The Effects of Conservation Policies on New Buildings Designed In Historical Cities – A Case Study in Göynük, Bolu, Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 193 - 215, 30.09.2021

Gizem Kuçak Toprak , Sare Sahil

Öz

Sustainability today is an indispensable element that goes into the design and building of any new construction in historic cities. One of the methods to ensure sustainability in historical cities is related with their functions as well as their designs to maintain their identity without damage or destruction – in other words, protecting the relationship between old and new. All related policies and legal regulations developed for this purpose affect the design approaches of new buildings. Also affecting the local policies are the recommendations developed by ICOMOS and UNESCO regarding the characteristics of new buildings to be designed in historical cities. The main purpose of this study is to research how conservation policies affect the design approaches of the new buildings designed in these locations, identify the relationship between the decisions developed by ICOMOS/UNESCO and the local policies, and provide suggestions for developing new guidelines accordingly. In order to test the hypotheses developed in line with the purpose, a field study was carried out in Göynük/Bolu/Turkey. With findings, suggestions provided for developing new guidelines in Göynük/Bolu/Turkey in terms of new building design approaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Historic cities, new building design, contemporary building design, protection.

Kaynakça

• [1] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) (çev. Cevat Erder), Venedik Tüzüğü. 1964.
• [2] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), “5. ICOMOS-Resolutions of the Symposium on the Introduction of Contemporary Architecture into Ancient Groups of Buildings,” Budapest, 1972. Accessed: Mar. 14, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.icomos.org/publications/93towns7e.pdf.
• [3] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), “The Burra Charter - The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance,” Australia, 2013. Accessed: Nov. 20, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31.10.2013.pdf.
• [4] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments - 1931 - International Council on Monuments and Sites. 1931.
• [5] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), The Declaration of Amsterdam - 1975. Amsterdam, HOLLAND, 1975.
• [6] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), “Charter for the preservation of Quebec’s Heritage (Deschambault Declaration) - 1982,” 1982. Accessed: Aug. 14, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.icomos.org/en/support-us/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/192-the-deschambault-charter.
• [7] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), Tlaxcala Declaration on the Revitalization of Small Settlements (1982). Trinidad, Tlaxcala, 1982.
• [8] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), “Appleton Charter for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment,” 1983. Accessed: Aug. 14, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.icomos.org/charters/appleton.pdf.
• [9] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), “Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (Washington Charter),” 1987.
• [10] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), “Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage,” 1999. Accessed: Aug. 14, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/vernacular_e.pdf.
• [11] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), “New Zealand Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value,” 2010. Accessed: Aug. 15, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/ICOMOS_NZ_Charter_2010_FINAL_11_Oct_2010.pdf.
• [12] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), “The Valletta Principles for the Safeguarding and Management of Historic Cities, Towns and Urban Areas,” 2011. Accessed: Aug. 15, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.icomos.org/Paris2011/GA2011_CIVVIH_text_EN_FR_final_20120110.pdf.
• [13] International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and S. and C. O. (UNESCO) United Nations Educational, Guidlines For The Inclusion of Contemporary Architecture On The World Herirage List. 1986.
• [14] G. Kuçak Toprak, “A Guidline Proposal for Determining Design Criteria of New Building Design in Historical Cities: ICOMOS and UNESCO,” Soc. Sci. Dev. J., vol. 5, no. 22, pp. 95–116, 2020, Accessed: Mar. 16, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.284.
• [15] G. Kuçak Toprak, “A methodology proposal for new building design in urban protected areas in Turkey: Göynük, Sivrihisar, Sille,” Gazi University, 2020.
• [16] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “Recommendation concerning the safeguarding and contemporary rôle of historic areas,” Nairobi, 1976. Accessed: May 15, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000047698?posInSet=21&queryId=9d56bbe0-869d-46a2-8d34-b092945b25a3.
• [17] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “İslami Tarihi Mirasın Korunması ve Restorasyonu ile ilgili Uluslararası Sempozyum Raporu ve Tavsiye Kararları (çev. Mert Erdil),” 1980. Accessed: Oct. 04, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://kumid.net/euproject/admin/userfiles/dokumanlar/MAG-REPORT-AND-RECOMMENDATIO.-OF-INTERNAT..F-THE-ISLAMIC-ARCH-HERIT.pdf.
• [18] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “World Heritage and contemporary architecture : Towards new conservation standards,” 2005. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=27359&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (accessed Nov. 14, 2017).
• [19] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Vienna Memorandum on “World Heritage and Contemporary Architecture - Managing the Historic Urban Landscape.” 2005.
• [20] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “2008 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation,” Bangkok, 2008. Accessed: Nov. 20, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001566/156699e.pdf.
• [21] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “International Metting on Contemporary Architecture in Historic Cities,” 2013.
• [22] E. Madran, “Tarihi Çevrenin Tarihi: Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Tarihi Çevre : Tavırlar-Düzenlemeler,” Dosya 14 Tarihi Çevrede Koruma Yaklaşımlar, Uygulamalar, vol. 14, pp. 6–15, 2009.
• [23] N. Şahin Güçhan and E. Kurul, “A History of the Development Conservation Measures in Turkey: From the Mid 19th Century Until 2004,” METU JFA, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 19–44, 2009, doi: 10.4305/metU.Jfa.2009.2.2.
• [24] Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kanunu. 1983.
• [25] Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Koruma Amaçlı İmar Planı Teknik Şartnamesi. Türkiye, 2018, pp. 1–17.
• [26] G. Oliver Sellers, “Regulating New Construction in Historic Areas,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006.
• [27] C. R. Alderson, “Responding to Context: Changing Perspectives on Appropriate Change in Historic Settings,” APT Bull. J. Preserv. Technol., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 22–33, 2006, doi: 10.2307/40003213.
• [28] E. Madran, “Koruma İmar Planları ve Antalya Kaleiçi Örneği,” Mimarlık, vol. 297, pp. 32–34, 2001.
• [29] Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, Sense of Place : Design Guidelines for New Construction in Historic Districts. Philadelphia: Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, 2007.
• [30] L. Groat, “Measuring the Fit of New to Old,” AIA J., vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 58–61, 1983.
• [31] E. Aydın, “Tarihi Çevre İçindeki Yeni Yapılaşmaların Uygulama Sonuçları,” Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1998.
• [32] B. Baydarlıoğlu, “Tarihi Şehir Dokusunda Yeni Yapı Uygulamaları: Karaköy-Beşiktaş Arasında Silüeti Etkileyen Bir Grup Yeni Yapının Değerlendirilmesi,” İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 1994.
• [33] A. Velioğlu, “Tarihi Çevre İçinde Mimari Tasarım ve Süreci Üzerine Bir Araştırma,” Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, 1992.
• [34] H. Yıldırım, “Tarihi Kent Dokularının Çağdaş Koruma ile Canlandırılması ve Yeni Yapı Tasarımları: Galata Suriçi Bölgesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma,” Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, 1996.
• [35] A. Erdem, “Göynük Tarihsel Siti, Dini ve Sivil Mimarlık Ürünleri, Koruma Sorunları ve Yeni Yapılanma Koşulları,” Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, 1996.
• [36] C. Karagülle, “Bolu’da Antik Dönem ve Mimari İzleri,” 2014.
• [37] Ç. B. Dikmen and F. Toruk, “Geleneksel Göynük Evlerinin Mekânsal Yapısı ve Koruma Önerileri,” Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sos. Bilim. Derg., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99–128, 2015, doi: 10.5578/JSS.8550.
• [38] A. Erdem, “Göynük Kenti, Geleneksel Konut Mimarisi,” Mimar. Derg., vol. 289, no. 2, pp. 58–62, 1999.
• [39] E. Yanaşık, İller Bankası’nın Türkiye Planlama ve Kentleşme Tarihi İçindeki Yeri ve Önemi. Ankara, Türkiye: İller Bankası Anonim Şirketi, 2017.
• [40] E. E. ve A. Y. K. B. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kültür Bakanlığı Gayrimenkul, Bolu Göynük Kentsel Sit Alanı - 14.05.1983 Tarih ve 4373 No’lu Karar. 1983.
• [41] Göynük Belediyesi, “Göynük (Bolu) 1/1000 Ölçekli Koruma Amaçlı ve İlave-Revizyon İmar Planı ve Plan Hükümleri,” Göynük, Bolu, Türkiye, 2016.