GÜVENİLİR VE GÜVENİLMEZ İNSAN ÖZELLİKLERİ KARŞILAŞTIRMASI

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 18, 149 - 162, 04.01.2021

Deniz Elber Börü , Güler İslamoğlu , Melek Birsel

Öz

Bu araştırmada güvenilir insanda aranılan özellikler ile güvenilir ve güvenilmez insan özelliklerinin birbirinin zıttı olup olmadığı ortaya çıkarılmak istenmektedir. Çalışmanın devam eden sürecinde “güvenilir insan” ölçeği geliştirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmada anket metodu kullanılmış ve 2 ayrı anket formu hazırlanmıştır. Birinci grup katılımcılardan güvendikleri bir kişide aradıkları özellikleri, ikinci grup katılımcılardan da güvenmedikleri bir kişide bulunması gereken özellikleri sıralamaları istenmiştir. Çalışmaya toplam 596 kişi katılmıştır. Güvenilir insanı tanımlayan 304 kişiden 1540 ifade ve güvenilmez insanı tanımlayan 292 kişiden 1489 ifade toplanmıştır. Aynı, benzer ve tekrar eden ifadeler değerlendirildikten sonra “güvenilir insanı” tanımlamak için toplam 390, “güvenilmez insanı” tanımlamak için 431 ifadeye ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, güvenilir insanı tanımlamak için “dürüstlük”, “yalan söylememek”, “sadakat”, “samimiyet”, “saygılı olmak”, “sır tutmak”, “güvenilir olmak”, “yardım severlik”, “açık sözlülük”, “sözünü tutmak” ifadeleri ilk 10 sırada yer almıştır. Güvenilmez insanı tanımlamak için ise “yalan söylemek”, “ikiyüzlülük”, “dedikodu yapmak”, “bencillik”, “tutarsızlık”, “söz tutmamak”, “samimiyetsizlik”, “dürüst olmamak”, “aşırı çıkarcılık”, “ağız gevşekliği” ifadeleri ilk 10 sırada ortaya çıkmıştır. Çalışmada 13 ifadenin birbirinin zıttı olarak ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Bu araştırma göstermiştir ki, güvenilir insan konusunda farklı kültür ve farklı zaman diliminde yapılmış çalışmalar karşılaştırıldığında, güvenilir insanı tanımlamak için aranılan en önemli özellikler değişmemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Güvenilir insan, Güvenilmez insan, Güven, Kişilerarası Güven

COMPARISON OF TRUSTWORTHY AND UNTRUSTWORTHY PERSON CHARACTERISTICS

Öz

Kaynakça

• ALGAN, Yann ve CAHUC, Piere (2013), “Trust, Growth and Well-Being: New Evidence And Policy Implications”, iç. Philippe AGHION ve Steven DURLAUF (Eds), Handbook of Economic Growth, 2(A), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 49-120.
• ASHRAF, Nava, BOHNET, Iris ve PIANKOV, Nikita (2006), “Decomposing Trust and Trustworthiness”, Experimental Economics, 9 (3), 193-220.
• BEN-NER, Avner ve HALLDORSSON, Freyr (2010), “Trusting And Trustworthiness: What Are They, How To Measure Them and What Affects Them?”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 31 (1), 64-79.
• BIGLEY, Gregory A. ve PEARCE, Jone L. (1998), “Straining For Shared Meaning in Organization Science: Problems of Trust And Distrust”, The Academy of Management Review, 23 (3), 405–421.
• Blau, Peter M. (1964), “Justice in Social Exchange”, Sociological Inquiry, 34 (2), 193-206.
• BOYLE, Richard ve BONACICH, Philip (1970), “The Development of Trust And Mistrust in Mixed-Motive Games”, Sociometry, 33, 123-139.
• BÖRÜ, Deniz (2001), “Örgütlerde Güven Ortamının Yaratılmasında İlk Adım ... Güvenilir İnsanlar Kim ?”, 9.Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, 24-26 Mayıs, Silivri – İstanbul.
• BREWER, Marilynn B. (1979), “In-Group Bias in The Minimal Intergroup Situation: A Cognitive-Motivational Analysis”, Psychological Bulletin, 86 (2), 307-324.
• BROOKS, Alison W., DAI, Hengchen ve SCHWEITZER, Maurice E. (2014), “I’m Sorry About The Rain! Superfluous Apologies Demonstrate Empathic Concern and Increase Trust”, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 467–474.
• BUTLER, John Jr. K. (1983), “Reciprocity of Trust Between Professionals and Their Secretaries”, Psycho- logical Reports, 53, 411-416.
• BUTLER, John Jr. K. (1991), “Toward Understanding and Measuring Conditions of Trust: Evolution of a Conditions of Trust Inventory”, Journal of Management, 17 (3), 643-663.
• BUTLER, John Jr. K. ve CANTRELL, Stephen R. (1984), “A Behavioural Decision Theory Approach To Modelling Dyadic Trust in Superiors And Subordinates”, Psychological Reports, 115, 19-28.
• CHAUDHURI, Ananish ve GANGADHARAN, Lata (2007), “An Experimental Analysis of Trust and Trustworthiness”, Southern Economic Journal, 73 (4), 959-985.
• CHAUDHURI, Ananish., ALİ KHAN, Sarah., LAKSHMIRATAN, Aishwarya, PY, Anne-Laure ve SHAH, Lisa (2003), “Trust And Trustworthiness in A Sequential Bargaining Game”, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 16 (5), 331-340.
• COLQUITT, Jason A., SCOTT, Brent A. ve LE PINE, Jeffrey A. (2007), “Trust, Trustworthiness, And Trust Propensity: A Meta-Analytic Test Of Their Unique Relationships With Risk Taking And Job Performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 909–927.
• Cook, John ve Wall, Toby (1980), “New Work Attitude Measures of Trust, Organizational Commitment, and Personal Need Nonfulfillment”, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53 (1), 39-52.
• DASGUPTA, Partha (1988), “Trust as a Commodity”, iç. Diego. G. GAMBETTA (Ed.), Trust, New York: Basil Blackwell, 49-72.
• DASGUPTA, Utteeyo ve MENON, Arjun (2011), “Trust And Trustworthiness Among Economics Majors”, Economics Bulletin, 31 (4), 2799-2815.
• DE CREMER, David, DIJK, Eric.V. ve PILLUTLA, Madan M. (2010), “Explaining Unfair Offers in Ultimatum Games And Their Effects On Trust: An Experimental Approach”, Business Ethics Quarterly. (20) 107-126.
• DEUTSCH, Morton (1960), “The Effect of Motivational Orientation Upon Trust And Suspicion”, Human Relations, 13: 123-140.
• DIRKS, Kurt T. ve FERRIN, Donald L. (2002), “Trust in Leadership: Meta- Analytical Findings and Implications of Research in Practice”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (4), 611-628.
• GLAESER, Edward, LAIBSON, David, SCHEINKMAN, Jose ve SOUTTER, Christine (2000), “Measuring Trust”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115 (3), 811-846.
• FEHR, E. (2009). “The Economics and Biology of Trust”, Journal of European Economics Association, 7 (2-3), 235-266.
• FERRIN, Donald L., DIRKS, Kurt T. ve SHAH, Pri P. (2006), “Direct and Indirect Effects Of Third Party Relationships on Interpersonal Trust”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 870–883.

• FUKUYAMA, Francis (1995), Trust: The Social Virtues And The Creation Of Prosperity, London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.
• FULMER, Ashley C. ve GELFAND, Michele J. (2012), “At What Level (And in Whom) We Trust: Trust Across Multiple Organizational Levels”, Journal of Management, 38(4), 1167–1230.

• GABARRO, John J. (1987), The Dynamics of Taking Charge, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
• GABARRO, John J.. ve HOLTZ, Jane L. (1978), Interpersonal Behavior: Communication and Understanding in Relationships, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• GRANOVETTER, Mark (2017), Society and Economy: Framework and Principles, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
• MAISTER, David H., GREEN, Charles H. ve GALFORD, Robert M. (2000), The Trusted Advisor, New York : Touchstone Pub.
• GUNNTHORSDOTTIR, Anna, MC CABE, Kevin ve SMITH, Vernon (2002), “Using The Machiavellianism İnstrument To Predict Trustworthiness in A Bargaining Game”. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23, 49-66.
• GURTMAN, Michael B. (1992), “Trust, Distrust, and Interpersonal Problems: A Circumplex Analysis”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 989–1002.
• HARDIN, Russel (2002), Trust ve Trustworthiness, Russel Sage Foundation, New York, NY.

• İSLAMOĞLU, Güler, YURTKORU Serra E., BÖRÜ, Deniz ve BİRSEL, Melek (2012), Güvenilir İnsan Tanımı Değişiyor Mu?, 20. Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, 24-26 Mayıs, Bornova-İzmir.
• JAMES JR, Harvey S. (2002), “The Trust Paradox: A Survey Of Economic Inquiries into The Nature of Trust and Trustworthiness”, Journal of Economic Behavior ve Organization, 47 (3), 291-307.
• JANG, Kerry L., LIVESLEY, John W. ve VERNON, Philip A. (1996), “Heritability of The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Their Facets: A Twin Study”, Journal of Personality, 64 (3), 577–591.
• KIM, Peter H., FERRIN, Donald L., COOPER, Cecily D., ve DIRKS, K.T. (2004), “Removing The Shadow Of Suspicion: The Effects Of Apology Versus Denial For Repairing Competence-Versus İntegrity-Based Trust Violations”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (1), 104 118.
• KRAMER, Roderick M. (2006), “Trust as Situated Cognition: An Ecological Perspective on Trust Decisions”, iç. Reinhard BACHMANN ve Akbar ZAHEER (Eds), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Ellgar Publishing Limited, UK, s. 68-84
• MAYER, Roger. C., DAVIS, James H. ve SCHOORMAN, David F. (1995), “An Integrative Model Of Organisational Trust”, Academy of Management Review, 20 (3), 709-734. MAYER, Roger. C. ve DAVIS, James H. (1999), “The Effect of The Performance Appraisal System on Trust For Management: A Field Quasi-Experiment”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84 (1), 123 136.
• MAYER, Roger. C ve GAVIN, Mark B. (2005), “Trust in Management And Performance: Who Minds The Shop While The Employees Watch The Boss?”, Academy of Management Journal, 48 (5), 874-888.
• REIERSEN, Jon (2017), “Trust As Belief Or Behavior?”, Review of Social Economy, 75 (4), 434-453.
• REINA, Dennis S. ve REINA, Michelle L. (2006), Trust And Betrayal in The Work Place . 2.baskı, Berrett-Koehler Publishers,Inc.
• ROTTER, Julian B. (1971), “Generalized Expectancies For Interpersonal Trust”. American Psychologist, 26(5), 443–452.
• ROUSSEAU, Denise M., SITKIN, Sim B., BURT, Ronald S. ve CAMERER, Colin (1998), “Not So Different After All: A Cross Discipline View Of Trust”, Academy of Management Journal, 23 (3), 393-404.
• SAH, Sunita, LOEWENSTEIN, George ve CAIN, Daylian M. (2013), “The Burden Of Disclosure: Increased Compliance With Distrusted Advice”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104 (2), 289–304.
• SALAMON, Sabrina D. ve ROBINSON, Sandra L. (2008), “Trust That Binds: The İmpact Of Collective Felt Trust On Organizational Performance”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 593–601.
• SAPIENZA, Paola, TOLDRA-SIMATS, Anna ve ZINGALES, Luigi (2013), “Understanding Trust”. Economic Journal, 123 (573), 1313-1332.
• SCHINDLER, Paul L. ve THOMAS, Cher C. (1993), “The Structure of Interpersonal Trust in The Workplace”, Psychological Reports, 73 (2), 563-573.
• SCHWEITZER, Maurice E., BROOKS, Alison ve GALINSKY, Adam D. (2015), “The Organizational Apology: A Step-By-Step Guide”, Harvard Business Review, 93 (9), 44–52.
• SCHWEITZER, Maurice E., HERSHEY, John C. ve BRADLOW, Eric T. (2006), “Promises And Lies: Restoring Violated Trust”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 101 (1), 1–19.

• TOMLINSON, Edward ve MAYER, Roger C. (2009), “The Role Of Casual Attribution Dimensions İn Trust Re- Pair”, Academy of Management Review, 34 (1), 85–104.
• TORSVIK, Gaute (2000), “Social Capital and Economic Development: A Plea For The Mechanisms”, Rationality and Society, 12 (4), 451-476.
• TSCHANNEN-MORAN, Megan ve HOY, Wayne K. (2000). “A Multidisciplinary Analysis Of The Nature, Meaning and Measurement of Trust”, Review of Educational Research, 70 (4), 547- 593.
• WHITENER, Ellen M., BRODT, Susan E, KORSGAARD, Audrey M. ve WERNER, Jon M. (1998). “Managers As Initiators Of Trust: An Exchange Relationship Framework For Understanding Managerial Trustworthy Behavior”, The Academy Of Management Review, 23 (3), 513-530.
• YIP, Jeremy A. ve SCHWEITZER, Maurice E. (2015). “Trust Promotes Unethical Behavior: Excessive Trust, Opportunistic Exploitation and Strategic Exploitation”, Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 216–220.