Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite kütüphanesinde iç hava kalitesi değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2022, , 72 - 96, 28.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.957922

Öz

COVID-19 pandemi süresince virüslerin kapalı ve havalandırılmayan alanlarda havada daha fazla asılı kaldığı, dolayısıyla bulaşma olasılığının arttığı yapılan sağlık sorunlarına ve semptomlarına neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Özellikle öğrencilerin zamanlarının çoğunu geçirdikleri kütüphanelerde iç hava kalitesi önemli bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Kütüphanelerde yetersiz iç hava kalitesinin kütüphane materyalleri üzerinde olumsuz etkilerinin yanı sıra öğrenme güçlüklerine, çalışma veriminin düşmesine ve konsantrasyon bozukluğuna neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada üniversite kütüphanesi, iç hava kalitesi açısından incelenmiştir. İç hava kalitesi parametreleri olan sıcaklık, bağıl nem, CO₂, PM₂.₅ değerlerinin ölçümleri ara sınav haftalarında yapılmıştır. Ölçüm sonuçları analiz edilerek iç hava kalitesi standart değerleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca iç hava kalitesi, memnuniyet anketi ile de değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçülen parametreler ve anket verileri sonucunda CO₂ ve PM₂.₅ değerlerinin kullanıcılar için sorun yaratabileceği ve bunun için havalandırma şemasının yeniden düzenlenmesi gerektiği tespit edilmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

KTO Karatay Üniversitesi

Teşekkür

Yazarlar “Ar-Ge altyapı proje desteğini” sağlayan KTO Karatay Üniversitesi'ne teşekkür etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbritti, G., Muzi, G., Accattoli, M., Fiordi, T., dell'Omo, M., Colangeli, C., Gabrielli, A. R., Fabbri, T., ve D'Alessandro, A. (1992). High prevalence of sick building syndrome in a new air-conditioned building in Italy. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 47(1), 16-22. doi:10.1080/00039896.1992.9935939.
  • Açıkgöz, A. ve Baykara, B. (2013). Bir üniversitedeki adölesan ve erişkinlerde hasta bina sendromu belirtilerinin CO2 ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 21-27.
  • Ai, Z., Mak, C., Cui, D., ve Xue, P. (2016). Ventilation of air-conditioned residential buildings: A case study in Hong Kong. Energy and Buildings, 127, 116-127.
  • Akanmu, W. P., Nunayon, S., ve Eboson, U. (2020). Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) assessment of Nigerian university libraries: A pilot study. Energy and Built Environment, 2(3), 302-314.
  • Al horr, Y., Elsarrag, E., Arif, M., Katafygiotou, M., Mazroei, A., ve Kaushik, A. (2016). Impact of indoor environmental quality on occupant well-being and comfort: A review of the literature. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(1), 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.03.006.
  • American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (2003). Chapter 9: Indoor Environmental Health.s ASHRAE Handbook CD, Fundamentals, Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (2016). Chapter 6: Radiant Heating And Cooling. ASHRAE, ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Systems and Equipment (SI). Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • Arı, A., Argante, J., Meliefste, K., Gaga , E. O., Yay, O. D., Örnektekin, S., Döğeroğlu, T., ve Doorn, W. (2008). İskenderun ve Payas’ta atmosferik PM10 ve PM2.5 derişimlerinin incelenmesi. Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Ulusal Sempozyumu bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss. 54-63). Hatay: Türkiye. Erişim adresi: http://hkadtmk.org/Bildiriler/HKK 2008/bildiriler/Ar%C4%B1.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021.
  • Arita, I., Kojima , K., ve Nakane, M. (2003). Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(9), 1183-1184. doi:10.3201/eid0909.030471.
  • Atarodi, Z., Karimyan, K., Gupta, V. K., Abbasi, M., ve Moradi, M. (2018). Evaluation of indoor air quality and its symptoms in office building – A case study of Mashhad, Iran. Data in Brief, 20, 74-79. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.07.051
  • Borro, M., Di Girolamo, P., Gentile, G., De Luca, O., Preissner, R., Marcolongo, A., Ferracuti, S., ve Simmaco, M. (2020). Evidence-based considerations exploring relations between SARS-COV-2 pandemic and air pollution: involvement of PM2.5-mediated up-regulation of the viral receptor ace-2. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(15), 1-13. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155573
  • Brehmer, C., Norris, C., Barkjohn, KK, Bergin, MH, Zhang, J., Cui, X., Zhang, Y., Black, M., Li, Z., Shafer, M., ve Schauer, JJ (2019). Ev tipi hava temizleyicilerinin kimyasal bileşim ve çocukların Şanghay banliyölerinde PM2.5 metal kaynaklarına maruz kalması üzerindeki etkisi. Environmental Pollution, 253, 190-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.003
  • Bulgurcu, H., İlten, N., ve Coşgun, A. (2006). Okullarda iç hava kalitesi problemleri ve çözümler. Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 96(1), 59-72.
  • Bulut, H. (2008). Isıtma sezonunda ofislerde iç hava kalitesinin araştırılması. TMMOB Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 105, 28-37.
  • Chan, K. H. (2011). Assessment of air quality and performance of central ventilation system. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 25(4), 326-335. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000168
  • Chen, P. S., ve Li, C. S. (2008). Concentration profiles of airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a hospital. Aerosol Science and Technology, 42(3), 194–200. doi: 10.1080/02786820801922953
  • Cincinelli, A., ve Martellini, T. (2017). Indoor air quality and health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14(11), 1286. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14111286
  • Coker, E. S., Cavalli, L., Fabrizi, E., Guastella, G., Lippo, E., Parisi, M. L., Pontarollo, N., Rizzati, M., Varacca, A., ve Vergalli, S. (2020). The effects of air pollution on COVID-19 related mortality in northern Italy. Environmental and Resource Economics, 76(4), 611–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00486-1
  • Cole, M. A., Özgen, C., ve Strobl, E. (2020). Air pollution exposure and COVID-19. Environmental and Resource Economics, 76, 581-610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00491-4
  • Coleman, K. K., Nguyen, T., Yadana , S., Hansen-Estruch, C., Lindsley , W., ve Gray, G. (2018). Bioaerosol sampling for respiratory viruses in Singapore’s mass rapid transit network. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35896-1
  • Çiftçi, Ç., Dursun, Ş., Levend, S., ve Kunt, F. (2013). Topoğrafik yapi, iklim şartlari ve kentleşmenin Konya’da hava kirliliğine etkisi. European Journal of Science and Technology, 1(1), 19-24.
  • DiStasio, A. J., ve Trump, D. (1990). The investigation of a tuberculosis outbreak in the closed environment of a U.S. Navy ship, 1987. Mil. Med., 155(8), 347-351.
  • Doremalen, N. v., Bushmaker, T., ve Morris, D. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-COV-2 as compared with SARS-COV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(16), 1564-1567. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973
  • Ekmekcioğlu, D., ve Keskin, S. (2007). Characterization of indoor air particulate matter in selected elementary schools in Istanbul. Indoor And Built Environment, 16(2), 169-176. doi: 10.1177/1420326X07076777
  • Environmental Modelling Group (EMG), Scientific Pandemic Insights Group on Behaviours (SPI-B), the Transmission Group (TWEG). (2020). Mitigations to reduce transmission of the new variant SARS-CoV-2 virus. Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies. Erişim adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/emgspi-btweg-mitigations-to-reduce-transmission-of-the-new-variant-sars-cov-2-virus-22-december-2020. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1991). Indoor air quality (IAQ): indoor air facts no. 4 (revised) sick building syndrome. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Erişim adresi: https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-facts-no-4-sick-building-syndrome Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2021.
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2008). Mold remediation in schools and commercial buildings (EPA 402-K-01-001). Washington: United States Environmental Protection Agency. Erişim adresi: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-08/documents/moldremediation.pdf Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021.
  • Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations (REHVA). (2020). How to operate HVAC and other building service systems to prevent the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in workplaces. Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations. Erişim adresi: https://www.rehva.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/REHVA_COVID 19_guidance_document_V3_03082020.pdf Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2021.
  • Frontczak, M., ve Wargocki , P. (2011). Literature survey on how different factors influence human comfort in indoor environments. Building and Environment, 46(4), 922–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.10.021
  • Gönüllü, T., Bayhan , H., Avşar , Y., ve Arslankaya, E. (2002). YTÜ Şevket Sabancı Kütüphane binası iç ortam havasında partiküllerin incelenmesi. Harran Üniversitesi 4. GAP Mühendislik kongresi (uluslararası katılımlı) Bildiriler Kitabı, 1384-1389. Erişim adresi: http://www.hlccevre.com/images/PDF/b79.pdf Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2020
  • Güllü, G. (2013). Türkiye‘de iç ortam hava kirliliği çalışmaları. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 146–158.
  • Güneş, G., Bozkurt, E., Sönmez, S., ve Çakır, N. (2015). Kütüphanelerde iç hava kalitesinin incelenmesi: Marmara Üniversitesi Merkez Kütüphanesi. Bilgi Dünyası, 16(2), 222-241.
  • Haverinen-Shaughnessy, U., Shaughnessy , R., C.Cole , E., Toyinbo, O., ve Moschandreas, D. (2015). An assessment of indoor environmental quality in schools and its association with health and performance. Building and Environment, 93(1), 35-40.
  • Haynes, R. (2006). The Plaque of the matter. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(4), 218.
  • Heracleous, C., ve Michael, A. (2019). Experimental assessment of the impact of natural ventilation on indoor air quality and thermal comfort conditions of educational buildings in the Eastern Mediterranean region during the heating period. Journal of Building Engineering.
  • Hess-Kosa, K. (2019). Indoor Air Quality: The Latest Sampling and Analytical Methods (3th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9781315098180
  • Holmes, N. S., ve Morawska , L. (2006). A review of dispersion modelling and its application to the dispersion of particles:an overview of different dispersion models available. Atmos Environ., 40(30), 5902–5928. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.003
  • Huo, X., Sun, Y., Hou, J., Wang, P., Kong, X., Zhang, Q., ve Sundell, J. (2019). Sick building syndrome symptoms among young parents in Chinese homes. Building and Environment, 169.
  • Huynh, K. N., Oliver, B., Stelzer , S., Ravvlinson , W., ve Tovey, E. (2008). A new method for sampling and detection of exhaled respiratory virus aerosols. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46(1), 93–95. doi: 10.1086/523000
  • İliçin, G. (2005). Temel iç hastalıkları I-II. Ankara: Güneş Kitapevi.
  • Kadaifciler, Duygu G. (2017). Indoor air quality of the library at İstanbul University. Hacettepe Journal Biology & Chemistry, 1(45), 43-53. doi:10.15671/hjbc.2017.140
  • Kara, G., Bozkurt, Ç., ve Çay, Y. (2019). Konya’da hava kirliliği konusunda farkındalık düzeyinin belirlenmesi. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(2), 91-94.
  • Klepeis, N., Nelson, W., Ott, W., Robınson, J., Tsang, A., Swıtzer, P., . . . Engelmann, W. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 11, 231–252.
  • Knibbs, L., Morawska, L., ve Bell, S. (2012). The risk of airborne influenza transmission in passenger cars. Epidemiol. Infect., 140(3), 474-478. doi:10.1017/S0950268811000835
  • Kumar, P., ve Morawska, L. (2019). Could fighting airborne transmission be the next line of defence against COVID-19 spread?, City and Environment Interactions, 4, 1-3.
  • Kunkel, S., ve Kontonasiou, E. (2015). Indoor air quality, thermal comfort and daylight policies on the way to nZEB – status of selected MS and future policy recommendations. Eceee Summer Study Proceedings, 1261-1270.
  • Kunt, F., ve Dursun, Ş. (2018). Konya merkezinde hava kirliliğine bazı meteorolojik faktörlerin etkisi. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1(1), 54-61.
  • Kuş, M., Okuyan, C., Bulut, H., ve Bulgurcu, H. (2008). Üniversite dersliklerinde iç hava kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi. 8. Uluslararası Yapıda Tesisat Teknolojisi Sempozyumu, 12–14 Mayıs, İstanbul, 223–237.
  • Li, Y., Huang, X., Yu, I., Wong, T., ve Qian, H. (2005). Role of air distribution in SARS transmission during the largest nosocomial outbreak in Hong Kong. Indoor Air, 83–95.
  • Lu, M.C., Hsu, C.S., Huang, D.J., Liang, C.K., ve Huang, J.W. (2018). Statistical evaluation of disinfection performance of chlorine dioxide and WAHW in improving indoor air quality of university library. Journal of Aerosol Science, 115, 113-120. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.06.006
  • Majd, E., McCormack, M., Davis, M., Curriero, F., Berman, J., Connolly, F., Leaf, P., Rule, A., Green, T., Clemons-Erby, D., Gummerson, C., ve Koehler, K. (2019). Indoor air quality in inner-city schools and its associations with building characteristics and environmental factors. Environmental Research, 170, 83-91. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.012
  • Merefield, J. R. (2002). Dust to dust. New Scientist, 153, 1-4.
  • Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM). (2020). Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Erişim adresi: https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=KONYA Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021.
  • Morawska, L., ve Cao, J. (2020). Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality. Environment International. 139. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730
  • Morawska, L., ve Salthammer, T. (Ed.) (2003). Indoor environment: airborne particles and settled dust (1. baskı). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi: 10.1002/9783527610013
  • Norbäck, D., Björnsson, E., Janson, C., Widstrom, J., ve Boman, G. (1995). Asthmatic symptoms and volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide in dwellings. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(6), 388-395. doi: 10.1136/oem.52.6.388
  • Norhidayah, A., Lee, C.-K., Azhar, M., ve Nurulwahida, S. (2013). Indoor air quality and sick building syndrome in three selected buildings. Procedia Engineering, 53, 93-98.
  • Okolie, K., ve Adedeji, C. (2013). Investigation into the Effects of Sick Building Syndrome on Building Occupants: A Case Study of Commercial Bank Buildings in Awka Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 6(6), 47-53. doi:10.1.1.415.7296
  • Özkul, H., İnce, A., ve Akkaya, A. (2003). Isparta’daki Ev Tozlarında Polen, Mantar Sporu ve Diğer Materyallerin Araştırılması. Tüberküloz ve Toraks, 51(2), 138-144.
  • Qian, H., ve Zheng, X. (2018). Ventilation control for airborne transmission of human exhaled bio-aerosols in buildings. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 10(Ek 19), 2295–2304. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.01.24
  • Raj, A., Velraj, R., ve Haghighat, F. (2020). The contribution of dry indoor built environment on the spread of Coronavirus: Data from various Indian states. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102371
  • Robertson, G. (2016). Robertson on Library Security and Disaster Planning (1. Baskı). Vancouver, Canada: Chandos Publishing.
  • Rostron, J. (Ed.) (1997). Sick Building Syndrome: Concepts, Issues And Practice (1. Baskı). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203989524
  • Sahu, V., ve Gurjar, B. (2019). Spatio-temporal variations of indoor air quality in a university library. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 31(2), 1-16.
  • Shamsipour, M., Hassanvand, M., Gohari, K., Yunesi, M., Fotouhi , A., Naddafi , K., Sheidaei, A., Faridi, S., Akhlaghi, A.A., Rabiei, K., Mehdipour, P., Mahdavi, M., Amini, H., Farzadfar, F. (2019). National and sub-national exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and it's attributable burden of disease in Iran from 1990 to 2016. Environmental Pollution, 255.
  • Snow, S., Boyson, A., Paas, K., Gough, H., King, M. F., Barlow , J., Noakes, C.J., ve Schraefel, M. C. (2019). Exploring the physiological, neurophysiological and cognitive performance effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations indoors. Building and Environment, 156, 243-252.
  • Sofuoğlu, S. C. (2016). İç hava kirleticileri ve insan sağlığına etkisi. Tesisat Mühendisliği, 153, 33-44.
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (CSB). (2020). Hava Kalitesi - İstasyon Veri İndirme. Ulusal Hava Kalitesi İzleme Ağı (UHKİA). Erişim adresi: https://sim.csb.gov.tr/STN/STN_Report/StationDataDownloadNew Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (CSB). (2021). Hava Kalitesi: İstasyon Veri İndirme. tarihinde Ulusal Hava Kalitesi İzleme Ağı (UHKIA). Erişim adresi: https://sim.csb.gov.tr/STN/STN_Report/StationDataDownloadNew Erişim tarihi: 22 Kasım 2021.
  • Taylor, S.H., Scofield, C.M., ve Graef, P.T. (2020). Improving IEQ to reduce transmission of airborne pathogens in cold climates. ASHRAE Journal, 62, 30–47.
  • Tellier, R., Li , Y., Cowling, B., ve Tang, J. (2019). Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 1-9. doi:/10.1186/s12879-019-3707-y
  • Tietjen, G., Khubchandani, J., Ghosh, S., Bhattacharjee, S., ve Kleinfelde, J. (2012). Headache symptoms and indoor environmental parameters: Results from the EPA BASE study. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 15(5), 95-99.
  • Toksoy, M., Sofuoğlu, S., Ekren, O., Ufuktepe, E., ve Varlık, N., (2015). Sınıflarda Havalandırma Debisinin Belirlenmesi. 12. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi Konferansı içinde (ss. 118-137), İzmir: Türkiye.
  • Wargocki, P. (2008). Improving indoor air quality improves the performance of office work and school work and provides economic benefits. Healthy and Sustainable Buildings Conference. Energy Systems Laboratory. Erişim adresi: https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/90792. Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (1988). Indoor air quality: biological contaminants (No. 31). Rautavaara: World Health Organization.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Natural ventilation for infection control in health care settings. J. Atkinson, Y. Chartier, C. L. Pessoa-Silva, P. Jensen , Y. Li, ve S. Wing-Hong (Ed.), Geneva: World Health Organization. Erişim adresi: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44167 Erişim tarihi: 8 Mayıs 2021
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020, Aralık 21). SARS-CoV-2 Variant – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. World Health Organization Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2020-DON304 Erişim tarihi 20 Nisan 2021.
  • Wu, Y., Lu, Y., ve Chou, D. C. (2018). Indoor air quality investigation of a university library based on field measurement and questionnaire survey. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 13(2), 148–160. doi: 10.1093/ijlct/cty007
  • Zhang, L., Morisaki , H., Wei , Y., Li , Z., Yang, L., Zhou, Q., Zhang, X., Xing, W., Hu, M., Shima, M., Toriba, A., Hayakawa, K., ve Tang, N. (2019). Characteristics of air pollutants inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing and respiratory health impact on children. Environmental Pollution, 255(Ek 1), 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113147
  • Zhang, Z., Dong, B., Li , S., Chen , G., Yang, Z., Dong, Y., Wang, Z., Guo, Y., ve Ma, J. (2019). Particulate matter air pollution and blood glucose in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study in China. Science of The Total Environment, 691, 868-873. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.179
  • Zimmerman, R. (1999). Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Pennsylvania Schools. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Erişim adresi: http://www.health.state.pa.us/hpa/schoolair.htm

Indoor air quality assessment in the university library during the Covid-19 pandemic

Yıl 2022, , 72 - 96, 28.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.957922

Öz

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been determined by studies that viruses suspend more in closed and unventilated areas, so the possibility of transmission increases. It has also known that insufficient and poor quality of indoor air causes health problems and their symptoms. Particularly, indoor air quality is a significant problem in libraries where students spend most of their time. Besides, Inadequate indoor air quality in libraries has known to cause learning difficulties, decrease in working efficiency and concentration disorder, as well as negative effects on library materials. In this study, the university library was evaluated in terms of indoor air quality. The measurements of temperature, relative humidity, CO₂, PM₂.₅ values, which are parameters of indoor air quality, were carried out experimentally during the midterm weeks. The measurement results were analyzed and compared with the determined indoor air quality standard values. In addition, indoor air quality was assessed with the satisfaction survey. As a result of the measured parameters and survey data, it has been determined that the CO₂ and PM₂.₅ values may cause problems for the users and the ventilation scheme should be rearranged for this.

Kaynakça

  • Abbritti, G., Muzi, G., Accattoli, M., Fiordi, T., dell'Omo, M., Colangeli, C., Gabrielli, A. R., Fabbri, T., ve D'Alessandro, A. (1992). High prevalence of sick building syndrome in a new air-conditioned building in Italy. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 47(1), 16-22. doi:10.1080/00039896.1992.9935939.
  • Açıkgöz, A. ve Baykara, B. (2013). Bir üniversitedeki adölesan ve erişkinlerde hasta bina sendromu belirtilerinin CO2 ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 21-27.
  • Ai, Z., Mak, C., Cui, D., ve Xue, P. (2016). Ventilation of air-conditioned residential buildings: A case study in Hong Kong. Energy and Buildings, 127, 116-127.
  • Akanmu, W. P., Nunayon, S., ve Eboson, U. (2020). Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) assessment of Nigerian university libraries: A pilot study. Energy and Built Environment, 2(3), 302-314.
  • Al horr, Y., Elsarrag, E., Arif, M., Katafygiotou, M., Mazroei, A., ve Kaushik, A. (2016). Impact of indoor environmental quality on occupant well-being and comfort: A review of the literature. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(1), 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.03.006.
  • American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (2003). Chapter 9: Indoor Environmental Health.s ASHRAE Handbook CD, Fundamentals, Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (2016). Chapter 6: Radiant Heating And Cooling. ASHRAE, ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Systems and Equipment (SI). Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • Arı, A., Argante, J., Meliefste, K., Gaga , E. O., Yay, O. D., Örnektekin, S., Döğeroğlu, T., ve Doorn, W. (2008). İskenderun ve Payas’ta atmosferik PM10 ve PM2.5 derişimlerinin incelenmesi. Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Ulusal Sempozyumu bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss. 54-63). Hatay: Türkiye. Erişim adresi: http://hkadtmk.org/Bildiriler/HKK 2008/bildiriler/Ar%C4%B1.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021.
  • Arita, I., Kojima , K., ve Nakane, M. (2003). Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(9), 1183-1184. doi:10.3201/eid0909.030471.
  • Atarodi, Z., Karimyan, K., Gupta, V. K., Abbasi, M., ve Moradi, M. (2018). Evaluation of indoor air quality and its symptoms in office building – A case study of Mashhad, Iran. Data in Brief, 20, 74-79. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.07.051
  • Borro, M., Di Girolamo, P., Gentile, G., De Luca, O., Preissner, R., Marcolongo, A., Ferracuti, S., ve Simmaco, M. (2020). Evidence-based considerations exploring relations between SARS-COV-2 pandemic and air pollution: involvement of PM2.5-mediated up-regulation of the viral receptor ace-2. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(15), 1-13. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155573
  • Brehmer, C., Norris, C., Barkjohn, KK, Bergin, MH, Zhang, J., Cui, X., Zhang, Y., Black, M., Li, Z., Shafer, M., ve Schauer, JJ (2019). Ev tipi hava temizleyicilerinin kimyasal bileşim ve çocukların Şanghay banliyölerinde PM2.5 metal kaynaklarına maruz kalması üzerindeki etkisi. Environmental Pollution, 253, 190-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.003
  • Bulgurcu, H., İlten, N., ve Coşgun, A. (2006). Okullarda iç hava kalitesi problemleri ve çözümler. Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 96(1), 59-72.
  • Bulut, H. (2008). Isıtma sezonunda ofislerde iç hava kalitesinin araştırılması. TMMOB Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 105, 28-37.
  • Chan, K. H. (2011). Assessment of air quality and performance of central ventilation system. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 25(4), 326-335. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000168
  • Chen, P. S., ve Li, C. S. (2008). Concentration profiles of airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a hospital. Aerosol Science and Technology, 42(3), 194–200. doi: 10.1080/02786820801922953
  • Cincinelli, A., ve Martellini, T. (2017). Indoor air quality and health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14(11), 1286. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14111286
  • Coker, E. S., Cavalli, L., Fabrizi, E., Guastella, G., Lippo, E., Parisi, M. L., Pontarollo, N., Rizzati, M., Varacca, A., ve Vergalli, S. (2020). The effects of air pollution on COVID-19 related mortality in northern Italy. Environmental and Resource Economics, 76(4), 611–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00486-1
  • Cole, M. A., Özgen, C., ve Strobl, E. (2020). Air pollution exposure and COVID-19. Environmental and Resource Economics, 76, 581-610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00491-4
  • Coleman, K. K., Nguyen, T., Yadana , S., Hansen-Estruch, C., Lindsley , W., ve Gray, G. (2018). Bioaerosol sampling for respiratory viruses in Singapore’s mass rapid transit network. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35896-1
  • Çiftçi, Ç., Dursun, Ş., Levend, S., ve Kunt, F. (2013). Topoğrafik yapi, iklim şartlari ve kentleşmenin Konya’da hava kirliliğine etkisi. European Journal of Science and Technology, 1(1), 19-24.
  • DiStasio, A. J., ve Trump, D. (1990). The investigation of a tuberculosis outbreak in the closed environment of a U.S. Navy ship, 1987. Mil. Med., 155(8), 347-351.
  • Doremalen, N. v., Bushmaker, T., ve Morris, D. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-COV-2 as compared with SARS-COV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(16), 1564-1567. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973
  • Ekmekcioğlu, D., ve Keskin, S. (2007). Characterization of indoor air particulate matter in selected elementary schools in Istanbul. Indoor And Built Environment, 16(2), 169-176. doi: 10.1177/1420326X07076777
  • Environmental Modelling Group (EMG), Scientific Pandemic Insights Group on Behaviours (SPI-B), the Transmission Group (TWEG). (2020). Mitigations to reduce transmission of the new variant SARS-CoV-2 virus. Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies. Erişim adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/emgspi-btweg-mitigations-to-reduce-transmission-of-the-new-variant-sars-cov-2-virus-22-december-2020. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1991). Indoor air quality (IAQ): indoor air facts no. 4 (revised) sick building syndrome. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Erişim adresi: https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-facts-no-4-sick-building-syndrome Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2021.
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2008). Mold remediation in schools and commercial buildings (EPA 402-K-01-001). Washington: United States Environmental Protection Agency. Erişim adresi: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-08/documents/moldremediation.pdf Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2021.
  • Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations (REHVA). (2020). How to operate HVAC and other building service systems to prevent the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in workplaces. Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations. Erişim adresi: https://www.rehva.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/REHVA_COVID 19_guidance_document_V3_03082020.pdf Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2021.
  • Frontczak, M., ve Wargocki , P. (2011). Literature survey on how different factors influence human comfort in indoor environments. Building and Environment, 46(4), 922–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.10.021
  • Gönüllü, T., Bayhan , H., Avşar , Y., ve Arslankaya, E. (2002). YTÜ Şevket Sabancı Kütüphane binası iç ortam havasında partiküllerin incelenmesi. Harran Üniversitesi 4. GAP Mühendislik kongresi (uluslararası katılımlı) Bildiriler Kitabı, 1384-1389. Erişim adresi: http://www.hlccevre.com/images/PDF/b79.pdf Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2020
  • Güllü, G. (2013). Türkiye‘de iç ortam hava kirliliği çalışmaları. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 146–158.
  • Güneş, G., Bozkurt, E., Sönmez, S., ve Çakır, N. (2015). Kütüphanelerde iç hava kalitesinin incelenmesi: Marmara Üniversitesi Merkez Kütüphanesi. Bilgi Dünyası, 16(2), 222-241.
  • Haverinen-Shaughnessy, U., Shaughnessy , R., C.Cole , E., Toyinbo, O., ve Moschandreas, D. (2015). An assessment of indoor environmental quality in schools and its association with health and performance. Building and Environment, 93(1), 35-40.
  • Haynes, R. (2006). The Plaque of the matter. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(4), 218.
  • Heracleous, C., ve Michael, A. (2019). Experimental assessment of the impact of natural ventilation on indoor air quality and thermal comfort conditions of educational buildings in the Eastern Mediterranean region during the heating period. Journal of Building Engineering.
  • Hess-Kosa, K. (2019). Indoor Air Quality: The Latest Sampling and Analytical Methods (3th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9781315098180
  • Holmes, N. S., ve Morawska , L. (2006). A review of dispersion modelling and its application to the dispersion of particles:an overview of different dispersion models available. Atmos Environ., 40(30), 5902–5928. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.003
  • Huo, X., Sun, Y., Hou, J., Wang, P., Kong, X., Zhang, Q., ve Sundell, J. (2019). Sick building syndrome symptoms among young parents in Chinese homes. Building and Environment, 169.
  • Huynh, K. N., Oliver, B., Stelzer , S., Ravvlinson , W., ve Tovey, E. (2008). A new method for sampling and detection of exhaled respiratory virus aerosols. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46(1), 93–95. doi: 10.1086/523000
  • İliçin, G. (2005). Temel iç hastalıkları I-II. Ankara: Güneş Kitapevi.
  • Kadaifciler, Duygu G. (2017). Indoor air quality of the library at İstanbul University. Hacettepe Journal Biology & Chemistry, 1(45), 43-53. doi:10.15671/hjbc.2017.140
  • Kara, G., Bozkurt, Ç., ve Çay, Y. (2019). Konya’da hava kirliliği konusunda farkındalık düzeyinin belirlenmesi. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(2), 91-94.
  • Klepeis, N., Nelson, W., Ott, W., Robınson, J., Tsang, A., Swıtzer, P., . . . Engelmann, W. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 11, 231–252.
  • Knibbs, L., Morawska, L., ve Bell, S. (2012). The risk of airborne influenza transmission in passenger cars. Epidemiol. Infect., 140(3), 474-478. doi:10.1017/S0950268811000835
  • Kumar, P., ve Morawska, L. (2019). Could fighting airborne transmission be the next line of defence against COVID-19 spread?, City and Environment Interactions, 4, 1-3.
  • Kunkel, S., ve Kontonasiou, E. (2015). Indoor air quality, thermal comfort and daylight policies on the way to nZEB – status of selected MS and future policy recommendations. Eceee Summer Study Proceedings, 1261-1270.
  • Kunt, F., ve Dursun, Ş. (2018). Konya merkezinde hava kirliliğine bazı meteorolojik faktörlerin etkisi. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1(1), 54-61.
  • Kuş, M., Okuyan, C., Bulut, H., ve Bulgurcu, H. (2008). Üniversite dersliklerinde iç hava kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi. 8. Uluslararası Yapıda Tesisat Teknolojisi Sempozyumu, 12–14 Mayıs, İstanbul, 223–237.
  • Li, Y., Huang, X., Yu, I., Wong, T., ve Qian, H. (2005). Role of air distribution in SARS transmission during the largest nosocomial outbreak in Hong Kong. Indoor Air, 83–95.
  • Lu, M.C., Hsu, C.S., Huang, D.J., Liang, C.K., ve Huang, J.W. (2018). Statistical evaluation of disinfection performance of chlorine dioxide and WAHW in improving indoor air quality of university library. Journal of Aerosol Science, 115, 113-120. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.06.006
  • Majd, E., McCormack, M., Davis, M., Curriero, F., Berman, J., Connolly, F., Leaf, P., Rule, A., Green, T., Clemons-Erby, D., Gummerson, C., ve Koehler, K. (2019). Indoor air quality in inner-city schools and its associations with building characteristics and environmental factors. Environmental Research, 170, 83-91. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.012
  • Merefield, J. R. (2002). Dust to dust. New Scientist, 153, 1-4.
  • Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM). (2020). Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Erişim adresi: https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=KONYA Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2021.
  • Morawska, L., ve Cao, J. (2020). Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality. Environment International. 139. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730
  • Morawska, L., ve Salthammer, T. (Ed.) (2003). Indoor environment: airborne particles and settled dust (1. baskı). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi: 10.1002/9783527610013
  • Norbäck, D., Björnsson, E., Janson, C., Widstrom, J., ve Boman, G. (1995). Asthmatic symptoms and volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide in dwellings. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(6), 388-395. doi: 10.1136/oem.52.6.388
  • Norhidayah, A., Lee, C.-K., Azhar, M., ve Nurulwahida, S. (2013). Indoor air quality and sick building syndrome in three selected buildings. Procedia Engineering, 53, 93-98.
  • Okolie, K., ve Adedeji, C. (2013). Investigation into the Effects of Sick Building Syndrome on Building Occupants: A Case Study of Commercial Bank Buildings in Awka Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 6(6), 47-53. doi:10.1.1.415.7296
  • Özkul, H., İnce, A., ve Akkaya, A. (2003). Isparta’daki Ev Tozlarında Polen, Mantar Sporu ve Diğer Materyallerin Araştırılması. Tüberküloz ve Toraks, 51(2), 138-144.
  • Qian, H., ve Zheng, X. (2018). Ventilation control for airborne transmission of human exhaled bio-aerosols in buildings. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 10(Ek 19), 2295–2304. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.01.24
  • Raj, A., Velraj, R., ve Haghighat, F. (2020). The contribution of dry indoor built environment on the spread of Coronavirus: Data from various Indian states. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102371
  • Robertson, G. (2016). Robertson on Library Security and Disaster Planning (1. Baskı). Vancouver, Canada: Chandos Publishing.
  • Rostron, J. (Ed.) (1997). Sick Building Syndrome: Concepts, Issues And Practice (1. Baskı). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203989524
  • Sahu, V., ve Gurjar, B. (2019). Spatio-temporal variations of indoor air quality in a university library. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 31(2), 1-16.
  • Shamsipour, M., Hassanvand, M., Gohari, K., Yunesi, M., Fotouhi , A., Naddafi , K., Sheidaei, A., Faridi, S., Akhlaghi, A.A., Rabiei, K., Mehdipour, P., Mahdavi, M., Amini, H., Farzadfar, F. (2019). National and sub-national exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and it's attributable burden of disease in Iran from 1990 to 2016. Environmental Pollution, 255.
  • Snow, S., Boyson, A., Paas, K., Gough, H., King, M. F., Barlow , J., Noakes, C.J., ve Schraefel, M. C. (2019). Exploring the physiological, neurophysiological and cognitive performance effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations indoors. Building and Environment, 156, 243-252.
  • Sofuoğlu, S. C. (2016). İç hava kirleticileri ve insan sağlığına etkisi. Tesisat Mühendisliği, 153, 33-44.
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (CSB). (2020). Hava Kalitesi - İstasyon Veri İndirme. Ulusal Hava Kalitesi İzleme Ağı (UHKİA). Erişim adresi: https://sim.csb.gov.tr/STN/STN_Report/StationDataDownloadNew Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (CSB). (2021). Hava Kalitesi: İstasyon Veri İndirme. tarihinde Ulusal Hava Kalitesi İzleme Ağı (UHKIA). Erişim adresi: https://sim.csb.gov.tr/STN/STN_Report/StationDataDownloadNew Erişim tarihi: 22 Kasım 2021.
  • Taylor, S.H., Scofield, C.M., ve Graef, P.T. (2020). Improving IEQ to reduce transmission of airborne pathogens in cold climates. ASHRAE Journal, 62, 30–47.
  • Tellier, R., Li , Y., Cowling, B., ve Tang, J. (2019). Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 1-9. doi:/10.1186/s12879-019-3707-y
  • Tietjen, G., Khubchandani, J., Ghosh, S., Bhattacharjee, S., ve Kleinfelde, J. (2012). Headache symptoms and indoor environmental parameters: Results from the EPA BASE study. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 15(5), 95-99.
  • Toksoy, M., Sofuoğlu, S., Ekren, O., Ufuktepe, E., ve Varlık, N., (2015). Sınıflarda Havalandırma Debisinin Belirlenmesi. 12. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi Konferansı içinde (ss. 118-137), İzmir: Türkiye.
  • Wargocki, P. (2008). Improving indoor air quality improves the performance of office work and school work and provides economic benefits. Healthy and Sustainable Buildings Conference. Energy Systems Laboratory. Erişim adresi: https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/90792. Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2021.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (1988). Indoor air quality: biological contaminants (No. 31). Rautavaara: World Health Organization.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Natural ventilation for infection control in health care settings. J. Atkinson, Y. Chartier, C. L. Pessoa-Silva, P. Jensen , Y. Li, ve S. Wing-Hong (Ed.), Geneva: World Health Organization. Erişim adresi: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44167 Erişim tarihi: 8 Mayıs 2021
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020, Aralık 21). SARS-CoV-2 Variant – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. World Health Organization Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2020-DON304 Erişim tarihi 20 Nisan 2021.
  • Wu, Y., Lu, Y., ve Chou, D. C. (2018). Indoor air quality investigation of a university library based on field measurement and questionnaire survey. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 13(2), 148–160. doi: 10.1093/ijlct/cty007
  • Zhang, L., Morisaki , H., Wei , Y., Li , Z., Yang, L., Zhou, Q., Zhang, X., Xing, W., Hu, M., Shima, M., Toriba, A., Hayakawa, K., ve Tang, N. (2019). Characteristics of air pollutants inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing and respiratory health impact on children. Environmental Pollution, 255(Ek 1), 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113147
  • Zhang, Z., Dong, B., Li , S., Chen , G., Yang, Z., Dong, Y., Wang, Z., Guo, Y., ve Ma, J. (2019). Particulate matter air pollution and blood glucose in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study in China. Science of The Total Environment, 691, 868-873. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.179
  • Zimmerman, R. (1999). Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Pennsylvania Schools. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Erişim adresi: http://www.health.state.pa.us/hpa/schoolair.htm
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mimarlık
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Betül Özkan Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2678-4769

Ayşegül Tereci 0000-0001-5989-9565

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ocak 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkan, B., & Tereci, A. (2022). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite kütüphanesinde iç hava kalitesi değerlendirmesi. GRID - Architecture Planning and Design Journal, 5(1), 72-96. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.957922