Petrography, Mineral Chemistry and P–T Conditions of the Tertiary Hornblende-bearing Andesites in the Altınpınar (Torul-Gümüşhane)

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 236 - 267, 31.07.2017

Mehmet Ali Gücer , Emre Aydınçakır , Cem Yücel Enver Akaryalı

https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.310263

Cited By: 5

Öz

In the
eastern Pontides orogenic belt (NE Turkey) there are different volcanic rocks
exposed that formed under different types of magma. Tertiary volcanism consists
of acidic, notr and basic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks in Gümüşhane and
surrounding area. The Eocene volcanism played an important role during
the evolution of the eastern Pontides. In this study, petrography, mineral chemistry
and P–T conditions of the Tertiary
hornblende-bearing andesites in the Altınpınar (Torul-Gümüşhane) are
investigated. The andesites are mainly consisting of hornblende (amphibole),
plagioclase (An_40-61Ab_38-57Or_1-5), clinopyroxene (Wo_44-45En_43-44Fs₁₂),
opaque (generally
magnetite and pyrite) minerals, with secondary clay, sericite, calcite,
chlorite minerals. . The samples commonly exhibit microlitic porphyry and
vitrophyric porphyry textures. Some of the hornblende aggregates, occurring in
large plates, contain inclusions of plagioclase and opaque minerals. All hornblende
minerals are exclusively Ca-type with Ca_B ≥ 1.5, (Na+K)_A <0.5
and Ca_A <0.5 (apfu) parameters, and magnesiohornblende in composition with Mg# (Mg/Mg+Fe²⁺)
= 0.72-0.91. Estimation of geothermometry (T), geobarometry (P) and
oxygen fugacity (ƒO₂ / DNNO)
calculations in andesites using calcic amphibole geothermobarometry equations
indicates that the crystallization is estimated to have taken place at 765 –
867 °C (mean= 790±20 °C); 2.5 – 4 kbar and, from –14.4 to –11.1, respectively.
These calculated values indicate that hornblende minerals are crystallized at
depths of 9 - 15 km in continental crust. According to the chemical composition of minerals the
andesites are crystallized from a calc-alkaline parent magma.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Altınpınar andesites, Eastern Pontides, Tertiary volcanism, geothermobarometry

Tersiyer Yaşlı Altınpınar Hornblendli Andezitlerinin (Torul-Gümüşhane) Petrografisi, Mineral Kimyası ve P-T Kristalleşme Koşulları

Öz

Doğu Pontid orojenik kuşağında (KD Türkiye) farklı
magma türleri altında oluşmuş farklı volkanik kayaçlar yüzeyleme vermektedir. Tersiyer
volkanizması, Gümüşhane ve çevresinde asidik, nötr ve bazik volkanik ve
piroklastik kayaçlardan meydana gelmektedir. Bu volkanizma doğu Pontidler’in
evriminde ise önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Altınpınar
(Torul/Gümüşhane) civarında yüzeyleme veren Tersiyer yaşlı hornblendli
andezitik kayaçların petrografisi, mineral kimyası ve sıcaklık-basınç koşulları
irdelenmiştir. Andezitler başlıca hornblend (amfibol), plajiyoklas (An_40-61Ab_38-57Or_1-5),
klinopiroksen (Wo_44-45En_43-44Fs₁₂) ve opak (genellikle
magnetit ve pirit) mineralleri, ikincil kil, serizit, kalsit ve klorit
mineralleri içerir ve mikrolitik-porfirik ve vitrofirik porfirik dokular
sergiler. Bazı hornblend mineralleri iri kristalli gelişmiş olup, plajiyoklas
ve opak mineral kapanımları içermektedir. Tüm hornblendler Ca_B ≥ 1.5,
(Na+K)_A <0.5 ve Ca_A <0.5 parametrelerine sahip
kalsik tip olup, magnezyohornblend bileşimi sunmakta, Mg# (Mg/Mg+Fe²⁺)
ise 0.72-0.91 arasında değişmektedir. Andezitlerde kalsik amfibol
jeotermobarometri denklemlerini kullanarak hesaplanan tahmini jeotermometre
(T), jeobarometre (P) ve oksijen fugasitesi (ƒO₂ / DNNO)
değerleri sırasıyla 765 – 867 °C (ort= 790±20 °C); 2.5 – 4 kbar ve –14.4 ile
–11.1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen bu değerler hornblendlerin kıtasal
kabukta 9 – 15 km derinliklerde kristallendiğini işaret etmektedir.
Minerallerin kimyasal özellikleri inceleme alanındaki andezitlerin kalk-alkali
bir ana magmadan itibaren kristallenmiş olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Altınpınar andezitleri, jeotermobarometri, Doğu Pontidler, Tersiyer volkanizması

Kaynakça

• Abdel-Rahman, A.M., 1994. Nature of Biotites from Alkaline, Calc-Alkaline, and Peraluminous Magmas. Journal of Petrology, 35, 2, 525-541.
• Adamia, S.A., Lordkipanidze, M.B. ve Zakariadze, G.S., 1977. Evolution of an active continental margin as examplified by the Alpine history of Caucasus. Tectonophysics, 40, 183-199.
• Ağar, Ü., 1977. Demirözü (Bayburt) ve Köse (Kelkit) bölgesinin jeolojisi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, İstanbul.
• Akaryalı, E. ve Tüysüz, N., 2013. The genesis of the slab window-related Arzular low-sulfidation epithermal gold mineralization (Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey). Geoscience Frontiers, 4-4, 409-421.
• Akaryali E. ve Akbulut K., 2016. Constraints of C–O–S isotope compositions and the origin of the Ünlüpınar volcanic-hosted epithermal Pb–Zn±Au deposit, Gümüşhane, NE Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 117, 119-134.
• Akaryalı, E., 2010. Arzular (Gümüşhane KD-Türkiye) Altın Yatağının Jeolojik, Mineralojik, Jeokimyasal ve Kökensel İncelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, KTÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Akaryalı, E., 2016. Geochemical, fluid inclusion and isotopic (O, H and S) constraints on the origin of Pb–Zn ± Au vein-type mineralizations in the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey). Ore Geology Reviews, 74, 1-14.
• Akçay, M. ve Arar, M., 1999. Geology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Çayeli Massive Sulphide Ore Deposit, Rize, NE Turkey, Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing, Standley et al. (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, 459-462.
• Akçay, M. ve Tüysüz, N., 1998. Murgul Cu Madeni Çevresinde Ağır Elementlerin Yanal Dağılımı ve Çevresel Kirlilik Üzerine Etkileri, Geosound, 30, 725-741.
• Akıncı, Ö.T., 1984. The Eastern Pontide volcano-sedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits. In: J.E. Dixon & A.H.F. Robertson (eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17, 415-428.
• Alemdag, S., 2015. Assessment of Bearing Capacity and Permeability of Foundation Rocks at the Gumustas Waste Dam Site, (NE Turkey) Using Empirical and Numerical Analysis. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8, 1099–1110.
• Alemdag, S., Akgün, A., Kaya, A., Gökçeoğlu, C., 2014. A large and rapid planar failure: causes, mechanism and consequences (Mordut, Gumushane, Turkey), Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7 (3), 1205-1221.
• Alemdag, S.,Kaya, A., Karadag, M., Gurocak, Z., Bulut, F. 2015. Utilization of the limit equilibrium and finite element methods for the stability analysis of the slope debris: An example of the Kalebasi District (NE Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 106, 134-146.
• Alp, D., 1972. Amasya Yöresinin Jeolojisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fak. Monografileri, 22, İstanbul, 135.
• Altherr, R., Topuz, G., Siebel, W., Şen, C., Meyer, H.P. ve Satır, M., 2008. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic characteristics of Paleocene plagioleucitites from the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), Lithos, 105, 149-161.
• Altunkaynak, L., 2000. Ağvanis masifi doğu kesimi ve çevre kayaçlarının jeolojisi, petrografisi ve jeokimyası, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Anderson, J.L. ve Smith, D.R., 1995. The Effect of Temperature and Oxygen Fugacity on Al-in-Hornblende Barometry. American Mineralogist, 80, 549-59.
• Arslan, M. ve Aliyazıcıoğlu, İ., 2001. Geochemical and Petrological Characteristics of the Kale (Gümüshane) volcanic rocks: Implications for the Eocene evolution of Eastern Pontide arc volcanism, Northeast Turkey, International Geology Review, 43, 595-610.
• Arslan, M. ve Aslan, Z., 2006. Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 177–193.
• Arslan, M., Şen, C., Aliyazıcıoğlu, İ., Kaygusuz, A. ve Aslan, Z. 2000. Comparative geology, mineralogy and petrology of Eocene (?) volcanics in Trabzon and Gümüşhane areas (NE, Turkey). Earth Science and Mining Conference, Journal of Conference Book 1, 39-53.
• Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Abdioğlu, E., Kolayli, H., Yücel, C., Boztuğ, D. ve Şen, C., 2013. 40Ar-39Ar dating, whole-rock and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry of post-collisional Eocene volcanic rocks in the southern part of the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): implications for magma evolution in extension-induced origin. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 166, 113–142.
• Arslan, M., Tüysüz, N., Korkmaz, S. ve Kurt, H., 1997. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the eastern Pontide vo1canic rocks, Northeast Turkey, Chemie der Erde, 57, 157-187.
• Aslan, Z., 2010. U–Pb zircon SHRIMP age, geochemical and petrographical characteristics of tuffs within calc-alkaline Eocene volcanics around Gümüșhane (NE Turkey), Eastern Pontides. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie – Abhandlungen, 187/3, 329–346.
• Aslan, Z., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ. ve Kaygusuz, A., 2014. K-Ar dating, whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks around the Gümüşhane area: implications for post-collisional volcanism in the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108, 245-267.
• Aydınçakır, E. ve Kaygusuz, A., 2012. Geç Kretase Yaşlı Dağbaşı (Araklı, Trabzon) Volkanitlerinin Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri, KD Türkiye, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(2), 123-142 .
• Aydınçakır, E., 2012. Borçka (Artvin, KD-Türkiye) Yöresi tersiyer Volkanitlerinin Petrografisi, Jeokimyası ve Petrojenezi, Doktora Tezi, KTÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon, 200s.
• Aydınçakır, E., 2016. Subduction-related Late Cretaceous high-K volcanism in the Central Pontides orogenic belt: Constraints on geodynamic implications, Geodinamica Acta, 28(4), 379-411.
• Aydınçakır, E., ve Şen, C., 2013. Petrogenesis of the post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Borçka (Artvin) area: implications for the evolution of the Eocene magmatism in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), Lithos, 172-173, 98-117.
• Aydin, F., 2014, Geochronology, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Maçka Subvolcanic Intrusions: Implications for the late Cretaceous Magmatic and Geodynamic Evolution of the Eastern Part of the Sakarya Zone, Northeastern Turkey, International Geology Review, 56,10, 1246-1275.
• Bacon, C.R. ve Hirschmann, M.M., 1988. Mg/Mn Partitioning as a Test for Equilibrium Between Coexiting Fe-Ti Oxides, American Mineralogist, 73, 57-61.
• Bektaş, O. ve Gedik, İ. 1988. A new formation with leucitebearing shoshonitic volcanism in the Kop area (Everekhanları Formation) and its relationship with the evolution of the eastern Pontide arc, NE, Turkey. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin, 31, 11-19.
• Bektaş, O., 1984., Doğu Pontidler’de Üst Kretase Yaşlı Şoşonitik Volkanizma ve Jeotektonik Önemi, KÜ Dergisi, 3, 1-2, 53-62, Trabzon.
• Blundy, J.D. ve Holland, T.J.B., 1990. Calcic Amphibole Equilibria and A New Amphibole-Plagioclase Geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 104, 208-24.
• Boztuğ, D., Erçin, A.İ., Kuruçelik, M.K., Göç, D., Kömür, İ. ve İskenderoğlu, A., 2006. Geochemical characteristics of the composite Kaçkar batholith generated in a Neo-Tethyan convergence system, Eastem Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 286-302.
• Boztuğ, D., Jonckheere, R.c., Wagner, G.A. ve Yeğingil, Z., 2004. Slow Senonian and fast Paleocene-Early Eocene uplift of the granitoids in the Central Eastern Pontides, Turkey: apatite fission-track results. Tectonophysics, 382, 213-228.
• Çamur, M.Z., Güven, T.B. ve Er, M., 1996. Geochemical characteristics of the eastern Pontide volcanics: An example of multiple volcanic cycles in arc evolution, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 5, 123-144.
• Çoğulu, E., 1975. Gümüşhane ve Rize Bölgelerinde Petrografik ve Jeokronolojik Araştırmalar, İTÜ Kütüphanesi, 1034, İstanbul.
• Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. ve Zussman, J., 1992. An introduction to the rock forming minerals: (2nd): London, Longman.
• Demir, Y., 2005. Istala ve Köstere (Zigana/Gümüşhane) Cu-Pb-Zn Madenleri ve Yan Kayaçlarının Mineralojisi ve Dokusal Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılmalı İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Demir, Y., Uysal, İ., Sadiklar, M.B. ve Sipahi, F., 2008. Mineralogy, Mineral Chemistry, and Fluid Inclusion Investigation of Köstere Hydrothermal Vein-Type Deposit (Gümüşhane, NE-Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, 185, 2, 215-232.
• Dokuz, A. ve Tanyolu, E., 2006. Gechemical constraints on the provenance, mineral sorting and subaerial weathering of lower Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous clastic rocks from the Eastern Pontides, Yusufeli (Arvin), NE Turkey, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 15, 181-209.
• Dokuz, A., 2000. Yusufeli yöresinin jeolojisi, jeotektoniği, magmatik-metamorfik kayaçların jeokimyası ve petrojenezi, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Dokuz, A., 2011. A slab detachment and delamination model for the generation of Carboniferous high-potassium I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Köse composite pluton, Gondwana Research, 19, 926-944.
• Eğin, D., Hirst, D.M. ve Phillips, R., 1979. The petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the northern Harşit river area, Pontid Volcanic Province, Northeast Turkey, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 6, 105-123.
• Eyüboğlu, Y., 2006. Doğu Pontid Magmatik Yayı’nda (KD Türkiye) Alaska-Tip Mafik- Ultramafiklerin Tanımı ve Jeotektonik Önemi, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Eyüboğlu, Y., 2010. Late Cretaceous high-K volcanism in the eastern Pontide orogenic belt, and its implications for the geodynamic evolution of NE Turkey. International Geology Review, 52, 2/3, 142-186.
• Eyüboğlu, Y., Santosh, M., Dudas, F.O., Akaryalı, E., Chung, S.L., Akdağ, K. ve Bektaş, O., 2013. The Nature of Transition from Adakitic to non-Adakitic Magmatism in a Slab Window Setting: a Synthesis from the Eastern Pontides, Ne Turkey. Geoscience Frontiers, 4(4), 353-375.
• Fuhrman, M.L. ve Lindsley, D.H., 1988. Ternary feldspar modeling and thermometry: American Mineralogist, 73, 201–215.
• Gedik, A., Ercan, T., Korkmaz, S. ve Karataş, S., 1992. Rize-Fındıklı Çamlıhemşin arasında (Doğu Karadeniz) yer alan magmatik kayaçların petrolojisi ve Doğu Pontidlerdeki bölgesel yayılımları, Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 35, 15-38.
• Ghent, E.D., Nicholls, J., Siminy, P.S., Sevigny, J.H. ve Stout, M.Z., 1991. Hornblende Geobarometry of the Nelson Batholith, Southeastern British Columbia: Tectonic Implications. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, 1982-1991.
• Giret, A., Bonin, B. ve Leger, J.-M., 1980. Amphibole compositional trends oversaturated and undersaturated alkaline plutonic ringcomplexes. Canadian Mineralogist, 18, 481–495.
• Göncüoğlu, M.C., 2010. Türkiye Jeolojisine Giriş: Alpin ve Alpin Öncesi Tektonik Birliklerin Jeodinamik Evrimi. MTA Gen. Müd. Monografi Serisi No: 5, 69 s., Ankara.
• Guilmette, C., Hebert, R., Dupuis, C., Wang, C. ve Li, Z., 2008. Metamorphic History and Geodynamic Significance of High-Grade Metabasites from the Ophiolitic Melange Beneath the Yarlung Zangbo Ophiolites, Xigaze Area, Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32, 423-437.
• Gülmez, F. ve Genc, S.C., 2015. Amasya Civarı Geç Kretase Yaşlı Ultrapotasik Volkaniklerinde Farklılaşma Süreçleri. Maden Teknik Arama Dergisi, 151, 153–172.
• Güngör, Y., Boztuğ, D. ve Yılmaz, O., 1997. Kaçkar Batoliti Altıparmak Dağı-Soğanlı Dağı arası (GD Çamlıhemşin-Rize) kesiminin petrografik, jeokimyasal ve petrojenetik incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesinde Jeoloji Mühendisliği Eğitiminin 20. Yılı Sempozyumu, 30 Nisan - 3 Mayıs 1997, Adana, Bildiri Özetleri, s. 223-224.
• Güven İ.H. 1993. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin 1/25.000 ölçekli jeolojisi ve komplikasyonu, MTA (Ankara), (yayınlanmamış).
• Hammarstrom, J.M. ve Zen, E., 1986. Aluminum in Hornblende: An Empirical Igneous Geobarometer. American Mineralogist, 71, 1297-1313.
• Holland, T. ve Blundy, J., 1994. Non-ideal Interactions in Calcic Amphiboles and Their Bearing on Amphibole-Plagioclase Thermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 116, 433-47.
• Hollister, L.S., Grisson, G.C., Peters, E.K., Stowel, H.H. ve Sisson, V. B., 1987. Confirmation of the empirical calibration of Al in hornblende with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline plutons. American Mineralogist, 72, 231-239.
• Jica, 1986. The Republic of Turkey Report on the Cooperative Mineral Exploration of Gümüşhane Area, Consolidated Report. Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Metal Mining Agency of Japan.
• Johnson, M.C. ve Rutherford, M.J., 1989. Experimental Calibration of the Aluminum in Hornblende Geobarometer with Application to Long Valley Caldera (California) Volcanic Rocks. Geology, 17, 837-841.
• Kandemir, R. ve Yılmaz, C., 2009. “Lithostratigraphy, Facies and Deposition Environment of the Lower Jurassic Ammonitico Rosso Type Sediments (ARTS) in the Gumushane Area, NE Turkey: Implications for the Opening of the Northern Branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 34, 586-598.
• Karslı, O., Aydın, F. ve Sadıklar, B., 2004. The morphology and chemistry of K-feldsper megacrysts from İkizdere Pluton: evidence for acid and basic magma interactions in granitoid rocks, NE Turkey. Chemie der Erde, 64, 155-170.
• Karslı, O., Chen, B., Aydın, F. ve Şen, C., 2007. Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the Eocene Dölek and Sariçiçek Plutons, Eastern Turkey: Implications for magma interaction in the genesis of high-K calc-alkalinegranitoids in a post-collision extensional setting. Lithos, 98, 67-96.
• Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, İ., Aydın, F., Kandemir, R. ve Wijbrans, J.R., 2010. Generation of the Early Cenozoic adakitic volcanism by partial melting of mafic lower crust, Eastern Turkey: implication for crustal thickening to delamination, Lithos, 114, 109-120.
• Kaygusuz, A. ve Aydınçakır, E., 2009. Mineralogy, Whole-Rock and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry of mafic microgranular enclaves in Cretaceous Dağbaşı Granitoids, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Evidence of magma mixing, mingling and chemical equilibration. Chemie der Erde, 69, 247-277.
• Kaygusuz, A. ve Aydınçakır, E., 2011. U-Pb zircon SHRIMP ages, geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of Cretaceous plutons in the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): The Dağbaşı pluton. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, 188, 3, 211-233.
• Kaygusuz, A. ve Şen, C., 2011. Calc-alkaline I-Type plutons in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: U-Pb zircon ages, geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. Chemie der Erde, 71, 59-75.
• Kaygusuz, A., 2000. Torul ve Çevresinde Yüzeylenen Kayaçların Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal İncelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, KTÜ, Fen. Bil. Enst., 235 Sayfa, Trabzon.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., İlbeyli, N., Sipahi, F. ve Aydınçakır, E., 2012b. Doğu Pontid Kuzey Zonunda yüzeylenen Paleozoyik yaşlı granitlerin U-Pb zirkon yaşlandırması, Sr-Nd-Pb-O izotop sistematikleri ve jeodinamik evrimi, (Tübitak Projesi) Proje No: 109Y052.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel, W. ve Şen, C., 2011a. Geochemical and Sr–Nd Isotopic Characteristics of Post-Collisional Calc-Alkaline Volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 137-159.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Sipahi, F., ve Temizel, İ. 2016. U-Pb zircon Chronology and Petrogenesis of Carboniferous plutons in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: constraints for Paleozoic magmatism and geodynamic evolution. Gondwana Research, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2016.01.011.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Wolfgang, S., Sipahi, F. ve İlbeyli, N., 2012a. Geochronological evidence and tectonic significance of Carboniferous magmatism in the southwest Trabzon area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Review, 54 (15), 1776-1800.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Wolfgang, S. ve Şen, C., 2011. Geochemical and Sr Nd isotopic characteristics of post collisional calc alkaline volcanics in the Eastern Pontides NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 1, 20, 137–159.
• Kaygusuz, A., Siebel, W., İlbeyli, N., Arslan, M., Satır, M. ve Şen, C., 2010. Insight Into Magma Genesis at Convergent Plate Margins – A Case Study From the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, 187/3, 265-287.
• Kaygusuz, A., Sipahi, F., İlbeyli, N., Arslan. M., Chen, B., ve Aydınçakır, E., 2013. Petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous Turnagöl intrusion in the Eastern Pontides: Implications for magma genesis in the arc setting. Geoscience Frontiers, 4; 423-438.
• Kaygusuz, A. ve Şahin, K., 2016. Petrographical, geochemical and petrological characteristics of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Mescitli area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 5 (2), 473-486.
• Kaygusuz, A., Şen, C. ve Aslan, Z., 2006. Petrographic and petro- logical features of Torul (Gümüşhane) volcanites (NE Turkey); Evidences for fractional crystallisation and magma mixing/mingling. – Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 49: 49–82.
• Kazmin, V.G., Sbortshikov, I.M., Ricou, L.E., Zonenshain, L.P., Boulin, J. ve Knipper, A.I., 1986. Volcanic belts as marker of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of Tethys. Tectonophysics, 123, 123-152.
• Kırmacı, Z. 1992. Alucra-Gümüşhane-Bayburt Yörelerindeki (Doğu Pontid Güney Zonu) Üst Jura-Alt Kretase Yaşlı Berdiga Kireçtaşı’nın Sedimantolojik İncelemesi, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Korkmaz, S., Tüysüz, N., Er, M., Musaoğlu, A. ve Keskin, İ., 1995. Stratigraphy of the Eastern Pontides, NE-Turkey. Geology of the Black Sea Region, MTA, Ankara, 59-69.
• Köprübaşı, N., Şen, C. ve Kaygusuz, A., 2000. Doğu Pontid ada yayı granitoyidlerin karşılaştırılmalı petrografik ve kimyasal özellikleri. Uygulamalı Yerbilimleri, 1, 111-120.
• Laird, J. ve Albee, A.L., 1981. Pressure, Temperature and Time Indicators in Mafic Schist: Their Application to Reconstructing the Polymetamorphic History of Vermont. American Journal of Science, 281, 127-175.
• Le Bas, M.J., 1962. The role of aluminum in igneous clinopyroxenes with relation to their parentage. American Journal of Science, 260, 267-288.
• Leake, B.E., 1971. On Aluminous and Edenitic Hornblendes. Mineralogical Magazine, 38, 389-407.
• Leake, B.E., Woolley, A.R., Birch, W.D., Burke, E.A.J., Ferraris, G., Grice, J.D., Hawthorne, F.C., Kisch, H.J., Krivovichev, V.G., Schumacher, J.C., Stephenson, N.CN. ve Whittaker, E.J.W., 2004. Nomenclature of Amphiboles; Additions and Revisions to the International Mineralogical Association’s Amphibole Nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 89, 883-887.
• Leake, E.B., Wooley, A.R., Arps, C.E.S., Birch, W.D., Gilbert, M.C., Grice, J.D., Hawthorne, F.C., Kato, A, Kisch, H.J., Krivovichev, V.G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Mandarino, J., Maresch, W.V., Nickhel, E.H., Rock, N.M.S., Schumacher, J.C., Smith, D.C., Stephenson, N.C.N., Ungaretti, L., Whittaker, E.J.W. ve Youzhi, G., 1997. Nomenc1ature of Amphiboles Report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. European Journal of Mineralogy, 9, 623-651.
• Lermi, A., 2003. Midi (Karamustafa / Gümüşhane, KD Türkiye) Zn-Pb Yatağının Jeolojik, Mineralojik, Jeokimyasal ve Kökensel İncelemesi, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Leterrier, J., Maury, R.C., Thonon, P., Girard, D. ve Marchal, M., 1982. Clinopyroxene composition as a method of identification of the magmatic affinities of Paleo-volcanic series. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 59, 139-154.
• Maden, N. ve Akaryalı, E., 2015a. A review for genesis of continental arc magmas: U, Th, K and radiogenic heat production data from the Gümüşhane Pluton in the Eastern Pontides (NE Türkiye), Tectonophysics 664, 225–243.
• Maden, N. ve Akaryalı, E., 2015b. Gamma ray spectrometry for recognition of hydrothermal alteration zones related to a low sulfidation epithermal gold mineralization (Eastern Pontides, NE Türkiye), Journal of Applied Geophysics 122, 74-85.
• Molina, J., Scarrow, J., Montero, P.G. ve Bea, F., 2009. High-Ti amphibole as a petrogenetic indicator of magma chemistry: evidence for mildly alkalic-hybrid melts during evolution of Variscan basic– ultrabasic magmatism of Central Iberia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 158, 69-98.
• Moore, G., Vennemann, T. ve Carmichael, I.S.E., 1998. An empirical model for the solubility of H2O in magmas to 3 kilobars. American Mineralogist, 83, 36–42.
• Morimoto, N., Fabries, J., Ferguson, A.K., Ginzburg, I.V., Ross, M., Seifert, F.A., Zussman, J., Aoki, K. ve Gottardi, G., 1988. Nomenclature of Pyroxenes. American Mineralogist, 73, 1123–1133.
• Nachit, H., 1986. Contribution a letude analytique et experimental des biotite des granitoids Applications typologiques. PhD, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France (in French).
• Newman, S. ve Lowenstern, J.B., 2002. VolatileCalc: a silicate melt–H2O– CO2 solution model written in Visual Basic for excel. Computers and Geosciences, 28, 597–604.
• Okay, A.I. ve Şahintürk, Ö., 1997. Geology of the Eastern Pontides, In: Robinson, A.G. (Editor), Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region, AAPG Bulletin, 68, 291-311.
• Okay, A.I., 1984. Distribution and characteristics of the northwest Turkish blueschists. In: The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean (ed. J.E. Dixon ve A.H.F. Robertson), Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17, 455-466.
• Okay, A.I., 2008. Geology of Turkey: A Synopsis. Anschnitt, 21, 19-42.
• Okay, A.I., Sunal, G., Tüysüz, O., Sherlock, S., Keskin, M. ve Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., 2014. Low-Pressure-High-Temperature Metamorphism During Extension in A Jurassic Magmatic Arc, Central Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 32, 49-69.
• Okay, A.İ. ve Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan Sutures of Northern Turkey. The Mediterranean Basin: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 156, 475-515.
• Özcan, A., Erkan, A., Keskin, A., Keskin, E., Oral, A., Özer, S., Sümegen, M. ve Tekeli, O., 1980. Amasya-Turhal arasındaki bölgenin jeolojisi, MTA Rap. No: 6722.
• Özdoğan, K., 1992. Karadağ (Torul-Gümüşhane) ve yakın çevresinin jeolojisi-mineralojisi-petrografisi ve maden zuhurlarının jenetik incelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniv. Fen Bil. Enstitüsü, Konya.
• Özsayar, T., Gedikoglu, A. ve Pelin, S., 1981. Artvin Yöresi Yastık-Lavların Yaşına İlişkin Paleontolojik Veriler, KTÜ.,Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 1, 1, 38-42.
• Pelin, S. 1977. Alucra (Giresun) Güneydogu yöresinin petrol olanakları bakımından jeolojik incelenmesi, K.TÜ. Yayınları, 87, 103s, Trabzon.
• Ridolfi, F., Purerini, M., Renzulli, A., Menna, M. ve Toulkeridis, T., 2008. The magmatic feeding system of El Reventador volcano (Sub-Andean zone, Ecuador) constrained by texture, mineralogy and thermobarometry of the 2002 erupted products. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 176, 94–106.
• Ridolfi, F., Renzulli, A. ve Puerini, M., 2010. Stability and chemical equilibrium of amphibole in calc-alkaline magmas: an overview, new thermobarometric formulationsand application to subduction-related volcanoes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 160, 45–66.
• Robinson, AG., Banks, CJ., Rutherford, MM. ve Hirst, JPP., 1995. Stratigraphic andstructural development of the Eastern Pontides, Turkey, Journal of Geological Society of London, 152, 861-872.
• Rojay, B., 1993. Tectonostratigraphy and neotectonic characteristics of the southern margin of Merzifon-Suluova Basin (Central Pontides, Amasya), Phd Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Schmidt, M.W. 1993. Phase relations and compositions in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental study at 650 °C. American Journal of Science, 293, 1011-60.
• Schmidt, M.W., 1992. Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 110, 304-10.
• Sial, A.N., Ferreira, V.P., Fallick, A.E., Jeronimo, M. ve Cruz, M., 1998. Amphibole rich clots in calc-alkalic granitoids in the Borborema province northeastern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 11, 457-471.
• Sipahi, F., 2005. Zigana Dağı (Torul-Gümüşhane) volkanitlerindeki hidrotermal ayrışmaların mineraloji ve jeokimyası, KTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Trabzon.
• Sipahi, F., ve Sadıklar, M. B.,. 2014. Geochemistry of Dacitic Volcanics in the Eastern Pontide (NE Turkey). Geochemistry International, 52, 4, 329-349.
• Sipahi, F.,2011. Formation of Skarns at Gümüşhane (Northeastern Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, 188, 2, 169-190.
• Şahin, K. ve Kaygusuz, A., 2016. Mescitli (Torul/Gümüşhane) ve Çevresindeki Eosen Yaşlı Volkanik Kayaçların Petrografik, Jeokimyasal ve Petrolojik Özellikleri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6 (2), 89-116.
• Şahin, S. Y., Güngör, Y. ve Boztuğ, D., 2004. Comparative petrogenetic ınvestigation of Composite Kaçar Batholith granitoids in Eastern Pontide magmatic arc, Northern Turkey. Earth, Planets and Space, 56, 429-446.
• Şen, C., 2007. Jurassic Volcanism in the Eastern Pontides: Is it Rift Related or Subduction Related?, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 523-539.
• Şengör, A.M.C. ve Yılmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach, Techtonophysics. 75, 181-241.
• Taslı, K., 1990. Gümüşhane-Bayburt yörelerindeki Üst Jura-Alt Kretase yaşlı karbonat istiflerinin stratigrafisi ve mikropaleontolojik incelemesi, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Ensitüsü, Trabzon.
• Temizel İ., Arslan M., Yücel C., Abdioğlu Yazar E. ve Ruffet G., 2016. Geochronology and geochemistry of Eocene-aged volcanic rocks around the Bafra (Samsun, N Turkey) area: constraints for the interaction of lithospheric mantle and crustal melts. Lithos, 258-259, 92-114.
• Tokel, S., 1972. Stratigraphical and volcanic history of the Gümüşhane region (Ne Turkey), PhD. Thesis, University Colloge, London.
• Tokel, S., 1977. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde Eosen yaşlı kalk-alkalen andezit1er ve jeotektonizma. TJK Bülteni, 20,1, 49-54.
• Topuz, G. ve Altherr, R., 2004. Pervasive rehydration of granulites during exhumation-an example from the Pulur complex, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology, 81, 165-185.
• Topuz, G. Altherr, R. Kalt, A. Satır, M. Wemer, O. ve Schwarz, W.H. 2004a. Aluminous granulites from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt extraction and crystallization, Lithos, 72, 183-207.
• Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Satır, M. ve Schwarz, W.H., 2004b. Low-grade metamorphic rocks from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: implications for pre-Liassic evolution of the Eastern Pontides, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 93, 72-91.
• Topuz, G. Altherr, R. Schwarz, W.H. Dokuz, A. ve Meyer, H.P. 2007. Variscan amphibolite-facies rocks from the Kurtoğlu metamorphic complex. Gümüşhane area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 96, 861-873.
• Topuz, G. Altherr, R. Wolfgang, S. Schwarz, W.H. Zack, T. Hasanözbek, A. Mathias, B. Satır, M. ve Şen, C.2010. Carboniferous high-potassium I-type granitoid magmatism in the Eastern Pontides: The Gümüşhane pluton (NE Turkey), Lithos, 116, 92-110.
• Tüysüz, N. ve Akçay, M., 2000. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Altın Yataklarının Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi, Cumhuriyetin 75. Yılı Yer Bilimleri ve Madencilik Kongresi, Ekim MTA, Ankara, Bildiriler Kitabı: 625-645.
• Tüysüz, N., 1995. Lahanos (Espiye-Giresun) Masif Sülfit Yatağına Ait Cevher Mineralleri ve Dokularının Cevher Oluşumu Açısından İncelenmesi. Geosound, 26, 79-92.
• Tüysüz, N., Özdoğan, K., Er, M., Yılmaz, Z. ve Ağanoğlu, A., 1994. Pontid Adayayında Carlin Tipi Kaletaş (Gümüşhane) Altın Zuhuru. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 37, 41-46.
• Tüysüz, O., 1996. Amasya ve çevresinin jeolojisi, Türkiye 11. Petrol Kongresi Bildirileri, 32-48.
• Ustaömer, T. ve Robertson, H.F.A, 2010. Late Paleozoic-Early Cenozoic development of the Eastern Pontides (Artvin area), Turkey: stages of closure of Tethys along the southern margin of Eurasia, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 340, 281-327.
• Wones, D.R., 1989. Significance of the assemblage titanite + magnetite + quartz in granitic rocks. American Mineralogist, 74, 744-749.
• Yılmaz, C., 2002. Gümüşhane-Bayburt yöresindeki mesozoyik havzalarının tektono-sedimantolojik kayıtları ve kontrol etkenleri, Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 45, 1, 141-165.
• Yılmaz, S. ve Boztuğ, D., 1996. Space and time relations of three plutonic phases in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey, International Geology Review, 38, 935-956.
• Yılmaz, Y., 1976. Geochemical study of the Gümüşhane Granite, İst. Üniv. Fen. Fak. Mec. Seri B, 39, 3-4, 173-203.
• Yılmaz, Y., Tuysuz, O., Yiğitbaş, E., Genc, Ş.C. ve Şengor, A.M.C., 1997. Geology and tectonics of the Pontides. In:Robinson, A.G.(ed), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region.AAPG Memoirs 68, 183-226.
• Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ. ve Abdioğlu, E., 2014. Volcanic facies and mineral chemistry of Tertiary alkaline volcanics in the northern zone of the Eastern Pontides, northeast Turkey: Implications for pre-eruptive crystallization conditions and magma chamber processes. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108, 3, 439–467.