Araştırma Makalesi
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Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 21, 65 - 89, 15.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.870772

Öz

In this paper I introduce a new inscription from the Eskişehir Archaeological Museum which houses a numerous collection of inscribed material from the main civic centres such as Pessinous, Midaion, Nakoleia and chiefly of course from Dorylaion. This inscription, carved on a marble slab was discovered in the county of Mihalıccık, ca. 100 km north-east of Eskişehir (ancient Dorylaion). According to the some previously published inscriptions, a large part of this county was called Choria Considiana in antiquity, which comprised seven villages and was incorporated into the patrimonium Caesaris as early as the reign of Hadrian. Given the find-spot and the expressions διὰ τῶν Καίσαρος χωρίων κωμῶν and ἐν ταῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Καίσαρος κώμαις, it can be securely said that the imperial estate recorded in this new inscription is identical with that named Choria Considiana. The attestation of the “misthotai = leaseholders” in the estate demonstrate that it was not a compact estate run by an imperial slave (=oikonomos), without the supervision of a procurator, as had previously been suggested. The inscription in all likelihood concerns a letter issued by the imperial legate of the province of Galatia and it shows that the inhabitants of Choria Considiana experienced tough times due to the inappropriate and illegal behaviour of military men and some imperial staff such as freedmen of the emperor, tabellarii, presumably conspiring with the misthotai. This letter stipulates that the soldiers and other officials shall not be provided with free lodgings and hospitality and they are required to buy the remaining things (τὰ δὲ λοιπά) at a fixed/ an offering price (παρεχούσης τειμῆς) in each place (ἑκάστῳ τόπῳ) from the coloni (παρὰ τῶν παροίκων). The inscription offers a list of punishments whose details are not known due to the fragmentary condition of those parts of the stone, if these gubernatorial orders are not adhered to. We are not sure whether these became effective in the long term based on the fact that the Skaptopara inscription manifestly records it had become a habit after some time that the orders of the governors began to be ignored, although they may have been followed for a while. There is unfortunately no hint as to the date of the inscription, because the name of the emperor or the governor is not recorded. Considering the parallel texts which also contain the complaints of the villages to the emperors and the responses they receive and which are mostly found within specific time span, ranging from the end of the 2nd century to the first half of the 3rd century A.D., one can also propose a similar date for this new inscription, which is also supported by the lettering forms employed.

Kaynakça

  • C. Brélaz, Pline le Jeune interprète des revendications locales: l'epistula 10, 77 et le libellus des Juliopolitains, Appunti Romani di Filologia 4, 2002, 81-95.
  • C. Brixhe, Essai sur le grec anatolien au début de notre ère, nou-velle édition, Nancy 1987.
  • A. Dalla Rosa, From Exploitation to Integration. Imperial Quarries, Estates and Freedmen, and the Integration of Rural Phrygia, Studi Ellenistici 30, 2016, 305-330.
  • T. Drew-Bear, Review Article: Latin Terms in Greek: A Discus-sion, Classical Philology 71, 4, 1976, 349-355.
  • D. French, Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor. Fasc. I: The Pilgrim’s Road, Oxford 1981.
  • W. H. C. Frend, A Third-Century Inscription Relating to Anga-reia in Phrygia, JRS 46, 1956, 46-56.
  • C. Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Admin-istration, and Public Order, Oxford 2012.
  • H. Güney, New inscriptions from the Choria Considiana, Ana-tolian Studies 66, 2016, 125–139.
  • H. Güney, Ancient Quarries and Stonemasonry in Northern Choria Considiana, in: D. Matetić Poljak – K. Marasović (eds.), ASMOSIA XI, Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone, Pro-ceedings of the XI International Conference of ASMOSIA, Split 2015, Split 2018, 621-631.
  • H. Güney, The sanctuary of Zeus Sarnendenos and the cult of Zeus in northeastern Phrygia, Anatolian Studies 69, 2019, 155–174.
  • H. Güney, The Imperial Estate Choria Considiana and “Zeus of the Seven Villages” in North-West Galatia, in A. Coşkun (ed.), Galatian Victories and Other Studies into the Agency and Iden-tity of the Galatians in the Hellenistic and Early-Roman Periods.
  • R. Haensch, Übergriffe römischer Soldaten in den östlichen Provinzen des Imperium Romanum, in K. Harter-Uibopuu (ed.), Epigraphische Notizen. Zur Erinnerung an Peter Herrmann, Stuttgart 2019, 249-269.
  • T. Hauken – H. Malay, A New Edict of Hadrian from the Pro-vince of Asia Setting Regulations for Requisitioned transport, in: Haensch, R. (ed.), Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation: Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bron-ze in der Römischen Welt, Munich 2009, 327-348.
  • T. Hauken, Petition and Response. An Epigraphic Study of Petitions to Roman Emperors, 181–249 (Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 2), Bergen 1998.
  • T. Hauken – C. Tanrıver – K. Akbıyıkoğlu, A new inscription from Phrygia. A Rescript of Septimius Severus and Caracalla to the coloni of the Imperial Estate at Tymion, EA 36, 2003, 33–44.
  • P. Herrmann, Hilferufe aus römischen Provinzen. Ein Aspekt der Krise des römischen Reiches im 3. Jhdt. n. Chr., Hamburg 1990.
  • W. Blümel – R. Merkelbach (†), Die Inschriften von Priene, Teil I: Text, Bonn 2014.
  • D. P. Kehoe, The Economics of Agriculture on Roman Imperial Estates in North Africa (Hypomnemata 89), Göttingen 1988.
  • A. Kolb, Transport und Nachrichtentransfer im Römischen Reich, Berlin 2000.
  • U. Laffi, Le iscrizioni relative all'introduzione nel 9 a.C. del nuovo calendario della Provincia d'Asia, Studi Classici e Orientali 16, 1967, 5-98. P. Lampe – W. Tabbernee, Das Reskript von Septimius Severus und Caracalla an die Kolonen der Kaiserlichen Domäne von Tymion und Simoe, EA 37, 2004, 169–178.
  • H. J. Mason, Greek terms for Roman institutions: A lexicon and analysis, Toronto 1974.
  • R. Merkalbach, ΘΕΙΟΤΑΤΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ, EA 32, 2000, 125.
  • S. Mitchell, The Plancii in Asia Minor, JHS 64, 1974, 27-39.
  • S. Mitchell, Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire: A New Inscription from Pisidia, JRS 66, 1976, 106-131.
  • S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor, Volume I: The Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of Roman Rule, Oxford 1993.
  • F. Onur, Epigraphic Research around Juliopolis I: A Historical and Geographical Overview, Gephyra 11, 2011, 65-83.
  • M. Piatkowska, La ΣΚΕΠΗ dans l'Égypte ptolémaïque (Archiwum Filologiczne 32), Wroclaw 1972.
  • P. Rance, The Farmer and the Soldier Should Be Friends: Justin-ian's Legislation on the Provisioning of Soldiers (Novel 130), Journal of Late Antiquity 12.2, 2019, 380-421.
  • S. Mitchell, RECAM II: The Inscriptions of North Galatia. The Ankara District (British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph no. 4), Oxford 1982.
  • G. Reger, A Letter of Septimius Severus to the Lykian League on the Misbehavior of Soldiers. A New Inscription from Choma (Hacımusalar Höyük), Chiron 50, 2020, 253-285.
  • J. Rougé, Ο ΘΕΙΟΤΑΤΟΣ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΟΣ, Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes 43, 1969, 83-92.
  • W. Scheidel, Dokument und Kontext: Aspekte der historischen Interpretation epigraphischer Quellen am Beispiel der „Krise des dritten Jahrhunderts“, Rivista Storica dell’Antichità 21, 1991, 145–164.
  • G. Souris - R. Haensch, RECAM III, 112 (SEG 48, 1583): Abuse of Power by members of the Roman administration and the Imperial Reaction, in: R. Haensch (ed.) Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation. Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bronze in der Römischen Welt, 2009, 349-365.
  • M. A. Speidel, Les longues marches des armées romaines. Re-flets épigraphiques de la circulation des militaires dans la pro-vince d’Asie au IIIe siècle apr. J.-C.. Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 20, 2009, 199-210.
  • M. A. Speidel, Kaiserliche Privilegien, Urkunden und die „Mili-täranarchie“ des Zeitalters der „Soldatenkaiser“. Einige Be-obachtungen, in: U. Babusiaux – A. Kolb (eds.), Das Recht der „Soldatenkaiser“. Rechtliche Stabilität in Zeiten politischen Umbruchs?, Berlin – München – Boston 2015, 46–64.
  • W. Tabbernee – P. Lampe, Pepouza and Tymion. The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate, Berlin – New York 2008.
  • C. Tanrıver, Mysia’dan Yeni Epigrafik Buluntular, İzmir 2013.
  • TIB 4: K. Belke (mit Beiträgen von M. Restle), Tabula Imperii Byzan-tini 4: Galatien und Lykaonien, Vienna 1984.
  • P. R. C. Weaver, Familia Caesaris: A Social Study of the Emper-or’s Freedmen and Slaves, Cambridge 1972.

Galatia-Phrygia Sınırında Roma Askerleri ve İmparator Çiftlikleri: Eskişehir Müzesi’nden Yeni Bir Yazıt

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 21, 65 - 89, 15.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.870772

Öz

Bu makalede, Pessinus, Midaion, Nakoleia ve elbette Dorylaion gibi yerleşim yerlerinden getirilen pek çok esere ev sahipliği yapan Eskişehir Arkeoloji Müzesi’nden yeni bir yazıt bilim dünyasına tanıtılmaktadır. Mermer bir levha üzerine kazınan yazıt müze yetkililerinin verdiği bilgiye göre Eskişehir il merkezinin yak. 100 km kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Mihalıççık ilçesinde bulunmuştur. Daha önceden yayımlanan yazıtlar, bu alanın önemli bir bölümünün Antik Dönem’de 7 köyden oluşarak en geç Hadrianus döneminde imparatorun patrimonium’una dahil edilen Choria Considiana adını taşıdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Yazıtın buluntu yeri ile içindeki διὰ τῶν Καίσαρος χωρίων κωμῶν / ἐν ταῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Καίσαρος κώμαις gibi ifadeler göz önüne alındığında yazıtta adı geçen imparator arazilerinin Choria Considiana ile özdeş olduğu rahatlıkla söylenebilmektedir. Yazıt, çok büyük olasılıkla Galatia eyalet valisi tarafından kaleme alınmış olan bir edictum niteliğindedir ve Choria Considiana sakinlerinin askerlerin ve tabellarii gibi diğer görevlilerin yasal olmayan uygunsuz tutumları ve hareketleri dolayısıyla sıkıntılı zamanlar geçirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yazıtta belirtilen düzenlemelere göre bundan böyle askerler ve görevliler artık bedava konaklamaya ve ağırlanmaya sahip olamayacaklar ve her bir yerde (ἑκάστῳ τόπῳ) geri kalan şeyleri (τὰ δὲ λοιπά) sabit bir fiyattan (παρεχούσης τειμῆς) çiftçilerden (παρὰ τῶν παροίκων) satın almak zorunda kalacaklardır. Yazıt, eyalet valisi tarafından konulan bu kurallara uymayanların detayları taşın ilgili bölümünün tam okunamaması nedeniyle bilinmeyen cezalara maruz kalacağını göstermektedir. Bu düzenlemelerin uzun vadede işe yarayıp yaramadığı belli değildir, çünkü Skaptopara yazıtının da gösterdiği gibi bir süre yürürlükte kalmasına rağmen bu emirlere riayet edilmediği ve aynı sorunların tekrar tekrar yaşandığı bilinmektedir. İmparatorun ya da eyalet valisinin ismi yazıtta geçmediğinden tarihleme yapabilmek için elimizde bir ipucu yoktur; ama köylülerin şikayetlerini bildirdiği dilekçeler ve buna Roma yetkililerin verdiği cevapları içeren benzer yazıtların çoğunlukla MS 2. yüzyılın sonu ile 3. yüzyılın ilk yarısına yoğunlaşmış olması, yeni yazıtı da aşağı yukarı bu dönemlere tarihlemek için uygun görünmektedir. Bu tarih aralığı yazıtın harf karakteri ile de uyum içindedir. Yazıtın Türkçe çevirisi ise şöyledir:

İmparatorun çiftliklerinden geçen askerler, imparatorun ulakları, tanrısal imparatorun azatlıları, köleler, vicarius’lar … (köylerin kaynaklarını?) tüketmesin! Misthotai’lar için (= müstecirler?) bedava konaklamadan başka birşey sağlamak zorunlu değildir. Geri kalan şeyleri onların her bir yerde pazar fiyatı üzerinden çiftçilerden almaları zorunludur. Bu kurallara karşı gelen hem mülk sahipleri (?) hem de müstecirler benzer şekilde hesap vereceklerdir. --- Engellenmiştir ve tehlikelidir ----- Bunlar arasında hiçkimseye (?) ne azatlıların ne imparatorun kölelerinin ne de vicarii’nin payının (??) köylere dağıtılması (?) için müsaade olmadığını bildiklerinden ---- Eğer birisi mektupta yazılanlara karşı bir harekette bulunursa --- sadece --- aynı zamanda cezalandırılacak --- tanrısal imparatorumuzun (emirlerine ?) karşı olan ---- seçilmiş arkhonlar tarafından imparator efendimizin köylerinde zarar ziyana uğrayan sakinleri ---- ayakkabıcının ve kasabın ve diğerlerinin parasının ---- bilsinler ----- ne arkhon’a ne de --- herhangi bir şekilde ---

Kaynakça

  • C. Brélaz, Pline le Jeune interprète des revendications locales: l'epistula 10, 77 et le libellus des Juliopolitains, Appunti Romani di Filologia 4, 2002, 81-95.
  • C. Brixhe, Essai sur le grec anatolien au début de notre ère, nou-velle édition, Nancy 1987.
  • A. Dalla Rosa, From Exploitation to Integration. Imperial Quarries, Estates and Freedmen, and the Integration of Rural Phrygia, Studi Ellenistici 30, 2016, 305-330.
  • T. Drew-Bear, Review Article: Latin Terms in Greek: A Discus-sion, Classical Philology 71, 4, 1976, 349-355.
  • D. French, Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor. Fasc. I: The Pilgrim’s Road, Oxford 1981.
  • W. H. C. Frend, A Third-Century Inscription Relating to Anga-reia in Phrygia, JRS 46, 1956, 46-56.
  • C. Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Admin-istration, and Public Order, Oxford 2012.
  • H. Güney, New inscriptions from the Choria Considiana, Ana-tolian Studies 66, 2016, 125–139.
  • H. Güney, Ancient Quarries and Stonemasonry in Northern Choria Considiana, in: D. Matetić Poljak – K. Marasović (eds.), ASMOSIA XI, Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone, Pro-ceedings of the XI International Conference of ASMOSIA, Split 2015, Split 2018, 621-631.
  • H. Güney, The sanctuary of Zeus Sarnendenos and the cult of Zeus in northeastern Phrygia, Anatolian Studies 69, 2019, 155–174.
  • H. Güney, The Imperial Estate Choria Considiana and “Zeus of the Seven Villages” in North-West Galatia, in A. Coşkun (ed.), Galatian Victories and Other Studies into the Agency and Iden-tity of the Galatians in the Hellenistic and Early-Roman Periods.
  • R. Haensch, Übergriffe römischer Soldaten in den östlichen Provinzen des Imperium Romanum, in K. Harter-Uibopuu (ed.), Epigraphische Notizen. Zur Erinnerung an Peter Herrmann, Stuttgart 2019, 249-269.
  • T. Hauken – H. Malay, A New Edict of Hadrian from the Pro-vince of Asia Setting Regulations for Requisitioned transport, in: Haensch, R. (ed.), Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation: Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bron-ze in der Römischen Welt, Munich 2009, 327-348.
  • T. Hauken, Petition and Response. An Epigraphic Study of Petitions to Roman Emperors, 181–249 (Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 2), Bergen 1998.
  • T. Hauken – C. Tanrıver – K. Akbıyıkoğlu, A new inscription from Phrygia. A Rescript of Septimius Severus and Caracalla to the coloni of the Imperial Estate at Tymion, EA 36, 2003, 33–44.
  • P. Herrmann, Hilferufe aus römischen Provinzen. Ein Aspekt der Krise des römischen Reiches im 3. Jhdt. n. Chr., Hamburg 1990.
  • W. Blümel – R. Merkelbach (†), Die Inschriften von Priene, Teil I: Text, Bonn 2014.
  • D. P. Kehoe, The Economics of Agriculture on Roman Imperial Estates in North Africa (Hypomnemata 89), Göttingen 1988.
  • A. Kolb, Transport und Nachrichtentransfer im Römischen Reich, Berlin 2000.
  • U. Laffi, Le iscrizioni relative all'introduzione nel 9 a.C. del nuovo calendario della Provincia d'Asia, Studi Classici e Orientali 16, 1967, 5-98. P. Lampe – W. Tabbernee, Das Reskript von Septimius Severus und Caracalla an die Kolonen der Kaiserlichen Domäne von Tymion und Simoe, EA 37, 2004, 169–178.
  • H. J. Mason, Greek terms for Roman institutions: A lexicon and analysis, Toronto 1974.
  • R. Merkalbach, ΘΕΙΟΤΑΤΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ, EA 32, 2000, 125.
  • S. Mitchell, The Plancii in Asia Minor, JHS 64, 1974, 27-39.
  • S. Mitchell, Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire: A New Inscription from Pisidia, JRS 66, 1976, 106-131.
  • S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor, Volume I: The Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of Roman Rule, Oxford 1993.
  • F. Onur, Epigraphic Research around Juliopolis I: A Historical and Geographical Overview, Gephyra 11, 2011, 65-83.
  • M. Piatkowska, La ΣΚΕΠΗ dans l'Égypte ptolémaïque (Archiwum Filologiczne 32), Wroclaw 1972.
  • P. Rance, The Farmer and the Soldier Should Be Friends: Justin-ian's Legislation on the Provisioning of Soldiers (Novel 130), Journal of Late Antiquity 12.2, 2019, 380-421.
  • S. Mitchell, RECAM II: The Inscriptions of North Galatia. The Ankara District (British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph no. 4), Oxford 1982.
  • G. Reger, A Letter of Septimius Severus to the Lykian League on the Misbehavior of Soldiers. A New Inscription from Choma (Hacımusalar Höyük), Chiron 50, 2020, 253-285.
  • J. Rougé, Ο ΘΕΙΟΤΑΤΟΣ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΟΣ, Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes 43, 1969, 83-92.
  • W. Scheidel, Dokument und Kontext: Aspekte der historischen Interpretation epigraphischer Quellen am Beispiel der „Krise des dritten Jahrhunderts“, Rivista Storica dell’Antichità 21, 1991, 145–164.
  • G. Souris - R. Haensch, RECAM III, 112 (SEG 48, 1583): Abuse of Power by members of the Roman administration and the Imperial Reaction, in: R. Haensch (ed.) Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation. Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bronze in der Römischen Welt, 2009, 349-365.
  • M. A. Speidel, Les longues marches des armées romaines. Re-flets épigraphiques de la circulation des militaires dans la pro-vince d’Asie au IIIe siècle apr. J.-C.. Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 20, 2009, 199-210.
  • M. A. Speidel, Kaiserliche Privilegien, Urkunden und die „Mili-täranarchie“ des Zeitalters der „Soldatenkaiser“. Einige Be-obachtungen, in: U. Babusiaux – A. Kolb (eds.), Das Recht der „Soldatenkaiser“. Rechtliche Stabilität in Zeiten politischen Umbruchs?, Berlin – München – Boston 2015, 46–64.
  • W. Tabbernee – P. Lampe, Pepouza and Tymion. The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate, Berlin – New York 2008.
  • C. Tanrıver, Mysia’dan Yeni Epigrafik Buluntular, İzmir 2013.
  • TIB 4: K. Belke (mit Beiträgen von M. Restle), Tabula Imperii Byzan-tini 4: Galatien und Lykaonien, Vienna 1984.
  • P. R. C. Weaver, Familia Caesaris: A Social Study of the Emper-or’s Freedmen and Slaves, Cambridge 1972.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Uzunoğlu 0000-0001-7707-4647

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 21

Kaynak Göster

APA Uzunoğlu, H. (2021). Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum. Gephyra, 21, 65-89. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.870772
AMA Uzunoğlu H. Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum. GEPHYRA. Mayıs 2021;21:65-89. doi:10.37095/gephyra.870772
Chicago Uzunoğlu, Hüseyin. “Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum”. Gephyra 21, Mayıs (Mayıs 2021): 65-89. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.870772.
EndNote Uzunoğlu H (01 Mayıs 2021) Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum. Gephyra 21 65–89.
IEEE H. Uzunoğlu, “Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum”, GEPHYRA, c. 21, ss. 65–89, 2021, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.870772.
ISNAD Uzunoğlu, Hüseyin. “Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum”. Gephyra 21 (Mayıs 2021), 65-89. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.870772.
JAMA Uzunoğlu H. Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum. GEPHYRA. 2021;21:65–89.
MLA Uzunoğlu, Hüseyin. “Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum”. Gephyra, c. 21, 2021, ss. 65-89, doi:10.37095/gephyra.870772.
Vancouver Uzunoğlu H. Roman Soldiers and Imperial Properties in the Galatian-Phrygian Borderland: A New Inscription from the Eskişehir Museum. GEPHYRA. 2021;21:65-89.