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Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Kaynak Ülke Açısından Taşıdığı Riskler: Wagner Örneği

Yıl 2024, , 19 - 41, 26.04.2024

Gökhan Tuncel , Osman Ağır , Fatma Nur Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1384007

Öz

Savaşların doğasının değişmesiyle birlikte hibrit savaşlar yaygınlık kazanmış ve bu doğrultuda özel askeri şirketler, özellikle küresel hedefleri bulunan devletlerin, savaş stratejilerinde önemli bir araç haline gelmiştir. Özel askeri şirketler kaynak ülkelere çeşitli avantajlar sağlamakla birlikte bu ülkeler açısından tehdit oluşturabilecek riskleri de bünyelerinde barındırmaktadırlar. Küresel politikada etkinlik kazanma amacı taşıyan ve küresel hedefleri doğrultusunda özel askeri şirketleri dış politikada araçsallaştıran Rusya Federasyonu’nun en önemli özel askeri şirketi Wagner’in isyan girişimi, özel askeri şirketlerin kaynak ülkeler açısından taşıdığı risklerin yeniden tartışılır hale gelmesini sağlamıştır. 2014 yılında Rusya’nın Kırım’ı ilhakında görev alarak dünyada adını duyurmaya başlayan ve Rusya açısından kullanışlı bir aygıta dönüşen Wagner’in isyanı, bu tür yapılanmaların kontrol altında tutulamadıklarında kaynak ülkeler açısından önemli ulusal güvenlik sorunlarına yol açabileceklerini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Wagner örneği üzerinden özel askeri şirketlerin kaynak ülkeler açısından taşıdığı riskler tartışılmakta, daha sonra Wagner’in Rus siyasetindeki rolü ve etkisi değerlendirilerek Rusya açısından meydana getirdiği tehditler ele alınmaktadır. Tarihsel ve betimsel metodolojinin kullanılacağı bu çalışma, “özel askeri şirketlerin aşırı güçlendiklerinde ve kaynak ülkeye yakın coğrafyalarda görev yaptıklarında kaynak ülkedeki siyasal iktidar için risk oluşturabilecekleri” denencesine dayanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya Ukrayna Wagner Özel Askeri Şirketler Hibrit Savaş

Kaynakça

  • AKÇINAROĞLU Seden ve RADZISZZEWSKI Elizabeth (2013). “Private Military Companies, Opportunities, and Termination of Civil Wars in Africa”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57:5, 795-821.
  • CLARK Mason (2020). “Russian Hybrid Warfare”, Institute for The Study of War (ISW).
  • DESAI Deven R. (2005). “Have Your Cake and Eat It Too: A Proposal for a Layered Approach to Regulating Private Military Companies”, University Of San Francisco Law Review, 39, 825-871.
  • ERKAN Anıl Çağlar ve ATEŞ Ahmet (2023). “Wagner Grubu’nun Yapısı ve Operasyonları Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Toplum, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, 4:1, 11-130.
  • FITZSIMMONS Scott (2013). “Wheeled Warriors: Explaining Variations in the Use of Violence by Private Security Companies in Iraq”, Security Studies, 22:4, 707-739.
  • FRANKOWSKI Pawel (2017), “Outer Space and Private Companies: Consequences for Global Security”, Politeja, 50:5, 131-148.
  • FREEDMAN Robert O. (2001). “Russian Policy toward the Middle East: The Yeltsin Legacy and the Putin Challenge”, Middle East Journal, 55:1, 58-90.
  • GERASIMOV Valery (2016). “The Value of Science Is in the Foresight New Challenges Demand Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying out Combat Operations”, Military Review, 23-29.
  • GIEDRAITIS Aivaras (2020). “Private Military Companies in the Foreign and Security Policy of the Russian Federation in 2014–2019”, Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review, 18, 123-162.
  • GÖREN Betül Biçen (2022). “Soğuk Savaş Sonrası ÖAŞ’lerin Yükselişindeki Siyasi ve Ekonomik Arka Plan”, Nur Özkan Erbay (ed.), Özel Askeri Şirketler Savaş Müteahhitliği ve Uluslararası Güvenlik, SETA, İstanbul, 69-86.
  • GÖRÜCÜ Kutluhan ve BÜNYAD Arzu (2020). “Rus Hayalet Ordusu Wagner”, SETA Analiz, Şubat 2020, Sayı: 311.
  • GÜNEŞ Burak (2020). “Orta Doğu’da Devlet Dışı Aktör Olarak Özel Askeri ve Güvenlik Şirketleri”, International Journal of Social Inquiry, 13:2, 543-483.
  • JANABY Mohamad Ghazi (2016). “The Legal Regime Applicable to Private Military and Security Company Personnel in Armed Conflicts”. Springer.
  • KESER Ahmet (2020). “Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Küresel Yayılımı ve Geleceği”, SETA Rapor.
  • LINDEMANN Marc (2007). “Civilian Contractors under Military Law”, Parameters, 37:3, 83-94.
  • MARTEN Kimberly (2019). “Russia’s Use of Semi-state Security Forces: The Case of The Wagner Group”, Post-Soviet Affairs.
  • MCFATE Seen (2014). The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean For World Order. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • MOHIUDDIN Sadia Rania (2022). “ÖAŞ’ler: İnsan Hakları ve Terörizm Tehdidi”, Nur Özkan Erbay (ed.), Özel Askeri Şirketler Savaş Müteahhitliği ve Uluslararası Güvenlik, SETA, İstanbul, 87-108.
  • ØSTENSEN Åse Gilje ve BUKKVOLL Tor (2018). “Russian Use of Private Military and Security Companies”. FFI-RAPPORT.
  • PRADO Mariana Mota (2009). “Regulatory Choices in the Privatization of Infrastructure”, Simon Chesterman, ve Angelina Fisher (ed.), Private Security, Public Order, The Outsourcing of Public Services and Its Limits, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, 107-132.
  • REYNOLDS Nathaniel (2019). “Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group”, The Return Of Global Russia, July 2019, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • SALZMAN Zoe (2008). Private Military Contractors And The Taint Of A Mercenary Reputation. International Law and Politics. 40, 853-892.
  • SINGER Peter W. (2004). The Private Military Industry And Iraq: What Have We Learned And Where To Next? Geneva Centre For The Democratic Control Of Armed Forces (DCAF).
  • SINGER Peter W. (2008). Corporate Warriors The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • SINGH Rajneesh (2023). The Wagner Group: A Tool Of Hybrid Warfar. Manohar Parrikar Institute For Defence Studies and Analyses.
  • SPEARIN Christopher (2017). Private Military and Security Companies and States, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • TOPAL Ahmet Hamdi (2011). “Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Özel Askeri Şirketler ve Şirket Çalışanlarının Statüsü”, AUHFD, 60:4, 963-1021.
  • TRENIN Dmitri (2009). “Russia Reborn: Reimagining Moscow’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, 88:6, 64-78.
  • WALLWORK Richard D. (2005). Operational Implications of Private Military Companies in the Global War on Terror. School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
  • WULF Herbert (2005). Internationalizing and Privatizing War and Peace, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • YALÇINKAYA Haldun (2006). “Özel Askeri Sektörün Oluşumu ve Savaşların Özelleşmesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61:3, 247-277.
  • YAYIM Ahmet Fuat (2006). Savunma Sanayiinde Küreselleşme Biçimleri. Özel Askeri Şirketler, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • YILMAZ Salih (2020). Rusya’nın Suriye Politikası. İlbilge Yayıncılık Eğitim, Ankara.
  • YÜKSEL Çağdaş (2023). “Private Military Contractors in Conflict Zones”. TRTWorld Research Centre.
  • ALONSO-TRABANCO Jose Miquel (2019). Mercenaries and the Wagner Group: What’s Old Is New Again. Geopoliticalmonitor, https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/mercenaries-and-the-wagner-group-whats-old-is-new-again/, erişim 11.08.2023.
  • ASLAN Murat (2023). Wagner Kalkışması: Anlamı ve Alınan Dersler. Kriter, 8:81, https://kriterdergi.com/dis-politika/wagner-kalkismasi-anlami-ve-alinan-dersler, erişim 09.09.2023.
  • CIMINI Tea (2018). The Invisible Army: Explaining Private Military and Security Companies. E-International Relations, https://www.e-ir.info/2018/08/02/the-invisible-army-explaining-private-military-and-security-companies/, erişim 16.08.2023.
  • COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2023). The Business of War – Growing risks from Private Military Companies, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/66700/private-military-companies-final-31-august.pdf , erişim 02.01.2024.
  • EKONOMIÇESKAYA Pravda (2023). “Wagner Polnostu Finansiuretsa İz Gosbudjeta”, https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2023/06/27/701631/, erişim 10.07.2023.
  • GUNEEV Sergey (2023). “Putin Raskrıl Detaili Aviakadastrofi v Katoroy Pogib Prigojin”, https://lentv24.ru/putin-raskryl-detali-aviakatastrofy-v-kotoroi-pogib-prigozin.htm, erişim 27.08.2023.
  • GURGANUS Julia ve RUMER Eugene (2019). “Russia’s Global Ambitions in Perspective”, Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, 20.02.2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/02/20/russia-s-global-ambitions-in-perspective-pub-78067, erişim 19.10.2023.
  • GÜVEN Mehmet Emin (2023). “Besle Kargayı Oysun Gözünü”, Malatyatime, https://www.malatyatime.com/makale/besle-kargayi-oysun-gozunu-77744, erişim 16.10.2023.
  • KATZ Biran, JONES Seth G., DOXSEE Catrina, HARRINGTON Nicholas (2020). “Moscow’s Mercenary Wars”, Center For Strategic & International Studies, https://russianpmcs.csis.org/, erişim 07.08.2023.
  • MACKINNON Amy (2021). “What Is Russia’s Wagner Group?”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/06/what-is-wagner-group-russia-mercenaries-military-contractor/, erişim 16.08.2023.
  • NIKIFOROVA Victoria (2023). Zapat Pastavil Vse Na Grajdanskuyu Vaynu v Rassii, https://ria.ru/20230626/myatezh-1880349524.html, erişim 29.10.2023.
  • PLAKUÇEV Grigory (2023). Est Kem Zamenit, Vagner Uxodit C Ukrainu, No Mobiliziatsi Ne Potrubeatsa, https://www.gazeta.ru/army/2023/07/03/17226374.shtml, erişim 01.09.2023.
  • SASLANBEK İsaev (2018). “Wagner: Suriye’deki Paralı Rus Askerler”, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/vagner-suriyedeki-parali-rus-askerler/1088402, erişim 06.08.2023.
  • SAUER Pijotr (May 5, 2023). Wagner Chief Rages at Russia’s Generals and Threatens Bakhmut Pullout, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/05/wagner-chief-yevgeny-prigozhin-rages-at-russia-generals-and-threatens-bakhmut-pullout, erişim 13.09.2023.
  • SURİYE GÜNDEMİ (2019). Rus Özel Askeri Şirket Wagner’in Faaliyet Gösterdiği Ülkeler, https://www.suriyegundemi.com/rus-ozel-askeri-sirketi-wagner-in-faaliyet-gosterdigi-ulkeler, erişim 05.10.2023.
  • UNITED NATIONS (1989). International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, New York (US), Vol.2163, Status.17(37), https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-6&chapter=18&clang=_en, erişim 21.08.2023.
  • ZAHABRIKOV Vladimir (2023). Pavar. Osnavatel ÇVK Myatejnik. Evgeniy Prigojin Pagib v Aviakastrofe. Çem On Zapomnilsa? https://lenta.ru/articles/ 2023/08/24/ evgeniiprigozhinumer/, erişim 24.10.2023.

Risks of Private Military Companies for the Country of Origin: The Case of Wagner

Yıl 2024, , 19 - 41, 26.04.2024

Gökhan Tuncel , Osman Ağır , Fatma Nur Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1384007

Öz

Due to the recent changes in the nature of wars, hybrid wars have become widespread, and private military companies have become an important tool in the war strategies of states, especially of those with global goals. While private military companies provide various advantages to countries of origin, they also pose some threats. Wagner has been the most important military company of the Russian Federation, which desires to gain influence in global politics and instrumentalizes private military companies in its foreign policy. However, the rebellion attempt of Wagner has made the risks posed by private military companies to countries of origin debatable again. Wagner started to make a name for itself by taking part in Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and has turned into a useful device for Russia, but its rebellion revealed that such structures can cause serious national security problems for the states to which they belong if they cannot be kept under control. Discussing the risks posed by private military companies to countries of origin through the example of Wagner; this study evaluates Wagner’s role and influence in Russian politics and examines the threats it poses to Russia. This study, uses historical and descriptive methodology and is based on the hypothesis that “private military companies may pose a risk to the country of origin when they become excessively powerful and operate in nearby geographies.”

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russia Ukraine Wagner Private Military Companies Hybrid Warfare

Kaynakça

  • AKÇINAROĞLU Seden ve RADZISZZEWSKI Elizabeth (2013). “Private Military Companies, Opportunities, and Termination of Civil Wars in Africa”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57:5, 795-821.
  • CLARK Mason (2020). “Russian Hybrid Warfare”, Institute for The Study of War (ISW).
  • DESAI Deven R. (2005). “Have Your Cake and Eat It Too: A Proposal for a Layered Approach to Regulating Private Military Companies”, University Of San Francisco Law Review, 39, 825-871.
  • ERKAN Anıl Çağlar ve ATEŞ Ahmet (2023). “Wagner Grubu’nun Yapısı ve Operasyonları Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Toplum, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, 4:1, 11-130.
  • FITZSIMMONS Scott (2013). “Wheeled Warriors: Explaining Variations in the Use of Violence by Private Security Companies in Iraq”, Security Studies, 22:4, 707-739.
  • FRANKOWSKI Pawel (2017), “Outer Space and Private Companies: Consequences for Global Security”, Politeja, 50:5, 131-148.
  • FREEDMAN Robert O. (2001). “Russian Policy toward the Middle East: The Yeltsin Legacy and the Putin Challenge”, Middle East Journal, 55:1, 58-90.
  • GERASIMOV Valery (2016). “The Value of Science Is in the Foresight New Challenges Demand Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying out Combat Operations”, Military Review, 23-29.
  • GIEDRAITIS Aivaras (2020). “Private Military Companies in the Foreign and Security Policy of the Russian Federation in 2014–2019”, Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review, 18, 123-162.
  • GÖREN Betül Biçen (2022). “Soğuk Savaş Sonrası ÖAŞ’lerin Yükselişindeki Siyasi ve Ekonomik Arka Plan”, Nur Özkan Erbay (ed.), Özel Askeri Şirketler Savaş Müteahhitliği ve Uluslararası Güvenlik, SETA, İstanbul, 69-86.
  • GÖRÜCÜ Kutluhan ve BÜNYAD Arzu (2020). “Rus Hayalet Ordusu Wagner”, SETA Analiz, Şubat 2020, Sayı: 311.
  • GÜNEŞ Burak (2020). “Orta Doğu’da Devlet Dışı Aktör Olarak Özel Askeri ve Güvenlik Şirketleri”, International Journal of Social Inquiry, 13:2, 543-483.
  • JANABY Mohamad Ghazi (2016). “The Legal Regime Applicable to Private Military and Security Company Personnel in Armed Conflicts”. Springer.
  • KESER Ahmet (2020). “Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Küresel Yayılımı ve Geleceği”, SETA Rapor.
  • LINDEMANN Marc (2007). “Civilian Contractors under Military Law”, Parameters, 37:3, 83-94.
  • MARTEN Kimberly (2019). “Russia’s Use of Semi-state Security Forces: The Case of The Wagner Group”, Post-Soviet Affairs.
  • MCFATE Seen (2014). The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean For World Order. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • MOHIUDDIN Sadia Rania (2022). “ÖAŞ’ler: İnsan Hakları ve Terörizm Tehdidi”, Nur Özkan Erbay (ed.), Özel Askeri Şirketler Savaş Müteahhitliği ve Uluslararası Güvenlik, SETA, İstanbul, 87-108.
  • ØSTENSEN Åse Gilje ve BUKKVOLL Tor (2018). “Russian Use of Private Military and Security Companies”. FFI-RAPPORT.
  • PRADO Mariana Mota (2009). “Regulatory Choices in the Privatization of Infrastructure”, Simon Chesterman, ve Angelina Fisher (ed.), Private Security, Public Order, The Outsourcing of Public Services and Its Limits, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, 107-132.
  • REYNOLDS Nathaniel (2019). “Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group”, The Return Of Global Russia, July 2019, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • SALZMAN Zoe (2008). Private Military Contractors And The Taint Of A Mercenary Reputation. International Law and Politics. 40, 853-892.
  • SINGER Peter W. (2004). The Private Military Industry And Iraq: What Have We Learned And Where To Next? Geneva Centre For The Democratic Control Of Armed Forces (DCAF).
  • SINGER Peter W. (2008). Corporate Warriors The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • SINGH Rajneesh (2023). The Wagner Group: A Tool Of Hybrid Warfar. Manohar Parrikar Institute For Defence Studies and Analyses.
  • SPEARIN Christopher (2017). Private Military and Security Companies and States, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • TOPAL Ahmet Hamdi (2011). “Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Özel Askeri Şirketler ve Şirket Çalışanlarının Statüsü”, AUHFD, 60:4, 963-1021.
  • TRENIN Dmitri (2009). “Russia Reborn: Reimagining Moscow’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, 88:6, 64-78.
  • WALLWORK Richard D. (2005). Operational Implications of Private Military Companies in the Global War on Terror. School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
  • WULF Herbert (2005). Internationalizing and Privatizing War and Peace, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • YALÇINKAYA Haldun (2006). “Özel Askeri Sektörün Oluşumu ve Savaşların Özelleşmesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61:3, 247-277.
  • YAYIM Ahmet Fuat (2006). Savunma Sanayiinde Küreselleşme Biçimleri. Özel Askeri Şirketler, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • YILMAZ Salih (2020). Rusya’nın Suriye Politikası. İlbilge Yayıncılık Eğitim, Ankara.
  • YÜKSEL Çağdaş (2023). “Private Military Contractors in Conflict Zones”. TRTWorld Research Centre.
  • ALONSO-TRABANCO Jose Miquel (2019). Mercenaries and the Wagner Group: What’s Old Is New Again. Geopoliticalmonitor, https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/mercenaries-and-the-wagner-group-whats-old-is-new-again/, erişim 11.08.2023.
  • ASLAN Murat (2023). Wagner Kalkışması: Anlamı ve Alınan Dersler. Kriter, 8:81, https://kriterdergi.com/dis-politika/wagner-kalkismasi-anlami-ve-alinan-dersler, erişim 09.09.2023.
  • CIMINI Tea (2018). The Invisible Army: Explaining Private Military and Security Companies. E-International Relations, https://www.e-ir.info/2018/08/02/the-invisible-army-explaining-private-military-and-security-companies/, erişim 16.08.2023.
  • COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2023). The Business of War – Growing risks from Private Military Companies, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/66700/private-military-companies-final-31-august.pdf , erişim 02.01.2024.
  • EKONOMIÇESKAYA Pravda (2023). “Wagner Polnostu Finansiuretsa İz Gosbudjeta”, https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2023/06/27/701631/, erişim 10.07.2023.
  • GUNEEV Sergey (2023). “Putin Raskrıl Detaili Aviakadastrofi v Katoroy Pogib Prigojin”, https://lentv24.ru/putin-raskryl-detali-aviakatastrofy-v-kotoroi-pogib-prigozin.htm, erişim 27.08.2023.
  • GURGANUS Julia ve RUMER Eugene (2019). “Russia’s Global Ambitions in Perspective”, Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, 20.02.2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/02/20/russia-s-global-ambitions-in-perspective-pub-78067, erişim 19.10.2023.
  • GÜVEN Mehmet Emin (2023). “Besle Kargayı Oysun Gözünü”, Malatyatime, https://www.malatyatime.com/makale/besle-kargayi-oysun-gozunu-77744, erişim 16.10.2023.
  • KATZ Biran, JONES Seth G., DOXSEE Catrina, HARRINGTON Nicholas (2020). “Moscow’s Mercenary Wars”, Center For Strategic & International Studies, https://russianpmcs.csis.org/, erişim 07.08.2023.
  • MACKINNON Amy (2021). “What Is Russia’s Wagner Group?”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/06/what-is-wagner-group-russia-mercenaries-military-contractor/, erişim 16.08.2023.
  • NIKIFOROVA Victoria (2023). Zapat Pastavil Vse Na Grajdanskuyu Vaynu v Rassii, https://ria.ru/20230626/myatezh-1880349524.html, erişim 29.10.2023.
  • PLAKUÇEV Grigory (2023). Est Kem Zamenit, Vagner Uxodit C Ukrainu, No Mobiliziatsi Ne Potrubeatsa, https://www.gazeta.ru/army/2023/07/03/17226374.shtml, erişim 01.09.2023.
  • SASLANBEK İsaev (2018). “Wagner: Suriye’deki Paralı Rus Askerler”, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/vagner-suriyedeki-parali-rus-askerler/1088402, erişim 06.08.2023.
  • SAUER Pijotr (May 5, 2023). Wagner Chief Rages at Russia’s Generals and Threatens Bakhmut Pullout, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/05/wagner-chief-yevgeny-prigozhin-rages-at-russia-generals-and-threatens-bakhmut-pullout, erişim 13.09.2023.
  • SURİYE GÜNDEMİ (2019). Rus Özel Askeri Şirket Wagner’in Faaliyet Gösterdiği Ülkeler, https://www.suriyegundemi.com/rus-ozel-askeri-sirketi-wagner-in-faaliyet-gosterdigi-ulkeler, erişim 05.10.2023.
  • UNITED NATIONS (1989). International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, New York (US), Vol.2163, Status.17(37), https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-6&chapter=18&clang=_en, erişim 21.08.2023.
  • ZAHABRIKOV Vladimir (2023). Pavar. Osnavatel ÇVK Myatejnik. Evgeniy Prigojin Pagib v Aviakastrofe. Çem On Zapomnilsa? https://lenta.ru/articles/ 2023/08/24/ evgeniiprigozhinumer/, erişim 24.10.2023.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Savunma Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gökhan Tuncel 0000-0002-2313-2300

Osman Ağır 0000-0002-1087-0478

Fatma Nur Özdemir 0000-0001-5136-8516

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 3 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Tuncel, Gökhan, Osman Ağır, ve Fatma Nur Özdemir. “Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Kaynak Ülke Açısından Taşıdığı Riskler: Wagner Örneği”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 20, sy. 47 (Nisan 2024): 19-41. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1384007.