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E-reçete ve e-reçete sistemleri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1436 - 1449, 26.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1272362

Öz

Hastanelerde yatarak tedavi gören hastaların en yaygın zarar görme nedeni ilaç hatalarıdır. İlaç hataları tıbbi hataların en yaygın nedenidir. İlaç hataları olumsuz ilaç olaylarının (advers drug events-ADE) yaşanmasına neden olabilir. ADE’lerin ölüm ve kalıcı engellilik gibi geri dönüşü olmayan sonuçları bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bu durum genellikle önlenebilir niteliktedir. ADE’lere neden olan ilaç hataları en sık reçete yazma aşamasında meydana gelmektedir. Bir ilacın yanlış reçete edilmesi ya da yanlış yolla verilmesi nedeni ile her yıl binlerce kişi hayatını kaybetmektedir. Bu gibi sonuçlarla karşılaşılmaması için reçete yazma süreçlerinin elektronik olarak kontrol altına alınması gerekmektedir. Bu süreçte meydana gelebilecek ilaç hatalarının engellemesi, azaltılması ve ortadan kaldırılması amacıyla elektronik reçete (e-reçete) sistemleri yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı e-reçete konusu detaylı olarak ele almaktır. Çalışmada e-reçetenin tanımına, e-reçete sisteminin kullanıldığı ülkelere, potansiyel faydalarına, olası zararlarına, zorluklarına ve literatürde e-reçete konusuna ilişkin yapılan çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. Çalışmada e-reçete sistemlerinin mevcut ve potansiyel çok sayıda faydasının olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte sistemlerin kullanımının çeşitli riskleri olduğu belirlenmiştir. E-reçetelerin hastanelerde ilaç ve hasta güvenliği başta olmak üzere iş akış süreçlerini nasıl etkilediğine dair kapsamlı bir anlayış geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Tschanz, M, Lucas-Dorner, T. and Denecke K. (2017). “eMedication Meets eHealth with the Electronic Medication Management Assistant (eMMA)”. In: D. HAYN and G. SCHREIER (Ed.), Health Informatics Meets eHealth (pp. 196–203). Studies in Health Technology and Informatics: IOS Press.
  • 2. Westbrook, J.I, Reckmann, M, Li, L, Runciman, W.B, Burke, “R, Lo, C, Baysari, M.T, Braithwaite, J. and Day, R.O. (2012). Effects of Two Commercial Electronic Prescribing Systems on Prescribing Error Rates in Hospital In-Patients: A Before and After Study”. PLOS Medicine, 9 (1), e1001164/1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1001164
  • 3. Avcı, K. (2014). “Sağlık Kurumlarında İlaç Hatalarının Engellenmesinde Teknoloji Kullanımı”. Balıkesir Health Sciences Journal, 3 (3), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.5505/bsbd.2014.30602
  • 4. Bates, D.W, Cullen, D.J, Laird, N, Petersen, L.A, Small, S.D, Servi, D, Laffel, G, Sweitzer, B.J, Shea, B.F. and Hallisey, R. (1995). “Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. Implications for prevention”. ADE Prevention Study Group. JAMA, 274, 29–34.
  • 5. Lampert, M.L, Kraehenbuehl, S. and Hug, B.L. (2008). “Drug-related problems: Evaluation of a classification system in the daily practice of a Swiss University Hospital”. Pharmacy World and Science, 30 (6), 768–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11096-008-9213-8/TABLES/5
  • 6. Gall, W, Aly, A.F, Sojer, R, Spahni, S. and Ammenwerth, E. (2016). “The national e-medication approaches in Germany, Switzerland and Austria: A structured comparison”. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 93, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMEDINF.2016.05.009
  • 7. Institute of Medicine. (2012). “Health IT and Patient Safety: Building Safer Systems for Better Care”. Washinton DC: National Academies Press.
  • 8. Geissbuhler, A. (2013). “Lessons learned implementing a regional health information exchange in Geneva as a pilot for the Swiss national eHealth strategy”. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 82 (5), e118–e124. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMEDINF.2012.11.002
  • 9. Seidling, H.M, Kaltschmidt, J, Ammenwerth, E. ve Haefeli, W.E. (2013). “Medication safety through e-health technology: can we close the gaps?” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 76 (S1), i–iv. https://doi.org/10.1111/BCP.12217
  • 10. eMediplan. (2022). “Om Oss” Erişim adresi: https://emediplan.ch/ueber-uns/ (Erişim tarihi: 23 Ocak 2023).
  • 11. Lo, C, Burke, R. and Westbrook, J.I. (2010). “Electronic Medication Management Systems’ Influence on Hospital Pharmacists’ Work Patterns”. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, 40 (2), 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/J.2055-2335.2010.TB00516.X
  • 12. Akıcı, A. ve Altun, R. (2013). “Elektronik (e) reçete uygulaması ve akılcı ilaç kullanımına katkısı”. Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi, 17 (3), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.2399/tahd.13.00003
  • 13. ProHealth. (2017). “Sağlık Bilgi Teknolojisi (Sağlık BT)”. Erişim adresi: https://prohealthware.com/tr/health-information-technology-health-it/ (Erişim tarihi: 22 Ocak 2023).
  • 14. Gider, Ö, Ocak, S. and Top, M. (2015). “Evaluation of Electronic Prescription Implications in Turkey: An Investigation of the Perceptions of Physicians”. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 12 (2), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/WVN.12082
  • 15. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu. (2012). “E-reçete Sık Sorulan Sorular”. Erişim adresi: https://medeczane.sgk.gov.tr/doktor/erecetesss.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 03 Mart 2023).
  • 16. European Parliament. (2011). Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare, 2011.
  • 17. Ericson. (2013). “eHealth week 2013: E-health Croatia 2013”. Erişim adresi: https://www.ericsson.hr/en/20130510-ehealth-week-2013-e-health-croatia (Erişim tarihi: 2 Şubat 2023).
  • 18. Bernstein, K, Jensen, H.B, Johansen, I. and Lehrmann, T. (1996). “National strategy for implementation of a health care network. The human facets”. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics: Networking and Telemedicine, 34, 13–17. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-878-6-13
  • 19. Doupi, P, Renko, E, Giest, S, Heywood, J. and Dumortier, J. (2010). Country Brief: Estonia, Brussel Erişim adresi: https://www.ehealth-strategies.eu/database/documents/Estonia_CountryBrief_eHStrategies.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 30 Ocak 2023).
  • 20. Iceland Review. (2007). “Electronic Prescriptions to be Used in Iceland”. Erişim adresi: https://www.icelandreview.com/news/electronic-prescriptions-be-used-iceland/ (Erişim tarihi: 30 Ocak 2023).
  • 21. Deetjen, U. (2016). “European E-Prescriptions: Benefits and Success Factors”. Working Paper Series. Report No: 5. London: University of Oxford.
  • 22. Rahman Jabin, M.S. and Hammar, T. (2022). “Issues with the Swedish e-prescribing system – An analysis of health information technology-related incident reports using an existing classification system”. Digital Health, 8, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221131139/FORMAT/EPUB
  • 23. eMediplan. (2022). “eMediplan und E-Rezept Schweiz”. Erişim adresi: https://emediplan.ch/emediplan-und-e-rezept-schweiz/ (Erişim tarihi: 23 Ocak 2023).
  • 24. Ehälsomyndigheten. (2023). “E-hälsa underlättar vardagen”. Erişim adresi: https://www.ehalsomyndigheten.se/privat/ (Erişim tarihi: 22 Şubat 2023).
  • 25. World Law Group. (2022). “Germany: Mandatory e-Prescription Rollout Postponed”. Erişim adresi: https://www.theworldlawgroup.com/news/germany-mandatory-e-prescription-rollout-postponed (Erişim tarihi: 25 Şubat 2023
  • 26. Wolfgarten J. (2022). “Das E-Rezept im Entlassmanagement”. EHEALTH. Erişim adresi: https://www.shop-apotheke.com/magazin/e-health/e-rezept/e-rezept-in-krankenhaeuser/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Şubat 2023).
  • 27. E-Rezept. (2023). “The e-prescription for Germany”. Erişim adresi: https://www.das-e-rezept-fuer-deutschland.de/en (Erişim tarihi: 24 Şubat 2023).
  • 28. NWS Government. (2019). “Electronic Medication Management System Governance and Standards”. Politicy Directive. Erişim adresi: https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/ActivePDSDocuments/PD2019_050.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 20 Şubat 2023).
  • 29. Department of Health and Aged Care. (2022). Electronic prescribing Erişim adresi: https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/electronic-prescribing (Erişim tarihi: 2 Şubat 2023)
  • 30. Gabriel, H.M. and Swain M. (2014). “E-Prescribing Trends in the United States”.; 2014. ONC Data Brief, No: 18. Washington DC: Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology.
  • 31. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu. (2013). “2012 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu”. Strateji Geliştirme Daire Başkanlığı: Ankara.
  • 32. Yiğit, E, Çetin, T, Keleşmehmet, H, Alsan, Ş. ve Uğur, H. (2019). “Elektronik reçete uygulaması hakkında kalitatif bir değerlendirme”. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician, 10 (1), 2–17.
  • 33. Pearce, R. and Whyte, I. (2018). “Electronic medication management: is it a silver bullet?” Australian Prescriber, 41 (2), 32-33. https://doi.org/10.18773/AUSTPRESCR.2018.012
  • 34. Franklin, D.B, O’Grady, K, Donyai, P, Jacklin, A. and Barber N. (2007). “The impact of a closed-loop electronic prescribing and administration system on prescribing errors, administration errors and staff time: a before-and-after study”. Quality & Safety Health Care, 16 (4), 279–84. https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2006.019497
  • 35. Samadbeik, M., Ahmadi, M. and Hosseini Asanjan, S.M. (2013). “A Theoretical Approach to Electronic Prescription System: Lesson Learned from Literature Review”. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15 (10), 8436. https://doi.org/10.5812/IRCMJ.8436
  • 36. Burkoski, V., Yoon, J., Solomon, S., Hall, T. N. T., Karas, A. B., Jarrett, S. R., & Collins, B. E. (2019). ”Closed-Loop Medication System: Leveraging Technology to Elevate Safety”. Nursing Leadership, 32(Special Issue), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.12927/CJNL.2019.25817
  • 37. Lenderink, B. W. (2004). “Closing the loop of the medication use process using electronic medication administration registration". Pharmacy World and Science, 26, 185–190.
  • 38. Öztürk, E. (2019). “Hastanelerde yatışlı servi̇slerde kapalı döngü i̇laç uygulamasının i̇laç i̇ade oranlarına etki̇si̇ni̇n araştırılması”. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s. 75]. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Ensititüsü Sağlık Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı: İstanbul.

E-Prescription and E-Prescription Systems

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1436 - 1449, 26.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1272362

Öz

Medication errors are the most common cause of injury to inpatients in hospitals and the most common cause of medical errors. Medication errors can cause adverse drug events (ADE). ADEs have irreversible consequences such as death and permanent disability. However, this condition is usually preventable. Medication errors that cause ADEs most often occur during the prescribing phase. Thousands of people die yearly due to incorrect prescriptions of medication or medication misuse. To avoid such consequences, prescribing processes should be controlled electronically. Electronic prescription (e-prescription) systems are widely used to prevent, reduce, and eliminate medication errors that may occur in this process. The purpose of this study object subject of e-prescription is to deal with it in detail. The study includes the definition of e-prescription, the countries where the e-prescription system is used, its potential benefits, possible harms, difficulties, and studies about e-prescription in the literature. In the study, it has been determined that e-prescription systems have many existing and potential benefits. However, it has been determined that using the systems has various risks. It is thought that there is a need to develop a comprehensive understanding of how e-prescriptions affect workflow processes in hospitals, especially drug and patient safety.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Tschanz, M, Lucas-Dorner, T. and Denecke K. (2017). “eMedication Meets eHealth with the Electronic Medication Management Assistant (eMMA)”. In: D. HAYN and G. SCHREIER (Ed.), Health Informatics Meets eHealth (pp. 196–203). Studies in Health Technology and Informatics: IOS Press.
  • 2. Westbrook, J.I, Reckmann, M, Li, L, Runciman, W.B, Burke, “R, Lo, C, Baysari, M.T, Braithwaite, J. and Day, R.O. (2012). Effects of Two Commercial Electronic Prescribing Systems on Prescribing Error Rates in Hospital In-Patients: A Before and After Study”. PLOS Medicine, 9 (1), e1001164/1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1001164
  • 3. Avcı, K. (2014). “Sağlık Kurumlarında İlaç Hatalarının Engellenmesinde Teknoloji Kullanımı”. Balıkesir Health Sciences Journal, 3 (3), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.5505/bsbd.2014.30602
  • 4. Bates, D.W, Cullen, D.J, Laird, N, Petersen, L.A, Small, S.D, Servi, D, Laffel, G, Sweitzer, B.J, Shea, B.F. and Hallisey, R. (1995). “Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. Implications for prevention”. ADE Prevention Study Group. JAMA, 274, 29–34.
  • 5. Lampert, M.L, Kraehenbuehl, S. and Hug, B.L. (2008). “Drug-related problems: Evaluation of a classification system in the daily practice of a Swiss University Hospital”. Pharmacy World and Science, 30 (6), 768–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11096-008-9213-8/TABLES/5
  • 6. Gall, W, Aly, A.F, Sojer, R, Spahni, S. and Ammenwerth, E. (2016). “The national e-medication approaches in Germany, Switzerland and Austria: A structured comparison”. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 93, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMEDINF.2016.05.009
  • 7. Institute of Medicine. (2012). “Health IT and Patient Safety: Building Safer Systems for Better Care”. Washinton DC: National Academies Press.
  • 8. Geissbuhler, A. (2013). “Lessons learned implementing a regional health information exchange in Geneva as a pilot for the Swiss national eHealth strategy”. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 82 (5), e118–e124. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMEDINF.2012.11.002
  • 9. Seidling, H.M, Kaltschmidt, J, Ammenwerth, E. ve Haefeli, W.E. (2013). “Medication safety through e-health technology: can we close the gaps?” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 76 (S1), i–iv. https://doi.org/10.1111/BCP.12217
  • 10. eMediplan. (2022). “Om Oss” Erişim adresi: https://emediplan.ch/ueber-uns/ (Erişim tarihi: 23 Ocak 2023).
  • 11. Lo, C, Burke, R. and Westbrook, J.I. (2010). “Electronic Medication Management Systems’ Influence on Hospital Pharmacists’ Work Patterns”. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, 40 (2), 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/J.2055-2335.2010.TB00516.X
  • 12. Akıcı, A. ve Altun, R. (2013). “Elektronik (e) reçete uygulaması ve akılcı ilaç kullanımına katkısı”. Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi, 17 (3), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.2399/tahd.13.00003
  • 13. ProHealth. (2017). “Sağlık Bilgi Teknolojisi (Sağlık BT)”. Erişim adresi: https://prohealthware.com/tr/health-information-technology-health-it/ (Erişim tarihi: 22 Ocak 2023).
  • 14. Gider, Ö, Ocak, S. and Top, M. (2015). “Evaluation of Electronic Prescription Implications in Turkey: An Investigation of the Perceptions of Physicians”. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 12 (2), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/WVN.12082
  • 15. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu. (2012). “E-reçete Sık Sorulan Sorular”. Erişim adresi: https://medeczane.sgk.gov.tr/doktor/erecetesss.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 03 Mart 2023).
  • 16. European Parliament. (2011). Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare, 2011.
  • 17. Ericson. (2013). “eHealth week 2013: E-health Croatia 2013”. Erişim adresi: https://www.ericsson.hr/en/20130510-ehealth-week-2013-e-health-croatia (Erişim tarihi: 2 Şubat 2023).
  • 18. Bernstein, K, Jensen, H.B, Johansen, I. and Lehrmann, T. (1996). “National strategy for implementation of a health care network. The human facets”. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics: Networking and Telemedicine, 34, 13–17. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-878-6-13
  • 19. Doupi, P, Renko, E, Giest, S, Heywood, J. and Dumortier, J. (2010). Country Brief: Estonia, Brussel Erişim adresi: https://www.ehealth-strategies.eu/database/documents/Estonia_CountryBrief_eHStrategies.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 30 Ocak 2023).
  • 20. Iceland Review. (2007). “Electronic Prescriptions to be Used in Iceland”. Erişim adresi: https://www.icelandreview.com/news/electronic-prescriptions-be-used-iceland/ (Erişim tarihi: 30 Ocak 2023).
  • 21. Deetjen, U. (2016). “European E-Prescriptions: Benefits and Success Factors”. Working Paper Series. Report No: 5. London: University of Oxford.
  • 22. Rahman Jabin, M.S. and Hammar, T. (2022). “Issues with the Swedish e-prescribing system – An analysis of health information technology-related incident reports using an existing classification system”. Digital Health, 8, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221131139/FORMAT/EPUB
  • 23. eMediplan. (2022). “eMediplan und E-Rezept Schweiz”. Erişim adresi: https://emediplan.ch/emediplan-und-e-rezept-schweiz/ (Erişim tarihi: 23 Ocak 2023).
  • 24. Ehälsomyndigheten. (2023). “E-hälsa underlättar vardagen”. Erişim adresi: https://www.ehalsomyndigheten.se/privat/ (Erişim tarihi: 22 Şubat 2023).
  • 25. World Law Group. (2022). “Germany: Mandatory e-Prescription Rollout Postponed”. Erişim adresi: https://www.theworldlawgroup.com/news/germany-mandatory-e-prescription-rollout-postponed (Erişim tarihi: 25 Şubat 2023
  • 26. Wolfgarten J. (2022). “Das E-Rezept im Entlassmanagement”. EHEALTH. Erişim adresi: https://www.shop-apotheke.com/magazin/e-health/e-rezept/e-rezept-in-krankenhaeuser/ (Erişim tarihi: 21 Şubat 2023).
  • 27. E-Rezept. (2023). “The e-prescription for Germany”. Erişim adresi: https://www.das-e-rezept-fuer-deutschland.de/en (Erişim tarihi: 24 Şubat 2023).
  • 28. NWS Government. (2019). “Electronic Medication Management System Governance and Standards”. Politicy Directive. Erişim adresi: https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/ActivePDSDocuments/PD2019_050.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 20 Şubat 2023).
  • 29. Department of Health and Aged Care. (2022). Electronic prescribing Erişim adresi: https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/electronic-prescribing (Erişim tarihi: 2 Şubat 2023)
  • 30. Gabriel, H.M. and Swain M. (2014). “E-Prescribing Trends in the United States”.; 2014. ONC Data Brief, No: 18. Washington DC: Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology.
  • 31. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu. (2013). “2012 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu”. Strateji Geliştirme Daire Başkanlığı: Ankara.
  • 32. Yiğit, E, Çetin, T, Keleşmehmet, H, Alsan, Ş. ve Uğur, H. (2019). “Elektronik reçete uygulaması hakkında kalitatif bir değerlendirme”. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician, 10 (1), 2–17.
  • 33. Pearce, R. and Whyte, I. (2018). “Electronic medication management: is it a silver bullet?” Australian Prescriber, 41 (2), 32-33. https://doi.org/10.18773/AUSTPRESCR.2018.012
  • 34. Franklin, D.B, O’Grady, K, Donyai, P, Jacklin, A. and Barber N. (2007). “The impact of a closed-loop electronic prescribing and administration system on prescribing errors, administration errors and staff time: a before-and-after study”. Quality & Safety Health Care, 16 (4), 279–84. https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2006.019497
  • 35. Samadbeik, M., Ahmadi, M. and Hosseini Asanjan, S.M. (2013). “A Theoretical Approach to Electronic Prescription System: Lesson Learned from Literature Review”. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15 (10), 8436. https://doi.org/10.5812/IRCMJ.8436
  • 36. Burkoski, V., Yoon, J., Solomon, S., Hall, T. N. T., Karas, A. B., Jarrett, S. R., & Collins, B. E. (2019). ”Closed-Loop Medication System: Leveraging Technology to Elevate Safety”. Nursing Leadership, 32(Special Issue), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.12927/CJNL.2019.25817
  • 37. Lenderink, B. W. (2004). “Closing the loop of the medication use process using electronic medication administration registration". Pharmacy World and Science, 26, 185–190.
  • 38. Öztürk, E. (2019). “Hastanelerde yatışlı servi̇slerde kapalı döngü i̇laç uygulamasının i̇laç i̇ade oranlarına etki̇si̇ni̇n araştırılması”. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s. 75]. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Ensititüsü Sağlık Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı: İstanbul.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Okan Özkan 0000-0001-9491-8696

Selin Kalender 0000-0002-4377-9339

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkan, O., & Kalender, S. (2024). E-reçete ve e-reçete sistemleri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 1436-1449. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1272362
AMA Özkan O, Kalender S. E-reçete ve e-reçete sistemleri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. Eylül 2024;13(3):1436-1449. doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1272362
Chicago Özkan, Okan, ve Selin Kalender. “E-reçete Ve E-reçete Sistemleri”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13, sy. 3 (Eylül 2024): 1436-49. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1272362.
EndNote Özkan O, Kalender S (01 Eylül 2024) E-reçete ve e-reçete sistemleri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13 3 1436–1449.
IEEE O. Özkan ve S. Kalender, “E-reçete ve e-reçete sistemleri”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 3, ss. 1436–1449, 2024, doi: 10.37989/gumussagbil.1272362.
ISNAD Özkan, Okan - Kalender, Selin. “E-reçete Ve E-reçete Sistemleri”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13/3 (Eylül 2024), 1436-1449. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1272362.
JAMA Özkan O, Kalender S. E-reçete ve e-reçete sistemleri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;13:1436–1449.
MLA Özkan, Okan ve Selin Kalender. “E-reçete Ve E-reçete Sistemleri”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 3, 2024, ss. 1436-49, doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1272362.
Vancouver Özkan O, Kalender S. E-reçete ve e-reçete sistemleri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;13(3):1436-49.