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Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 51 - 66, 19.10.2016
https://doi.org/10.16899/ctd.03180

Öz

Depresyon tüm nüfusu etkileyen yaygın psikiyatrik bozukluklardan biridir. Tedavi edilmediğinde erken ölüm, genel sağlık durumunda bozulma gibi olumsuz sonuçlar yaratırken, doğru tanınıp, uygun bir şekilde tedavi edildiğinde hastanın yaşam kalitesini arttırmak mümkün olabilmektedir. Depresyonun klinik olarak farklı ve bazen tanısı zor olan birkaç alt tipi bulunur.  Bu bozuklukların tanı ve tedavileri, psikiyatristler dışındaki hekimleri de, bu bozuklukların genel tıbbi hastalıkların seyrini ve prognozunu etkilemesi bakımından, ilgilendirmektedir. Bu yazıda depresyonun  epidemiyoloji, etyoloji,  fizyopatoloji ve  tanısının güncel bir özeti yer almaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Rihmer Z, Angst J. (2007). Duygudurum Bozuklukları: Epidemiyoloji. In: Sadock B, Sadock V,eds. Aydın H, Bozkurt A, (çev. eds). Türkçe: Kaplan & Sadock’s Com- prehensive Text book of Psychiatry. 8. Baskı. Ankara: Öncü Basımevi,1575-1582
  • Işık E., Işık U., Taner Y.(2013), Çoçuk, Ergen, Erişkin ve Yaşlılarda Depresif ve Bipolar Bozukluklar; Ziraat Gu- rup Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Olchanski, N., McInnis Myers, M., Halseth, M., Cyr, P. L., Bockstedt, L., Goss, T. F., & Howland, R. H. (2013). The economic burden of treatment-resistant depres- sion. Clinical therapeutics, 35(4), 512-522.
  • Köroğlu E. (1997). Psikiyatri Temel Kitabı 1. cilt. An- kara: Hekimler Yayın Birliğİ, 389-428.
  • Köroğlu E, ed. (2000). Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. DSM- IV-TR Tanı Ölçütleri, 2. Baskı. Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği, 151-63.
  • Cimilli C.,( 2001). Depresyonda sosyal ve kültürel etmenler. Duygu durumu bozuklukları- 4. Çizgi Tıp yayınevi, Ankara; 157-68.
  • Angst, J. (1992). Epidemiology of depression. Psy- chopharmacology, 106(1), S71-S74.
  • Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., ... & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psy- chiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of general psychiatry, 51(1), 8-9.
  • Doğan O, Gülmez H, Ketenoğlu C, Kılıçkap Z, Özbek H, Akyüz G,( 1995). Ruhsal bozuklukların epidemiyolojisi, Sivas, Dilek Matbaası.
  • Kessler, R. C., & Walters, E. E. (1998). Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the national comorbidity survey. Depression and anxiety, 7(1), 3-14.
  • Horwath, E., Cohen, R. S., & Weissman, M. M. (2002). Epidemiology of depressive and anxiety disorders. Textbook in psychiatric epidemiology, 2002, 389-426.
  • Myer, L., Smit, J., Roux, L. L., Parker, S., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2008). Common mental disorders among HIV-infected individuals in South Africa: prevalence, predictors, and validation of brief psychiatric rating scales. AIDS patient care and STDs, 22(2), 147-158.
  • McIntosh, E., Gillanders, D., & Rodgers, S. (2010). Ru- mination, goal linking, daily hassles and life events in major depression. Clinical psychology & psychothera- py, 17(1), 33-43.
  • Akiskal HS., (2000). Mood disorders. İntroduction and overwiev. İn: BJ Sadock, VA Sadock (eds). Com- prehensive Textbook of Psychiatry Seventh edition. Baltimore:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2000; 1284-98
  • Klose, M., & Jacobi, F. (2004). Can gender differences in the prevalence of mental disorders be explained by sociodemographic factors?. Archives of women’s mental health, 7(2), 133-148.
  • Noble, R. E. (2005). Depression in women. Metabo- lism, 54(5), 49-52.
  • Lee L, Casanueva C, Martin SL (2005) Depression among female family planning patients: prevalence, risk factors, and use of mental health services. Journal of Women’s Health, 2005; 14: 225-232.
  • Ross E, Burström B, Saastamoinen P ve ark. (2005) A comparative study of the patterning of women’s health by family status and employment status in Finland and Sweden. Social Science Medicine, 60: 2443-2451.
  • Andrade, L., Caraveo-anduaga, J. J., Berglund, P., Bijl, R. V., Graaf, R. D., Vollebergh, W., ... & Wittchen, H. U. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive epi- sodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys. International journal of methods in psychiatric research, 12(1), 3-21.
  • Oldehinkel, A. J., Wittchen, H. U., & Schuster, P. (1999). Prevalence, 20-month incidence and outcome of uni- polar depressive disorders in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 29(03), 655-668.
  • Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H. G., ... & Yeh, E. K. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Jama, 276(4), 293-299.
  • Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Myers, J. K., Kramer, M. R. L. N., Robins, L. N., ... & Locke, B. Z. (1993). One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States and sociodemographic character- istics: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88(1), 35-47.
  • Kessler, R. C., Zhao, S., Blazer, D. G., & Swartz, M. (1997). Prevalence, correlates, and course of minor depression and major depression in the National Co- morbidity Survey. Journal of affective disorders, 45(1- 2), 19-30.
  • Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and de- pression. Journal of affective disorders, 74(1), 5-13.
  • Lehtinen, V., & Joukamaa, M. (1994). Epidemiology of depression: prevalence, risk factors and treatment situ- ation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(s377), 7-10.
  • Rothschild, A. J. (1999). Mood disorders. AM Nicholi Jr(Ed.), The Harvard Guide to Psychiatry, third ed., Cambridge, the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999,p.281-307
  • Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2002). Epidemiology of depression. Handbook of depression, 2, 5-22.
  • Erol N, Kılıç C, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek Z. Türkiye ruh sağlığı profili. Ankara, Eksen Tanıtım.
  • Uçku R, Küey L. (1992). Yaşlılarda depresyon epidemiyolojisi-yarıkentsel bir bölgede 65 yaş üstü yaşlılarda kesitsel bir alan çalışması. Nöropsikiyatri arşivi, 29:15–20.
  • Kaya B, Kaya M.( 2007). 1960’lardan günümüze depr- esyonun epidemiyolojisi: Tarihsel bir bakış.Klinik Psiki- yatri;10(6):3-10
  • Elovainio, M., Pulkki-Råback, L., Jokela, M., Kivimäki, M., Hintsanen, M., Hintsa, T., ... & Keltikangas-Järvin- en, L. (2012). Socioeconomic status and the devel- opment of depressive symptoms from childhood to adulthood: A longitudinal analysis across 27 years of follow-up in the Young Finns study. Social Science & Medicine, 74(6), 923-929.
  • Mann, J. J. (1999). Role of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of major depression and suicidal be- havior. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 99S-105S.
  • Delgado PL. Pathogenesis of Mood Disorders.In:Stein DJ, Kuffer DJ, Schatzberg AF, eds. Mood Disorders Text Book. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006.p.100-16.
  • Tamam, L., & Zeren, T. (2002). Depresyonda seroton- erjik düzenekler. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 5, 11-18.
  • Thase ME. Mood disorders: Neurobiology. Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2009. p.1664-74.
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Major Depressive Disorder' Definition, Etiology and Epidemiology: A Review

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 51 - 66, 19.10.2016
https://doi.org/10.16899/ctd.03180

Öz

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders influencing the all population. Untreated depression may lead to early death and worsening in general health. Depression has several clinically distinct subtypes which are sometimes difficult to diagnose. Diagnosis and treatment of these disorders are of concern to physicians other than psychiatrists, because of their effect on course and prognosis of general medical diseases. This is a concise and up to date overview of the epidemiology,etiology   physiopathology and diagnosis of  major depressive disorder. 
 

Kaynakça

  • Rihmer Z, Angst J. (2007). Duygudurum Bozuklukları: Epidemiyoloji. In: Sadock B, Sadock V,eds. Aydın H, Bozkurt A, (çev. eds). Türkçe: Kaplan & Sadock’s Com- prehensive Text book of Psychiatry. 8. Baskı. Ankara: Öncü Basımevi,1575-1582
  • Işık E., Işık U., Taner Y.(2013), Çoçuk, Ergen, Erişkin ve Yaşlılarda Depresif ve Bipolar Bozukluklar; Ziraat Gu- rup Matbaacılık, Ankara.
  • Olchanski, N., McInnis Myers, M., Halseth, M., Cyr, P. L., Bockstedt, L., Goss, T. F., & Howland, R. H. (2013). The economic burden of treatment-resistant depres- sion. Clinical therapeutics, 35(4), 512-522.
  • Köroğlu E. (1997). Psikiyatri Temel Kitabı 1. cilt. An- kara: Hekimler Yayın Birliğİ, 389-428.
  • Köroğlu E, ed. (2000). Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. DSM- IV-TR Tanı Ölçütleri, 2. Baskı. Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği, 151-63.
  • Cimilli C.,( 2001). Depresyonda sosyal ve kültürel etmenler. Duygu durumu bozuklukları- 4. Çizgi Tıp yayınevi, Ankara; 157-68.
  • Angst, J. (1992). Epidemiology of depression. Psy- chopharmacology, 106(1), S71-S74.
  • Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., ... & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psy- chiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of general psychiatry, 51(1), 8-9.
  • Doğan O, Gülmez H, Ketenoğlu C, Kılıçkap Z, Özbek H, Akyüz G,( 1995). Ruhsal bozuklukların epidemiyolojisi, Sivas, Dilek Matbaası.
  • Kessler, R. C., & Walters, E. E. (1998). Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the national comorbidity survey. Depression and anxiety, 7(1), 3-14.
  • Horwath, E., Cohen, R. S., & Weissman, M. M. (2002). Epidemiology of depressive and anxiety disorders. Textbook in psychiatric epidemiology, 2002, 389-426.
  • Myer, L., Smit, J., Roux, L. L., Parker, S., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2008). Common mental disorders among HIV-infected individuals in South Africa: prevalence, predictors, and validation of brief psychiatric rating scales. AIDS patient care and STDs, 22(2), 147-158.
  • McIntosh, E., Gillanders, D., & Rodgers, S. (2010). Ru- mination, goal linking, daily hassles and life events in major depression. Clinical psychology & psychothera- py, 17(1), 33-43.
  • Akiskal HS., (2000). Mood disorders. İntroduction and overwiev. İn: BJ Sadock, VA Sadock (eds). Com- prehensive Textbook of Psychiatry Seventh edition. Baltimore:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2000; 1284-98
  • Klose, M., & Jacobi, F. (2004). Can gender differences in the prevalence of mental disorders be explained by sociodemographic factors?. Archives of women’s mental health, 7(2), 133-148.
  • Noble, R. E. (2005). Depression in women. Metabo- lism, 54(5), 49-52.
  • Lee L, Casanueva C, Martin SL (2005) Depression among female family planning patients: prevalence, risk factors, and use of mental health services. Journal of Women’s Health, 2005; 14: 225-232.
  • Ross E, Burström B, Saastamoinen P ve ark. (2005) A comparative study of the patterning of women’s health by family status and employment status in Finland and Sweden. Social Science Medicine, 60: 2443-2451.
  • Andrade, L., Caraveo-anduaga, J. J., Berglund, P., Bijl, R. V., Graaf, R. D., Vollebergh, W., ... & Wittchen, H. U. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive epi- sodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys. International journal of methods in psychiatric research, 12(1), 3-21.
  • Oldehinkel, A. J., Wittchen, H. U., & Schuster, P. (1999). Prevalence, 20-month incidence and outcome of uni- polar depressive disorders in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 29(03), 655-668.
  • Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H. G., ... & Yeh, E. K. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Jama, 276(4), 293-299.
  • Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Myers, J. K., Kramer, M. R. L. N., Robins, L. N., ... & Locke, B. Z. (1993). One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States and sociodemographic character- istics: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88(1), 35-47.
  • Kessler, R. C., Zhao, S., Blazer, D. G., & Swartz, M. (1997). Prevalence, correlates, and course of minor depression and major depression in the National Co- morbidity Survey. Journal of affective disorders, 45(1- 2), 19-30.
  • Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and de- pression. Journal of affective disorders, 74(1), 5-13.
  • Lehtinen, V., & Joukamaa, M. (1994). Epidemiology of depression: prevalence, risk factors and treatment situ- ation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(s377), 7-10.
  • Rothschild, A. J. (1999). Mood disorders. AM Nicholi Jr(Ed.), The Harvard Guide to Psychiatry, third ed., Cambridge, the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999,p.281-307
  • Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2002). Epidemiology of depression. Handbook of depression, 2, 5-22.
  • Erol N, Kılıç C, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek Z. Türkiye ruh sağlığı profili. Ankara, Eksen Tanıtım.
  • Uçku R, Küey L. (1992). Yaşlılarda depresyon epidemiyolojisi-yarıkentsel bir bölgede 65 yaş üstü yaşlılarda kesitsel bir alan çalışması. Nöropsikiyatri arşivi, 29:15–20.
  • Kaya B, Kaya M.( 2007). 1960’lardan günümüze depr- esyonun epidemiyolojisi: Tarihsel bir bakış.Klinik Psiki- yatri;10(6):3-10
  • Elovainio, M., Pulkki-Råback, L., Jokela, M., Kivimäki, M., Hintsanen, M., Hintsa, T., ... & Keltikangas-Järvin- en, L. (2012). Socioeconomic status and the devel- opment of depressive symptoms from childhood to adulthood: A longitudinal analysis across 27 years of follow-up in the Young Finns study. Social Science & Medicine, 74(6), 923-929.
  • Mann, J. J. (1999). Role of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of major depression and suicidal be- havior. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 99S-105S.
  • Delgado PL. Pathogenesis of Mood Disorders.In:Stein DJ, Kuffer DJ, Schatzberg AF, eds. Mood Disorders Text Book. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006.p.100-16.
  • Tamam, L., & Zeren, T. (2002). Depresyonda seroton- erjik düzenekler. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 5, 11-18.
  • Thase ME. Mood disorders: Neurobiology. Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2009. p.1664-74.
  • Pandey, G. N., & Dwivedi, Y. (2007). Noradrenergic function in suicide. Archives of suicide research, 11(3), 235-246.
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  • Zarate, C. A., Singh, J. B., Carlson, P. J., Brutsche, N. E., Ameli, R., Luckenbaugh, D. A., ... & Manji, H. K. (2006). A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate an- tagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Ar- chives of general psychiatry, 63(8), 856-864.
  • Kendell, S. F., Krystal, J. H., & Sanacora, G. (2005). GABA and glutamate systems as therapeutic targets in depression and mood disorders. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 9(1), 153-168.
  • Feyissa, A. M., Chandran, A., Stockmeier, C. A., & Ka- rolewicz, B. (2009). Reduced levels of NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDA receptor and PSD-95 in the pre- frontal cortex in major depression. Progress in Neuro- Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 33(1), 70-75.
  • Schneider, B., & Prvulovic, D. (2013). Novel biomark- ers in major depression. Current opinion in psychiatry, 26(1), 47-53.
  • Seidman SN.(2007). Duygudurum bozukluklarının psikonöroendokrinolojisi. Oral T, editör. Duygudu- rum bozuklukları. 1. Baskı. İstanbul, Sigma Publish- ing;.117-130.
  • Eşel E.(2002). Depresyondaki nöroendokrinolojik bul- gular. Klinik Psikiyatri; 4:35-50.
  • Joffe, R. T., & Marriott, M. (2000). Thyroid hormone levels and recurrence of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(10), 1689-1691.
  • Rajkowska G.(2006). Anatomic Pathology. In: Stein DJ, Kuffer DJ, Schatzberg AF, eds. Mood Disorders Text Book. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing;179-95
  • Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Nazeer, A., Adil, J., Khan, S., ... & Charney, D. S. (2002). Re- duced volume of orbitofrontal cortex in major depres- sion. Biological psychiatry, 51(4), 273-279.
  • Bremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Anderson, E. R., Staib, L. H., Miller, H. L., & Charney, D. S. (2000). Hippocam- pal volume reduction in major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(1), 115-118.
  • Schweitzer, I., Tuckwell, V., Ames, D., & O’brien, J. (2001). Structural neuroimaging studies in late-life depression: a review. World Journal of Biological Psy- chiatry, 2(2), 83-88.
  • Özpoyraz N. (2002). Depresyonda nöroanatomik bağlantılar. Klinik Psikiyatri, 4:68-72.
  • Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(10), 1552-1562.
  • Levinson, D. F. (2006). The genetics of depression: a review. Biological psychiatry, 60(2), 84-92.
  • Ersan E, Abay E. Depresyonun genetik nedenleri. Du- ygudurum dizisi.2001;6:277-82.
  • Elder, B. L., & Mosack, V. (2011). Genetics of depres- sion: an overview of the current science. Issues in mental health nursing, 32(4), 192-202.
  • Holmans, P., Weissman, M., Zubenko, G., Scheftner, W., Crowe, R., DePaulo, J., ... & Levinson, D. (2007). Genetics of recurrent early-onset major depression (GenRED): final genome scan report. American Jour- nal of Psychiatry, 164(2), 248-258.
  • Abkevich, V., Camp, N. J., Hensel, C. H., Neff, C. D., Russell, D. L., Hughes, D. C., ... & Cannon-Albright, L. (2003). Predisposition locus for major depression at chromosome 12q22-12q23. 2. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 73(6), 1271-1281. Celik ve ark.
  • Hamilton, S. P., Fyer, A. J., Durner, M., Heiman, G. A., de Leon, A. B., Hodge, S. E., ... & Weissman, M. M. (2003). Further genetic evidence for a panic disorder syndrome mapping to chromosome 13q. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(5), 2550- 2555.
  • Lohoff, F. W. (2010). Overview of the genetics of major depressive disorder. Current psychiatry reports, 12(6), 539-546.
  • Opmeer, E. M., Kortekaas, R., & Aleman, A. (2010). De- pression and the role of genes involved in dopamine metabolism and signalling. Progress in neurobiology, 92(2), 112-133.
  • Yuluğ, B., Ozan, E., & Kilic, E. (2010). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor polymorphism as a genetic risk for depression? A short review of the literature. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 22(1), 123-e5.
  • Şengül, C., & Herken, H. (2011). Streste Genetik ve Epigenetik Mekanizmalar. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychiatry Special Topics, 4(3), 6-12.
  • López-León, S., Janssens, A. C. J. W., Ladd, A. G. Z., Del- Favero, J., Claes, S. J., Oostra, B. A., & Van Duijn, C. M. (2007). Meta-analyses of genetic studies on major depressive disorder. Molecular psychiatry, 13(8), 772- 785.
  • Schroeder, M., Krebs, M. O., Bleich, S., & Frieling, H. (2010). Epigenetics and depression: current challeng- es and new therapeutic options. Current opinion in psychiatry, 23(6), 588-592.
  • Ernst, C., Deleva, V., Deng, X., Sequeira, A., Pomaren- ski, A., Klempan, T., ... & Turecki, G. (2009). Alterna- tive splicing, methylation state, and expression profile of tropomyosin-related kinase B in the frontal cortex of suicide completers. Archives of general psychiatry, 66(1), 22-32.
  • Haddad, S. K., Reiss, D., Spotts, E. L., Ganiban, J., Li- chtenstein, P., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2008). Depression and internally directed aggression: genetic and envi- ronmental contributions. Journal of the American Psy- choanalytic Association, 56(2), 515-550.
  • Fenichel O. Nevrozların Psikanalitik Teorisi. Ege Üni- versitesi Tıp Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi No:98 (Çevirmen: Selçuk Tuncer) 1974.
  • Taylor, D., & Richardson, P. (2005). The psychoanalyt- ic/psychodynamic approach to depressive disorders. Oxford textbook of psychotherapy, 127-136.
  • Brenner, C. (1991). A psychoanalytic perspective on depression. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 39(1), 25-43.
  • Bleichmar, H. B. (1996). Some subtypes of depression and their implications for psychoanalytic treatment. The International journal of psycho-analysis, 77, 935- 961.
  • Morley, T. E., & Moran, G. (2011). The origins of cog- nitive vulnerability in early childhood: mechanisms linking early attachment to later depression. Clinical psychology review, 31(7), 1071-1082.
  • Bowlby J., (1977). The making and breaking of affec- tional bonds. London, England:Tavistock Publications.
  • Ainsworth MS, Blehar MC, Waters E, Wall S., (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Oxford, England: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Dykman, B. M. (1998). Integrating cognitive and mo- tivational factors in depression: initial tests of a goal- orientation approach. Journal of Personality and So- cial psychology, 74(1), 139-158.
  • Rusk, N., & Rothbaum, F. (2010). From stress to learn- ing: Attachment theory meets goal orientation theory. Review of General Psychology, 14(1), 31-43.
  • Carvalho, J. P., & Hopko, D. R. (2011). Behavioral the- ory of depression: Reinforcement as a mediating vari- able between avoidance and depression. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 42(2), 154-162.
  • Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. Journal of abnormal psychology, 87(1), 49-74.
  • Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects (Vol. 32). University of Penn- sylvania Press.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on psy- chological science, 3(5), 400-424.
  • McEvoy, P. M., Mahoney, A. E., & Moulds, M. L. (2010). Are worry, rumination, and post-event processing one and the same?: Development of the repetitive think- ing questionnaire. Journal of anxiety disorders, 24(5), 509-519.
  • Öztürk O., Uluşahin A., (2008). Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları, yenilenmiş 11. Baskı, cilt 1, Ankara.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Fatmagül Helvacı Çelik

Çiçek Hocaoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Helvacı Çelik, F., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2016). Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, 6(1), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.16899/ctd.03180
AMA Helvacı Çelik F, Hocaoğlu Ç. Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme. J Contemp Med. Şubat 2016;6(1):51-66. doi:10.16899/ctd.03180
Chicago Helvacı Çelik, Fatmagül, ve Çiçek Hocaoğlu. “Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi Ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 6, sy. 1 (Şubat 2016): 51-66. https://doi.org/10.16899/ctd.03180.
EndNote Helvacı Çelik F, Hocaoğlu Ç (01 Şubat 2016) Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 6 1 51–66.
IEEE F. Helvacı Çelik ve Ç. Hocaoğlu, “Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme”, J Contemp Med, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 51–66, 2016, doi: 10.16899/ctd.03180.
ISNAD Helvacı Çelik, Fatmagül - Hocaoğlu, Çiçek. “Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi Ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 6/1 (Şubat 2016), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.16899/ctd.03180.
JAMA Helvacı Çelik F, Hocaoğlu Ç. Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme. J Contemp Med. 2016;6:51–66.
MLA Helvacı Çelik, Fatmagül ve Çiçek Hocaoğlu. “Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi Ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, 2016, ss. 51-66, doi:10.16899/ctd.03180.
Vancouver Helvacı Çelik F, Hocaoğlu Ç. Major Depresif Bozukluk’ Tanımı, Etyolojisi ve Epidemiyolojisi: Bir Gözden Geçirme. J Contemp Med. 2016;6(1):51-66.