde Bulunan Düğme Formlu Mühürler, ADerg 14, 2009, 109-164.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol – A. K. Şenol, Preliminary Remarks on Cypriot Amphorae and Stamps from Alexandria, in: M. L. Lawall – J. Lund (eds.), The Transport Amphorae and Trade of Cyprus, Gösta Enbom Monographs Vol. 3, Aarhus 2013, 56-82.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol – A. K. Şenol – E. Doğer, Amphora Production in the Rhodian Peraea in the Hellenistic Period, in: J. Eiring – J. Lund (eds.), Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26-29, 2002, Athens 2004, 353-359. N. Conovici – M. Irimia, Timbres Amphoriques et Autres Inscriptions Céramiques Découverts À Satu Nou (Comm. D’Oltina, Dép. De Constantza), Dacia 35, 1991, 139-175.
• E. Doğer, Rodoslu Çömlekçi Hieroteles, ADerg 2, 1994, 195-218.
• E. Doğer – G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Batı Anadolu’da Bulunan Bir Grup Amphora Mühürü, ADerg 5, 1997, 33-50.
• A. Dumont, Inscriptions Céramiques de Grèce, Paris 1871.
• E. Dündar, Transport Jars and Stamped Amphoras from Patara, 7th to 1st Centuries BC. The Maritime Trade of a Harbor City in Lycia, Patara IV.3, İstanbul 2017.
• J.-Y. Empereur, Timbres amphoriques de Crocodilopolis-Arsinoé, BIFAO 77, 1977, 197-233.
• J.- Y. Empereur – A.- M. Guimier-Sorbets, Une Banque de Données Sur Les Vases Conteneurs - Amphores et Lagynoi - Dans Le Monde Grec et Roman, in: J.- Y. Empereur – Y. Garlan (eds.), Recherches sur les Amphores Grecques. Actes du Colloque International Organisé par le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, l’Université de Rennes II et l’École Française d’Athènes, 10-12 Septembre 1984, Athènes, BCH Suppl. 13, Athens 1986, 127-141.
• J.- Y. Empereur – N. Tuna, Hiérotélès, Potier Rhodien de la Pérée, BCH 119, 1989, 277-299.
• G. Finkielsztejn, More Evidence on John Hyrcanus I’s Conquest: Lead Weights and Rhodian Amphora Stamps, Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 16, 1998, 33-63.
• G. Finkielsztejn, Chronologie détaillée et révisée des éponymes amphoriques rhodiens, de 270 à 108 av. J.-C. environ. BAR IntSer 990, Oxford 2001.
• P. M. Fraser – G. E. Bean, Rhodian Peraea, Oxford 1954.
• P. M. Fraser – E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names I. The Aegean Islands, Cyprus and Cyrenaica, Oxford 1987.
• M.- H. Gates, 1992 Excavations at Kinet Höyük (Dörtyol/Hatay), KST 15, 1, 1994, 193-200.
• G. Gentili, I timbri anforari rodii nel museo nazionale di Siracusa, Archivio Siracusano 4, 1958, 18-95.
• K. S. Girginer, 2005 Yılı Adana (Ceyhan) ve Kayseri (Develi) Yüzey Araştırmaları, AST 24, 2007, 173-196.
• K. S. Girginer, Tatarlı Höyük Kazısı 2011, ANMED 10, 2012, 110-114.
• K. S. Girginer – D. Collon, Cylinder and Stamp Seals from Tatarlı Höyük, Anatolian Studies 64, 2014, 59-72.
• K. S. Girginer – Ö. Oyman-Girginer – H. Akıl, Tatarlı Höyük (Cey-han) Kazısı: İlk İki Dönem, KST 31/3, 2010, 453-476.
• K. S. Girginer – Ö. Oyman-Girginer – H. Akıl, Tatarlı Höyük Çalışmaları 2010, Haberler 32, 2011, 65-67.
• K. S. Girginer – Ö. Oyman-Girginer – H. Akıl – M. Cevher – İ. Aklan, 2012 Tatarlı Höyük Kazıları, KST 35/2, 2014, 182-196.
• K. S. Girginer – Ö. Oyman-Girginer – H. Akıl – M. F. Tufan, 2015 Yılı Tatarlı Höyük Kazısı Sonuçları, KST 38/2, 2017, 443-454.
• H. Goldman (ed.), Excavations at Gözlü Kule Tarsus, The Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Vol. I, Princeton 1950.
• V. Grace, Stamped Amphora Handles Found in 1931-1932, Hesperia 3, 1934, 197-310.
• V. Grace, Wine Jars, ClJ 42, 8, 1947, 443-452.
• V. Grace, Standard Pottery Containers of the Ancient Greek World, Commemorative Studies in Honor of Theodore Leslie Shear, Hes¬peria Suppl. 8, 1949, 175-189.
• V. Grace, The Stamped Amphora Handles, in: Goldman 1950, 135-148.
• V. R. Grace, Stamped Wine Jar Fragments, in: Small Objects from the Pynx: 2, Hesperia Suppl. 10, 1956, 116-189.
• V. Grace, The Stamped Amphora Handles, in: J. Bouzek (ed.), Ana-tolian Collection of Charles University, Kyme I, Prague 1974, 89-97.
• V. R. Grace, Kouriaka, Studies Presented in Memory of Porphyrios Dikaios, Nikosia 1979, 178-188.
• V. Grace, The Middle Stoa Dated by Amphora Stamps, Hesperia 54, 1985, 1-54.
• V. Grace – M. Savvatianou-Pétropoulakou, Les Timbres Ampho-riques Grecs, in: P. Bruneau et al. (eds.), l'îlot de la maison des comédiens, Délos XXVII, Paris 1970, 277-382.
• B. Hrouda, Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungsergebnisse auf dem Sirkeli Höyük/Südtürkei von 1992-1995, KST 18,1, 1997, 291-311.
• G. Jöhrens, Amphorenstempel im Nationalmuseum von Athen, Mainz 1999.
• G. Jöhrens, Griechische Amphorenstempel Hellenistischer Zeit der Grabungen 1974-1994, in: F. Rakob (ed.), Die deutschen Ausgrabungen in Karthago, Karthago 3, Mainz 1999, 239-258.
• G. Jöhrens, Amphorenstempel hellenistischer Zeit aus Tanais, EurAnt 7, 2001, 367-479.
• H. Kawanishi – Y. Suto, Amphora Stamps: 1997-2001, Akoris I, Tok¬yo 2005.
• N. Kreutz, Die Siedlung auf dem Sirkeli Höyük (Prov. Adana) in hellenistischer Zeit, in: A. Hoffmann – R. Posamentir – M. H. Sayar (eds.), Hellenismus in der Kilikia Pedias, Byzas 14, İstanbul 2012, 140-154.
• M. L. Lawall, Hellenistic Stamped Amphora Handles, in: V. Mitsopoulos-Leon – C. Lang-Auinger (eds.), Die Basilika am Staatsmarkt in Ephesos, 2. Teil: Funde klassischer bis römischer Zeit, FiE IX, 2, 3, Wien 2007, 28-60.
• M. L. Lawall – N. A. Lejpunskaja – P. D. Diatroptou – T. L. Samojlova, Transport Amphoras, in: N. A. Lejpunskaja – P. G. Bilde – J. M. Højte – V. V. Krapivina – S. D. Kryžickij (eds.), The Lower City of Olbia (Sector NGS) in the 6th Century BC to the 4th century AD, Black Sea Studies 13, Aarhus 2010, 355-405.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Lexicon of Eponym Dies on Rhodian Amphora Stamps Vol. I, Eponyms A, Alexandrie 2015.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Lexicon of Eponym Dies on Rhodian Amphora Stamps Vol. II, Eponyms B-K, Alexandrie 2015.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Lexicon of Eponym Dies on Rhodian Amphora Stamps Vol. III, Eponyms Λ-Σ, Alexandrie 2016.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Lexicon of Eponym Dies on Rhodian Amphora Stamps Vol. IV, Eponyms T-X, Alexandrie 2017.
• J. Lund, Rhodian Amphorae in Rhodes and Alexandria as Evidence of Trade, in: V. Gabrielsen – P. Bilde – T. Engberg-Pedersen – L. Han¬nestad – J. Zahle (eds.), Hellenistic Rhodes: Politics, Culture and Society, Oxford 1999, 187-204.
• R. A. Macalister, The Excavations of Gezer 1902-1905 and 1907-1909, Vol. II, London 1912, 351-364.
• O. Masson, Les inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques, Etudes Chyp-riotes 1, Paris 1983.
• I. Nicolaou, The Stamped Amphora Handles from the House of Dio¬nysos, Paphos V, Nicosia 2005.
• I. Nicolaou – J.- Y. Empereur, Amphores Rhodiennes du Musée de Nicosie, in: J.- Y. Empereur – Y. Garlan (eds.), Recherches sur les Amphores Grecques. Actes du Colloque International Organisé par le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, L’Université de Rennes II et L’École Française D’Athènes, 10-12 Septembre 1984, Athènes, BCH Suppl. 13, Athens 1986, 515-533.
• M. Novak et al., Cilician Chronology Group A Comparative Stratigraphy of Cilicia Results of the first three Cilician Chronology Workshops, Altorientalische Forschungen, 44/2, 2017, 150-186.
• E. Pridik, Amphorenstempel aus Athen, AM 21, 1896, 127-187.
• N. K. Rauh, Rhodes, Rome and the Eastern Mediterranean Wine Trade, 166-88 BC., in: V. Gabrielsen – P. Bilde – T. Engberg-Pedersen – L. Hannestad – J. Zahle (eds.), Hellenistic Rhodes: Politics, Culture and Society, Oxford 1999, 162-186.
• N. Rauh – C. Autret – J. Lund, Amphora Design and Marketing in Antiquity, in: M. Frass (ed.), Kauf, Konsum und Markte, Wirtschaftswelten im Fokus - Von der römischen Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Wiesbaden 2013, 145-181.
• M. H. Sayar – P. Siewert – H. Taeuber, Doğu Kilikya’da Epigrafi ve Tarihi-Coğrafya Araştırmaları, 1991, AST 10, 1993, 175-197.
• B. Schmaltz, Die hellenistischen Amphorenstempel von Kaunos, AMS 79, Bonn 2016.
• M. V. Seton-Williams, Cilician Survey, Anatolian Studies 4, 1954, 121-174.
• Z. Sztetyłło, Les Timbres Céramiques (1965-1973), Nea Paphos I, Varsovie 1976.
• Z. Sztetyłło, Les Timbres céramiques dans les Collections du Musée National de Varsovie, Varsovie 1983.
• Z. Sztetyłło, Pottery Stamps (1975-1989), Nea Paphos IV, Warsaw 1991.
• S. Yıldız, Hellenistic Settlement in Smooth Cilicia (Cilicia Pedias) (MA diss, Bilkent University), Ankara 2016.
• N. Zeitoun – C. Christophi – J.- Y. Empereur, Les anses d’amphores du Musée Gréco - Romain d’Alexandrie. L’état d’avancement de la banque de données sur les amphores et le cas exemplaire de la fabrication rhodien Theumnastos, in: J.- Y. Empereur (ed.), Commerce et artisanat dans l’Alexandrie hellénistique et romaine, BCH Suppl. 33, Paris 1998, 367-391.