Phaselis’ten Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemi Damgalı Amfora Kulpları

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 27, 69 - 93, 17.05.2024

Nihal Tüner Önen , Erkan Alkaç , Murat Arslan

https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1418180

Öz

Phaselis, Lykia, Pamphylia ve Pisidia bölgelerinin kesişim noktasında bulunan bir liman kentidir. Kentin 2019-2023 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen yüzey araştırmaları ve kazılarda farklı noktalarında -Hellenistik Tapınak, Ana Cadde ve Nekropolis- toplam 18 adet amphora mühürü bulunmuştur. Burada ele alınan araştırmanın amacı amphora mühürlerini üretim merkezlerine göre sınıflandırmak, mühürleri tarihlemek, mühürlerdeki isimlerin yöneticiye mi, yoksa üreticiye mi ait olduğunu belirlemek ve Phaselis’in deniz ticareti ilişkilerinin tespitine katkı sağlamaktır. Sonuç itibarıyla bu çalışmada kentte bulunan amphora mühürleri üretim merkezlerine göre Rhodos (13), Rhodos Peraiası (1), Knidos (1), Pamphylia (2) ve Latin DR 2-4 (1) olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Mühürlerin en erken örneği MÖ 3. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğine ve en geç örneği de MÖ 1. yüzyılın sonu – MS 1. yüzyıla tarihlenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phaselis, Lykia, Pamphylia, mühürlü amphora kulpları, deniz ticareti, ticari ilişkiler

Hellenistic and Roman Stamped Amphora Handles from Phaselis

Öz

Phaselis is a harbour city located at the point where the Lykia, Pamphylia and Pisidia regions intersect. During the surveys and excavations carried out between 2019 and 2023, a total of 18 stamped amphora handles were found at different points of the city - the Hellenistic Temple, Main Street and Necropolis. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to classify the stamped amphora handles according to their production centres, date the stamped handles, determine whether the names on the stamps refer to eponyms or fabricants, and improve understanding Phaselis’ maritime trade relationships. As a result, in this study, the amphora stamps found in the city were classified according to their production centre: Rhodes (13), Rhodian Peraea (1), Knidos (1), Pamphylia (2), and Latin DR 2-4. While the earliest example of stamped handles can be dated back to the second quarter of the 3rd century BC, the latest example is dated to the end of the 1st century BC - 1st century AD.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phaselis, Lycia, Pamphylia, stamped amphora handles, maritime trade, trade relations

Kaynakça

• G.M. Akamatis, Ensphragistes labes amphoreôn apo tên agora tês Pellas: anaskaphê 1980-1987: oi omades Parmeniscou kai Rodou. Bibliothêkê tês en Athênais Archaeologikês Etairias 197. Ê en Athênais Archaeologikê Etairia, Athens 2000.
• E. Alkaç, E. – B. Tomay, B. “Amphora Stamps of Hellenistic and Roman Periods from Myra and the Harbour Neighborhood Andriake”, Adalya 26, 149-169, 2023.
• D. T. Ariel, Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory and Glass. Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985, QEDEM, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 30, 1990, 13-98.
• D.T. Ariel - G. Finkielsztejn, Stamped Amphora Handles, in: S.C. Herbert (ed.), Tel Anafa I.1: Final Report on Ten Years of Excavation at a Hellenistic and Roman Settlement in Northern Israel, JRA Suppl. 10, Ann Arbor 1994, 183-240.
• P. Arthur – D. Williams, Campanian Wine, Roman Britain and the Third Century A.D., JRA 5, 1992, 25-160.
• Yu.S. Badaliants, On the Chronological Position of Some Personal Names at Rhodian Amphoras, SovArch 1980.2, 161-66. (In Russian).
• N. Badoud, Amphores rhodiennes vues à Damas par Henri Seyrig, Syria 87, 2010, 165-172.
• S. Ben-Tahar – M. Bonifay – C. Capelli, L’atelier céramique d’Oued el Akarit (Tunisie), Antiquités africaines 54, 2018, 167-177.
• Chr. Börker – J. Burow, Die Hellenistischen Amphorenstempel aus Pergamon. Pergamenische Forschungen 11. Berlin-New York 1998.
• A. Bresson, La cité marchande. Scripta antiqua 2, Bordeaux 2000.
• P. Briant – R. Descat, Un registre douanier de la satrapie d’Égypte à l’époque achéménide (TAD C3,7), in: N. Grimal - B. Menu (edd.), Le commerce en Égypte ancienne, Bibliotheque d'etude 121, Le Caire 1998, 59-104.
• C. Brixhe, Le dialecte grec de Pamphylie. Documents et grammaire. Bibliothèque de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes d'Istanbul 26, Paris 1976.
• C. Brixhe, Corpus des inscriptions dialectes de Pamphylie, Supp.II. Études d'Archéologie Classique 4, 1988, 165-234.
• C. Brixhe,. Timbres amphoriques de Pamphylie, Études Alexandrines 23, Alexandria 2012.
• Y. Calvet, Timbres amphoriques de Salamine (1971-1974). Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus Nicosia 1978, 222-234.
• V. Canarache, Importul Amforelor Stampilate la Istria. Bucarest 1957.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, İskenderiye Kurtarma Kazılarında Ele Geçen Hellenistik Dönem Amphora Mühürleri (Ph.D. diss., Ege University 2000).
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Hellenistic Stamped Amphora Handles from the Bridge Excavations, in: J.-Y. Empereur – M. D. Nenna (edd.), Gabbari Sector 2. In Nécropolis II, Études Alexandrines 7, Cairo 2003, 213-260.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Amphora Mühürlerinin Köken ve Sosyal Statünün Belirlenmesindeki Etkileri ve Kent Lokalizasyonunun Tespitine Katkıları, Olba 12, 2005,139-164.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Klasik ve Helenistik Dönemde Mühürlü Amphora Üreten Merkezler ve Mühürleme Sistemleri, İstanbul 2006.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Lexicon of Eponym Dies on Rhodian Amphora Stamps Vol. 2, Eponyms B-K. Études Alexandrines 35, AmphorAlex 4, Corpus International des Timbres Amphoriques 22, Alexandria 2015.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Lexicon of Eponym Dies on Rhodian Amphora Stamps Vol. 3, Eponyms Λ-Σ. Études Alexandrines 37, AmphorAlex 5. Corpus International des Timbres Amphoriques 23. Alexandria 2016.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Lexicon of Eponym Dies on Rhodian Amphora Stamps Vol. 4, Eponyms Τ-Χ. Études Alexandrines 39, AmphorAlex 6, Corpus International des Timbres Amphoriques 24, Alexandria 2017.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Stamped Amphora Handles from the Karian Chersonesos: Loryma and Bybassos, in: W. Held (ed.), Die Karishe Chersones vom Chalkolithikum bis in die byzantinische Zeit, Beiträge zu den Surveys in Loryma und Bybassos, Archäologisches Seminar der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Forschungen auf der Karischen Chersones 1, Marburg 2019, 119-153.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Lexicon of Fabricant Dies on Rhodian Amphora Stamps Vol. 1, Fabricants A. Études Mediterranéennes 5, MedAmphora 1, Corpus International des Timbres Amphoriques 33, Alexandria, Athens 2023.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol – E. Canoğlu, Mısır-Alexandria Greko-Romen Müzesi’nde Bulunan Düğme Formlu Mühürler, ADerg 14, 2009, 109-164.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol – E. Canoğlu, Stamps of Hellenistic Imported Amphorae Found in the Excavations of Nicaea (Iznik) Theater. Adalya 24, 2021, 79-99.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol – A. K. Şenol, “Rhodian Stamped Amphorae from Sarayburnu”, Arkeoloji Dergisi 5, 51-61.
• G. Cankardeş-Şenol – A. K. Şenol – E. Doğer, Amphora Production in the Rhodian Peraea in the Hellenistic Period, in: J. Eiring – J. Lund (edd.), Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26-29, 2002, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 5, Athens 2004, 353-359.
• C. Diez, Timbres amphoriques rhodiens à Alba Fucens, Mémoire de licence, Université de Louvain 1980.
• E. Doğer, Hisarönü/ÇubucakRodos Amphora Atölyeleri Kazısı, KST 18, 1997, 235-254.
• E. Dündar, Roman Amphora Stamps from Patara, Olba 21, 2013, 141-149.
• E. Dündar, Transport Jars and Stamped Amphoras from Patara, 7th to 1st Centuries BC. The Maritime Trade of a Harbor City in Lycia, Patara IV.3, İstanbul 2017.
• E. Dündar, Hellenistic Amphora Stamps from Klaynda, Geyphra 26, 2023, 141-161.
• J.-Y. Empereur, Catalogue des timbres amphoriques de Medinet el-Fayoum (Crocodilopolis-Arsinoé) 1-2, Thèse de 3e cycle, Université Paris IV-Sorbonne 1977.
• J.-Y. Empereur – A. Hesnard, Les amphores hellénistiques, in: P. Lévêque – J.-P. Morel (edd.), Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines II, Centres de recherches d’histoire ancienne 70, Paris 1987, 9-72.
• G. Finkielsztejn, Chronologie détaillée et révisée des éponymes amphoriques rhodiens, de 270 à 108 av. J.-C. environ, BAR IntSer 990, Oxford 2001.
• G. Finkielsztejn, Contribution of the Rhodian Eponyms Amphora Stamps to the History of the Maccabees: The Data, in A. M. BERLIN, P. J. Kosmin, The Middle Maccabees, Archaeology, History, and the Rise of the Hasmonean Kingdom, 2021, 194-214.
• G. Gentili, I timbri anforari rodii nel museo nazionale di Siracusa, Archivio Siracusano 4, 1958, 18-95
• V. Grace, Stamped Amphora Handles Found in 1931-1932, Hesperia 3.3, 1934, 197-310.
• V. Grace, The Commercial Amphoras from the Antikythera Shipwreck. TAPS 55, 1965, 5-17.
• V. Grace, “The Middle Stoa Dated by Amphore Stamps”, Hesperia 54.1, 1-54.
• V. Grace – M. Savvatianou-Pétropoulakou, Les timbres amphoriques grecs, in: P. Bruneau et al. (eds.), L'îlot de la maison des comédiens, Délos XXVII, Paris 1970, 277-382.
• I.H. Hall, The Greek Stamps on the Handles of Rhodian Amphorae, Found in Cyprus, and Now in the Metropolitan Museum of New York. JAOS 11, 1885, 389-96.
• O. İleri – G. Cankardeş-Şenol, Hellenistik Dönem’de Doğu Akdeniz’in Ticari Kullanımı: Rhodos Amphora Mühürleri Üzerinden Bir İnceleme, in: O. Dumankaya (ed.), Çağlar Boyunca Nehirler, Denizler ve Göller Prehistorya’dan Bizans Dönemi’ne, İstanbul 2021, 287-138.
• G. Jöhrens, Amphorenstempel im Nationalmuseum von Athen: zu den H. G. Lolling aufgenommenen unedierten Henkelschriften. Mit einem Anhang: Die Amphorenstempel in der Sammlung der Abteilung Athen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Mainz 1999.
• G. Jöhrens, Kerameikos: Griechische Amphorenstempel Spatklassischer und Hellenistischer Zeit. AM 114, 1999, 157-170.
• G. Jöhrens, Amphorenstempel hellenistischer Zeit aus Tanais. Eurasia Antiqua Zeitschrift für Archäologie Eurasiens 7, 2001, 367-479.
• V. Keleş – E. Alkaç – İ. Akkaş, Parion’dan Amphora ve Lagynos Mühürleri, Graffito ve Diponto Yazıtlar. Parion Studies IV, İstanbul 2021.
• A. Kızılarslanoğlu, Elaiussa Sebaste’den Kos Origin Sorunsallı Dressel (DR) 2-4 Amphoraları. In: V. Keleş - H. Kasapoğlu - H. H. Ertuğ - E. Çelikbaş - A. Yılmaz (edd.), Cevat Başaran’a 60. Yaş Armağanı, Ankara 2019, 39-70.
• A. Kızılarslanoğlu - E. Alkaç, Hellenistic Amphora Stamps from Elaiussa, Anatolia Antiqua 26, 2018, 45-68.
• H. Kökmen-Seyirci, A Thorough Typological Study on the Stamped Amphora Handles Found During the 2013 Excavation Season from the Western Area of Lycian Structure in Xantos, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 22.3, 2022, 281-302.
• M. L. Lawall, Hellenistic Stamped Amphora Handles, in: V. Mitsopoulos-Leon – C. Lang-Auinger (edd.), Die Basilika am Statsmarkt in Ephesos, 2. Teil: Funde Klassischer bis Römischer Zeit, Forschungen in Ephesos IX/2/3, Wien 2007, 28-60.
• I. Laube, Die Amphoren Stempel, in: H. Abbasoğlu – W. Martini (eds.), In Die Akropolis von Perge, Band 1: Survey und Sondagen 1994-1997, Mainz am Rhein 2003, 131-135.
• E. I. Levi, Itogi raskopok olviiskogo temenosa i agory (1951–1960 gg.) [Excavations of the Olbian Temenos and Agora (1951–1960)], in: V. F. Gaidukevich, (ed.), Olviia. Temenos i agora, Moskva & Leningrad 1964, 5–26.
• R.A.S. Macalister, Amphora Handles with Greek Stamps, From Tell Sandannah, Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement - 33, 24-62, 124-144, 394-396, London 1901.
• J. Mertens – F. De Visscher – F. De Ruyt – J. De Laet, Les fouilles d’Alba Fucens de 1951 à 1953, L’antiquité classique 24, 1955, 82-93.
• I. V. Nicolaou, Inscriptions from the Necropolis of Amathus, La nécropole d’Amathonte, Tombes 110-385, Études chypriotes 13, Nicosie 1991, 195-209.
• I. Nicolaou, The Stamped Amphora Handles from the House of Dionysos, Paphos 5, Nicosia 2005.
• U. Orhan, Hellenistik Tapınak Kazı ve Düzenleme Çalışmaları. In; Phaselis 2021 Yılı Kazı ve Yüzey Araştırmaları, M. Arslan – N. Tüner-Önen. Phaselis 7, 2021, 148-53.
• U. Orhan, Amphora Buluntuları Işığında Phaselis’in Akdeniz Ticaretindeki Yeri, Phaselis Disiplinlerarası Akdeniz Araştırmaları Dergisi Ekyayın Dizisi I, Antalya 2023 (Elektronik Yayın).
• M. Palaczyk, Rhodische Rundstempel mit Helioskopf. Zur Chronologie der Periodes V und VI. In: S. Buzzi – D. Käch – E. Kistler – E. Mango – M. Palaczyk – O. Stefani (edd.), Festchrift für Hans Peter Isler zum 60. Geburtstag, Zona Archeologica, Sonderdruck aus Antiquitas, Reihe 3, Band 42. Bonn 2001, 319-329.
• B. Schmaltz, Die hellenistischen Amphorenstempel von Kaunos, AMS 79, Bonn 2016.
• Y. Sezgin – A. K. Şenol – G. Cankardeş-Şenol, İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi Ticari Amphoraları, İstanbul 2022.
• Z. Sztetyllo, Timbres amphoriques grecs des fouilles polonaises à Alexandrie (1962-1972), Études et travaux 8, Travaux du Centre d'Archéologique Méditerranée de l'Academie Polonaise des Sciences Tome 16, 1975, 160-235.
• Z. Sztetyllo, Nea Paphos I: Les timbres céramiques (1965-1973). Centre Méditerranée de l'Academie Polonaise des Sciences et Centre Polonais d Archeologie Mediterraneenne dans la Republique Arabe d’Egypte au Caire, Varsovie 1976.
• Z. Sztetyllo, Timbres céramiques des fouilles polonaises à Alexandrie (1973-1974), Etudes et Travaux 10, 1978, 260-316.
• Z. Sztetyllo, Timbres céramiques des fouilles polonaises à Alexandrie (1974-1979), Etudes et Travaux 14, 1990, 160-212.
• Z., Sztetyllo, Pottery stamps (1975-1989), Nea Paphos IV, Warsaw.
• Z. Sztetyllo, Timbres céramiques des fouilles polonaises à Alexandrie (1979-1982), Etudes et Travaux 16, 1992, 152-223.
• A. K. Şenol, New Evidences on the Amphora Production in the Rhodian Peraea During the Early Hellenistic Period. In: E. Laflı – S. Patıcı (edd.), Recent Studies on the Archaeology of Anatolia, BAR-IS 2750, Oxford 2015, 193-201.
• A. K. Şenol, Commercial Amphorae in the Graeco-Roman Museum of Alexandria. Études Alexandrines 44, Amphoralex 7, Alexandria 2018.
• N. Tüner Önen, Ideas Concerning the Historical Identity and the Connections of the City of Phaselis an Eastern Mediterranean Port, Mediterranean Journal of Humanities 2.1, 2012, 205-12.
• M. Wörrle, Epigraphische Forschungen zur Geschichte Lykiens I, Chiron 7 (1977), 43–66.
• M. Wörrle, Anfang und Ende von Limyras ptolemäischer Zeit, in M. Seyer (ed.), 40 Jahre Grabung Limyra: Akten des Internationalen Symposions, Wien, 3.-5. Dezember 2009 (Wien, 2012), 359‑369.
• www.amphoralex.org CEAlex, CAEA (Le Centre Alexandrin d’Étude des Amphores).