RECONSIDERATIONS ON THE SACK OF ATHENS BY SCYTHIANS DURING THE RULES OF GALLIENUS AND CLAUDIUS II

Yıl 2024, , 11 - 30, 24.11.2024

Muzaffer Demir

https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1571135

Öz

The Roman Empire was subjected to increasingly rapid attacks from the invaders, especially from Scandinavia, Germany and Crimea, starting with the reign of Maximinus Thrax in 235 AD. The reasons for these invasions cover the harsher climate conditions in the north, frequent power struggles between the emperor, army and senate members in Rome, and the resulting betrayals, as well as the natural disasters such as earthquakes and epidemics. As a result of the attacks of invaders (mainly Scythians and Goths), Philippopolis, the most important city of the Thrace region of Rome, fell, and Decius and his son decided to make an expedition, but were massacred in the Battle of Abrittus in early 250 AD. In this war, Gallus, who allegedly made a secret agreement with the invaders and betrayed Decius, became emperor. Although Gallus agreed to pay an annual tribute to the Scythians as for the agreement, the Scythians from the northeast, the Goths on the one hand, Borani, Urugundi, Carpi, Vandali, Marcomanni and Quadi from the northwest and north on the other hand continued their plunder of Roman lands. The invasions and epidemics that had occurred during Gallus’ reign continued right at the beginning of the Valerian-Gallienus rule, which began at the end of 253 AD. Taking advantage of this change of power, the Borani, Goths, Carpi and Urugundi attacked Italy and Illyricum in 253/4 AD, and also helped the Scythians to attack Asia Minor, probably via the Crimea. After this first attack was repelled, a much more serious one was triggered when Valerian was captured by the Sassanids in 260 AD and Gallienus took sole power. As of 262 AD, the invaders attacked the cities in the Achaean region of Greece, besieged Thessalonice, and then the Hellenic cities, especially Athens, began to strengthen their defenses. Another invasion took place towards the end of Gallienus’ reign, in 267/8 AD. The invaders sailed from Lake Maiotis to Pontus, captured Byzantium and Chrysopolis. They went via Marmara and plundered the islands of Lemnus and Scyrus. Despite all the defensive tactics, this time, important cities such as Athens, Corinth, Sparta, and Argos were plundered and set on fire; the Athenians ambushed them in some rugged and narrow passages and captured the entire Achaean region by destroying many of them. Gallienus launched an attack near Nessos, won a victory, and honored their surrendered leader Naulobatus by reaching an agreement. Most of the modern researchers emphasize on the Ailouroi/Herules/Heluri/Eluri ethnos or, more subtly, the Goths in the background regarding the invasion of Hellas and the sack of Athens, and prefer to use the title “The Sack of Athens by Herules”. In this study, the following theses shall be supported that the invasion at this date could not be attributed solely to Herules, who are said to be a branch of the Scythians in some sources, but that the evidence is stronger that it was carried out by more than one ethnos, primarily the Scythians and the Goths, as wel as the Peucini, Greuthungi, Austrogothi, Tervingi, Visi, Gepedes, Celts, Herules, who were allied with them, and that in this context, Athens was actually captured by trickery in 268 AD, and after the so-called barbarian alliance suffered a heavy defeat at the hand of Claudius II, they retreated by burning the city in 269 AD.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Claudius, Gallienus, Scythians

GALLIENUS VE II. CLAUDIUS’UN YÖNETİMLERİ ESNASINDA İSKİTLERİN ATİNA’YI TALANI ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMELER

Öz

Roma İmparatorluğu, Maximinus Thrax’ın MS 235 yılında başlayan iktidarından itibaren özellikle İskandinavya, Almanya ve Kırım üzerinden gelen itilacıların ivmesini gittikçe artıran saldırılarına maruz kalmıştır. Bu istilaların sebepleri arasında; kuzeyde iklim şartlarının daha da sertleşmesi, Roma’da imparator, ordu ve senato üyeleri arasında sıkça görülen iktidar mücadeleleri ve buna bağlı ihanetlerin yanında deprem ve salgın hastalıklar gibi doğal afetler sayılabilir. İstilacıların (başta İskitler ve Gothlar) saldırıları sonucunda Roma’nın Trakya bölgesinin en önemli kenti Philippopolis düşmüş, bunun üzerine Decius oğlu ile birlikte harekete geçmiş ancak MS 250 yılı başlarında gerçekleşen Abrittos Savaşı’nda katledilmişlerdir. Bu savaşta istilacılarla gizli anlaşma yaparak Decius’a ihanet eden Gallus imparator olmuştur. Gallus anlaşma gereği İskitlere yıllık haraç ödemeyi kabul etse de, Kuzeydoğu’dan İskitler bir taraftan, Kuzeybatı ve Kuzey’den Gothlar, Borani, Urugundi, Carpi, Vandali, Marcomanni ve Quadi diğer taraftan Roma topraklarındaki talanlarını sürdürmüşlerdir. Gallus’un itidarında başlayan istilalar ve salgın hastalıklar, MS 253 yılı sonlarında başlayan Valerianus-Gallienus ortak iktidar döneminde de devam etmiştir. İktidar değişikliğini fırsat bilen Borani, Goth, Carpi ve Urugundi MS 253/4 yılında İtalya ve Illyricon’a saldırmışlar, ayrıca İskitlerin muhtemelen Kırım üzerinden Küçük Asia’ya saldırıya geçmelerine yardım etmişlerdir. Bu ilk saldırı püskürtüldükten sonra çok daha ciddi olanı Valerianus’un Sasanilere MS 260 yılında esir düşmesi ve Gallienus’un iktidarı tek başına devralmasıyla tetiklenmiştir. MS 262 yılı itibariyle istilacılar Hellas’ın Achaia bölgesindeki kentlere saldırmış, Thessalonice’yi kuşatmışlar ve bu gelişmeler üzerine başta Atina olmak üzere Hellen kentleri savunmalarını güçlendirmeye başlamışlardır. Bir diğer istila hareketi de, Gallienus’un iktidarının sonlarında, MS 267/8 yılında gerçekleşmiştir. İstilacılar Maiotis Gölü’nden Pontos’a yelken açmış, Byzantion ve Chrysopolis’i ele geçirmişlerdir. Marmara üzerinden giderek Lemnos ve Scyros adalarını da yağmalamışlardır. Bu sefer, her türlü savunma taktiğine rağmen, Atina, Korinthos, Sparta, Argos gibi önemli kentler dahi talan edilerek ateşe verilmiş; Atinalılar onları bazı engebeli ve dar geçitlerde pusuya düşürüp pek çoğunu yok edene kadar tüm Achaia bölgesini yağmalamışlardır. Gallienus, Nessos yakınlarında bir saldırı başlatarak zafer kazanmış ve onların teslim olan lideri Naulobatos ile anlaşmaya vararak kendisini onurlandırmıştır. Günümüz araştırmacılarının çoğu, Hellas istilası ve Atina talanıyla ilgili olarak Ailouroi/Herules/Heluri/Eluri ethnosunu veya biraz daha arka planda ise Gothları öne çıkarmakta ve “Herules’in Atina Talanı” başlığını kullanmayı tercih etmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise istilaların sadece -zaten bazı kaynaklarda İskitlerin de bir kolu olduğu söylenen- Herules’e atfedilemeyeceği başta İskitler olmak üzere onlarla ittifak yapan Gothlar, Peucini, Greuthungi, Austrogothi, Tervingi, Visi, Gepedes, Keltler, Herules gibi birden fazla ethnos tarafından gerçekleştirildiğine dair delillerin daha kuvvetli olduğu ve bu bağlamda aslında Atina’nın MS 268 yılında hile ile ele geçirildiği, Claudius’un MS 269 yılında sözde barbar ittifakını ağır bir yenilgiye uğratması üzerine istilacıların kenti yakarak geri çekildikleri tezleri savunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Claudus, Gallienus, İskitler

Destekleyen Kurum

MUĞLA SITKI KOÇMAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Kaynakça

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• Eutr. (= Flavius Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae) Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius. Trans. by J. S. Watson. London 1886, s. 401-505 = Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History = https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm
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• Claud., Gal. (= Gallieni duo, Gordiani Tres, Maximus et Balbinus, Tyranni Triginta)
• IG II/III2 3669 (= Inscriptiones Graecae) https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/5953
• Iord. Get. (= Iordanes, Getica) Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths. Trans. by C. C. Mierow (1883-1961), online by J. Vanderspoel, University of Calgary = http://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html = https://topostext.org/work/744
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• Ps. Aur. Vict. Caes. (= Pseudo Aurelius Victor, Epitome De Caesaribus) A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Trans. by T. M. Banchich. Buffalo 2009 = https://topostext.org/work/745.
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• Zos. (= Zosimos, Historia Nova/Historia Nea) Zosimus, New History. Translator unknown. London 1814 = https://topostext.org/work/740
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