Periodic Analysis of the Visitor Densities of Museums in Turkey
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 621 - 645, 27.09.2023
Günay Erol
,
Hakan Çetiner
Öz
Museums are an attraction for visitors in touristic movements, and they are also important places for local people. The attractiveness of museums for tourists can be explained by visitor density as well as the values they contain. Visitor density in museums can be affected by many variables and these variables can have an impact on visiting periods. Therefore, analyzing the behavior of the visitors of a museum and making inferences about the visitor density can be effective both on the museum service and the museum experience of the visitors. The aim of this study is to determine the visitor density periods of some of the most visited museums in Turkey. The data in the study were obtained from the Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism and museums. The visitor density of some of the most visited museums in Turkey between 2017 and 2021 was determined as low, shoulder and high season. According to this, although there are some differences, January and February are the periods with the lowest visitor density, while August and October are the periods with the highest visitor density. In addition, periodic visitor densities for each museum and their reasons are discussed in the study.
Kaynakça
- Akbulut, G., & Artvinli, E. (2011). Effects of Turkish railway museums on cultural tourism. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.115
- Bantimaroudis, P., Zyglidopoulos, S., & Symeou, P. C. (2010). Greek museum media visibility and museum visitation: an exploration of cultural agenda setting. Journal of Communication, 60, 743–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01512.x
- Brida, J. G., Meleddu, M., & Pulina, M. (2016). Understanding museum visitors’ experience: a comparative study. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 6(1), 47-71. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-07-2015-0025
- Capstick, B. (1985) Museums and tourism. International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship, 4(4), 365-372, https://doi.org/10.1080/09647778509514990
- Creigh-Tyte, S. W., & Selwood, S. (1998). Museums in the U.K.: some evidence on scale and activities. Journal of Cultural Economics, 22, 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007562103987
- Çanakkale İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (2022). Müze ve Örenyerleri İstatistikleri. https://canakkale.ktb.gov.tr/TR-70505/muze-ve-orenyerleri-istatistikleri.html adresinden 26 Ocak 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
- Dağdeviren, A. (2020). Turizm ve Türk-Japon Dostluğu. Güncel turizm araştırmaları (155-175) İçinde, Akademisyen Kitabevi, Ankara.
- Davey, G. (2005). What is museum fatigue?. Visitor Studies Today, 8(3), 17-21.
- Denizli İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (2021). Turizm İstatistikleri. Veriler elektronik posta yoluyla elde edilmiştir.
- Döner Sermaye İşletmesi Merkez Müdürlüğü (2022). Müze İstatistikleri. http://www.dosim.gov.tr/muze-istatistikleri adresinden 2 Ocak 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
- Goulding, C. (2000). The museum environment and the visitor experience. European Journal of Marketing, 34(3/4), 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560010311849
- Graburn, N. (1977). The museum and the visitor experience. Roundtable Reports, Fall, 1-5.
- Gül, M., & Gül, K. (2017). Özel müzelerin kültür turizmi potansiyeli açısından değerlendirilmesi: Balıkesir Örneği. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(4), 52-65.
- İstanbul İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (2022). Müze istatistikleri. https://istanbul.ktb.gov.tr/TR-276899/muze-istatistikleri.html
- İzmir İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (2022). Müze istatistikleri. https://izmir.ktb.gov.tr/TR-77301/muze-istatistikleri.html
- Johanson, L. B., & Olsen, K. (2010). Alta Museum as a tourist attraction: the importance of location. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17438730903469797
- Keskin, E., Aktaş, F., Yayla, Ö., & Dedeoğlu, B. (2022). The importance of nostalgic emotions and memorable tourism experience in the cultural experience. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2022.2097976
- Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1998), Destination culture: tourism, museums, and heritage, University of California Press, USA.
- Koliou, A. (1997). Foreign languages and their role in access to museums. Museum Management and Curatorship, 16(1), 71-76, https://doi.org/10.1080/09647779700601601
- Komarac, T., Dosen, D. O., & Bulatovic, V. J. (2019). The role of special event in attracting museum visitors and popularizing museums. 5th International Scientific Conference -Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe, Opatija, Croatia.
- Louvre (2023). 7.8 million visitors to the Musée du Louvre in 2022 https://presse.louvre.fr/7-8-million-visitors-to-the-musee-du-louvre-in-2022/#:~:text=The%20Public%20Establishment%20of%20the,7.8%20million%20visitors%20in%202022
- Maddison, D. (2004). Causality and museum subsidies. Journal of Cultural Economics, 28, 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JCEC.0000019515.96628.f5
- Marty, P. F., Rayward, W. B., & Twidale, M. B. (2003). Museum informatics. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 37, 259-294. https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.1440370107
- Paardekooper, R. (2012). The value of an archaeological open-air museum is in its use: understanding archaeological open-air museums and their visitors, Sidestone Press.
- Plaza, B. (2000). Evaluating the influence of a large cultural artifact in the attraction of tourism The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Case. Urban Affairs Review, 36(2), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780870022184859
- Rentschler, R. (2007). Museum marketing: no longer a dirty word. Museum marketing: competing in the global marketplace (s.12-20) içinde, Elsevier.
- Skinner, S. J., Ekelund, R. B., & Jackson, J. D. (2009). Art Museum Attendance, Public Funding, and the Business Cycle. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 68(2), 491-516.
- Statista (2022). Museums worldwide- statistics & facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/7489/museums-worldwide/#topicOverview
- Statista (2023a). Most visited museums worldwide from 2019 to 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/901072/museums-by-total-attendance-worldwide/
- Statista (2023b). Museum industry market size in the U.S. 2011-2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1174784/museum-industry-market-size-us/
- Tanıtma Genel Müdürlüğü (2019). Göbeklitepe yılı. https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/portal/2019-gobeklitepe-yili
- Tanıtma Genel Müdürlüğü (2020). 2020 Patara yılı. https://tanitma.ktb.gov.tr/TR-275260/2020-patara-yili.html
- TEA/AECOM (2019). Theme index and museum index: the global attractions attendance report. Themed Entertainment Association (TEA). https://aecom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2019-Theme-Index-web-1.pdf
- TEA/AECOM (2020). Theme index and museum index: the global attractions attendance report. Themed Entertainment Association (TEA). https://aecom.com/wp-content/uploads/documents/reports/AECOM-Theme-Index-2020.pdf
- TEA/AECOM (2021). Theme index and museum index: the global attractions attendance report. Themed Entertainment Association (TEA). https://aecom.com/wp-content/uploads/documents/reports/AECOM-Theme-Index-2021.pdf
- The Bussiness Research Company (2023). Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks global market report 2023. https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/museums-historical-sites-zoos-and-parks-global-market-report#:~:text=The%20global%20museums%2C%20historical%20sites,least%20in%20the%20short%20term
- Trinh, T. T., & Ryan, C. (2013). Museums, exhibits and visitor satisfaction: a study of the Cham Museum, Danang, Vietnam. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 11(4), 239-263, https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2013.829481
- TUİK (2020). Kültürel Miras, 2019. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kulturel-Miras-2019-33633
- TUİK (2021). Kültürel Miras, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kulturel-Miras-2020-37203
- TUİK (2022). Kültürel Miras, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kulturel-Miras-2021-45687
- Türkiye Kültür Portalı (2020). Şanlıurfa Arkeoloji Müzesi – Şanlıurfa. https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/sanliurfa/gezilecekyer/sanliurfa-arkeoloji-muzesi-1
- UNESCO (2021a). Museums. https://en.unesco.org/themes/museums
- UNESCO (2021b). UNESCO report: museums around the world in the face of COVID-19. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376729_eng
- UNESCO Türkiye Milli Komisyonu (2021). Hacı Bektaş Veli’nin Vefatının 750.Yıl Dönümü Anma Etkinlikleri. https://www.unesco.org.tr/home/AnnouncementDetail/5797
- Vallez, N., Krauss, S., Espinosa-Aranda J. L., Pagani, A., Seirafi, K., & Deniz, O. (2020). Automatic museum audio guide. Sensors, 20(3), 779, https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030779
- Zorloni, A. (2010). Managing performance indicators in visual art museums. Museum Management and Curatorship, 25(2), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647771003737273.
Türkiye’deki Müzelerin Ziyaretçi Yoğunluklarının Dönemsel Olarak İncelenmesi
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 621 - 645, 27.09.2023
Günay Erol
,
Hakan Çetiner
Öz
Müzeler turizm hareketliliği içerisindeki ziyaretçiler tarafından ilgi gören bir çekicilik olmasının yanında, kimi zaman yerel halk için de önemli mekânlardır. Müzelerin ziyaretçiler tarafından ilgi çekici bulunması, içerisinde bulundurduğu değerlerin yanında ziyaretçilerin yoğunluğu ile de açıklanabilmektedir. Müzelerdeki ziyaretçi yoğunluğu ise birçok değişkenden etkilenebilmekte ve bu değişkenler ziyaret dönemleri üzerinde etkili olabilmektedir. Bu yüzden bir müzeye ait ziyaretçilerin davranışlarının çözümlenmesi ve ziyaretçi yoğunluklarına ilişkin çıkarımlar yapılması hem müzelerin sunduğu hizmet üzerinde hem de ziyaretçilerin müze deneyiminde etkili olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de en çok ziyaret edilen bazı müzelerin ziyaretçi yoğunluk dönemlerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmadaki veriler İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlükleri ve müzelerden elde edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye’de 2017-2021 yılları arasındaki en çok ziyaret edilen müzelerin ziyaretçi yoğunluğu; düşük sezon, omuz sezonu (shoulder season) ve yüksek sezon olarak belirlenmiştir. Buna göre Türkiye’deki müzelerin, bazı farklılıklar olmakla birlikte, Ocak ve Şubat dönemi en düşük, Ağustos ve Ekim dönemleri ise en yüksek ziyaretçi yoğunluğunun olduğu dönemler olmuştur. Çalışmada ayrıca her bir müze için dönemsel ziyaretçi yoğunlukları ve bunların nedenleri ele alınmıştır.
Teşekkür
Çalışmamızda bulunan müze ve ören yerleri ile ilgili verileri düzenleyen ve sağlayan kurumlarımızın çalışanlarına teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Akbulut, G., & Artvinli, E. (2011). Effects of Turkish railway museums on cultural tourism. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.115
- Bantimaroudis, P., Zyglidopoulos, S., & Symeou, P. C. (2010). Greek museum media visibility and museum visitation: an exploration of cultural agenda setting. Journal of Communication, 60, 743–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01512.x
- Brida, J. G., Meleddu, M., & Pulina, M. (2016). Understanding museum visitors’ experience: a comparative study. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 6(1), 47-71. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-07-2015-0025
- Capstick, B. (1985) Museums and tourism. International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship, 4(4), 365-372, https://doi.org/10.1080/09647778509514990
- Creigh-Tyte, S. W., & Selwood, S. (1998). Museums in the U.K.: some evidence on scale and activities. Journal of Cultural Economics, 22, 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007562103987
- Çanakkale İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (2022). Müze ve Örenyerleri İstatistikleri. https://canakkale.ktb.gov.tr/TR-70505/muze-ve-orenyerleri-istatistikleri.html adresinden 26 Ocak 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
- Dağdeviren, A. (2020). Turizm ve Türk-Japon Dostluğu. Güncel turizm araştırmaları (155-175) İçinde, Akademisyen Kitabevi, Ankara.
- Davey, G. (2005). What is museum fatigue?. Visitor Studies Today, 8(3), 17-21.
- Denizli İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (2021). Turizm İstatistikleri. Veriler elektronik posta yoluyla elde edilmiştir.
- Döner Sermaye İşletmesi Merkez Müdürlüğü (2022). Müze İstatistikleri. http://www.dosim.gov.tr/muze-istatistikleri adresinden 2 Ocak 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
- Goulding, C. (2000). The museum environment and the visitor experience. European Journal of Marketing, 34(3/4), 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560010311849
- Graburn, N. (1977). The museum and the visitor experience. Roundtable Reports, Fall, 1-5.
- Gül, M., & Gül, K. (2017). Özel müzelerin kültür turizmi potansiyeli açısından değerlendirilmesi: Balıkesir Örneği. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(4), 52-65.
- İstanbul İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (2022). Müze istatistikleri. https://istanbul.ktb.gov.tr/TR-276899/muze-istatistikleri.html
- İzmir İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (2022). Müze istatistikleri. https://izmir.ktb.gov.tr/TR-77301/muze-istatistikleri.html
- Johanson, L. B., & Olsen, K. (2010). Alta Museum as a tourist attraction: the importance of location. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17438730903469797
- Keskin, E., Aktaş, F., Yayla, Ö., & Dedeoğlu, B. (2022). The importance of nostalgic emotions and memorable tourism experience in the cultural experience. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2022.2097976
- Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1998), Destination culture: tourism, museums, and heritage, University of California Press, USA.
- Koliou, A. (1997). Foreign languages and their role in access to museums. Museum Management and Curatorship, 16(1), 71-76, https://doi.org/10.1080/09647779700601601
- Komarac, T., Dosen, D. O., & Bulatovic, V. J. (2019). The role of special event in attracting museum visitors and popularizing museums. 5th International Scientific Conference -Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe, Opatija, Croatia.
- Louvre (2023). 7.8 million visitors to the Musée du Louvre in 2022 https://presse.louvre.fr/7-8-million-visitors-to-the-musee-du-louvre-in-2022/#:~:text=The%20Public%20Establishment%20of%20the,7.8%20million%20visitors%20in%202022
- Maddison, D. (2004). Causality and museum subsidies. Journal of Cultural Economics, 28, 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JCEC.0000019515.96628.f5
- Marty, P. F., Rayward, W. B., & Twidale, M. B. (2003). Museum informatics. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 37, 259-294. https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.1440370107
- Paardekooper, R. (2012). The value of an archaeological open-air museum is in its use: understanding archaeological open-air museums and their visitors, Sidestone Press.
- Plaza, B. (2000). Evaluating the influence of a large cultural artifact in the attraction of tourism The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Case. Urban Affairs Review, 36(2), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780870022184859
- Rentschler, R. (2007). Museum marketing: no longer a dirty word. Museum marketing: competing in the global marketplace (s.12-20) içinde, Elsevier.
- Skinner, S. J., Ekelund, R. B., & Jackson, J. D. (2009). Art Museum Attendance, Public Funding, and the Business Cycle. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 68(2), 491-516.
- Statista (2022). Museums worldwide- statistics & facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/7489/museums-worldwide/#topicOverview
- Statista (2023a). Most visited museums worldwide from 2019 to 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/901072/museums-by-total-attendance-worldwide/
- Statista (2023b). Museum industry market size in the U.S. 2011-2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1174784/museum-industry-market-size-us/
- Tanıtma Genel Müdürlüğü (2019). Göbeklitepe yılı. https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/portal/2019-gobeklitepe-yili
- Tanıtma Genel Müdürlüğü (2020). 2020 Patara yılı. https://tanitma.ktb.gov.tr/TR-275260/2020-patara-yili.html
- TEA/AECOM (2019). Theme index and museum index: the global attractions attendance report. Themed Entertainment Association (TEA). https://aecom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2019-Theme-Index-web-1.pdf
- TEA/AECOM (2020). Theme index and museum index: the global attractions attendance report. Themed Entertainment Association (TEA). https://aecom.com/wp-content/uploads/documents/reports/AECOM-Theme-Index-2020.pdf
- TEA/AECOM (2021). Theme index and museum index: the global attractions attendance report. Themed Entertainment Association (TEA). https://aecom.com/wp-content/uploads/documents/reports/AECOM-Theme-Index-2021.pdf
- The Bussiness Research Company (2023). Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks global market report 2023. https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/museums-historical-sites-zoos-and-parks-global-market-report#:~:text=The%20global%20museums%2C%20historical%20sites,least%20in%20the%20short%20term
- Trinh, T. T., & Ryan, C. (2013). Museums, exhibits and visitor satisfaction: a study of the Cham Museum, Danang, Vietnam. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 11(4), 239-263, https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2013.829481
- TUİK (2020). Kültürel Miras, 2019. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kulturel-Miras-2019-33633
- TUİK (2021). Kültürel Miras, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kulturel-Miras-2020-37203
- TUİK (2022). Kültürel Miras, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kulturel-Miras-2021-45687
- Türkiye Kültür Portalı (2020). Şanlıurfa Arkeoloji Müzesi – Şanlıurfa. https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/sanliurfa/gezilecekyer/sanliurfa-arkeoloji-muzesi-1
- UNESCO (2021a). Museums. https://en.unesco.org/themes/museums
- UNESCO (2021b). UNESCO report: museums around the world in the face of COVID-19. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376729_eng
- UNESCO Türkiye Milli Komisyonu (2021). Hacı Bektaş Veli’nin Vefatının 750.Yıl Dönümü Anma Etkinlikleri. https://www.unesco.org.tr/home/AnnouncementDetail/5797
- Vallez, N., Krauss, S., Espinosa-Aranda J. L., Pagani, A., Seirafi, K., & Deniz, O. (2020). Automatic museum audio guide. Sensors, 20(3), 779, https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030779
- Zorloni, A. (2010). Managing performance indicators in visual art museums. Museum Management and Curatorship, 25(2), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647771003737273.