Studying the Concept of Strategy

Yıl 2018, , 1 - 38, 08.06.2018

Hasan Yükselen

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.432145

Cited By: 4

Öz

Despite emerging within military realm, the concept of strategy, in time, has broadened and has been begun to use in analysis of long-term and vital issues. However, with the effect of positivism, the concept of strategy, which is originally social in nature, has eventually been reified through disconnection from its context, and reduced through disregarding agential aspects but focusing primarily on means. The aim of this article is to seek an answer to the question of how strategy should be studied, based on the constituent questions of what makes strategy and what makes strategy possible, in order to suggest a historical and sociological explanation. To reach this explanation, the historical and sociological of strategy is sought by employing dialectical agent-structure approach from a differing philosophy of science stance named as critical realism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Strategy, Praxis, Critical Realism, Ontological Depth, Agent-Structure Dialectics

Strateji Kavramını Çalışmak

Öz

Strateji askerî alanda ortaya çıkmasına rağmen zaman içerisinde genişleyerek birçok alanda uzun erimli ve yaşamsal konuların incelenmesinde kullanılan bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Ancak pozitivizmin etkisi altında aslında sosyal olan strateji giderek içinde bulunduğu bağlamdan koparılarak şeyleştirilmiş ve sadece elde mevcut olan araçlara indirgenerek öznesel nitelikleri göz ardı edilmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, stratejiyi ne oluşturmakta ve mümkün kılmaktadır sorusundan hareketle stratejinin nasıl çalışılması gerektiği sorusuna tarihsel ve sosyolojik analizini mümkün kılabilecek bir yaklaşımı sunmaktır. Bunu yaparken de stratejinin tarihsel ve sosyolojik bir açıklamasını özne-yapı diyalektiği çerçevesinde eleştirel gerçekçilik olarak adlandırılan bilim felsefesinden faydalanarak açıklamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Strateji, Praxis, Eleştirel Gerçekçilik, Ontolojik Derinlik, Özne-Yapı Diyalektiği

Kaynakça

• ADLER, Emanuel, Communitarian International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
• BAUFRE, André, An Introduction to Strategy: With Particular Reference to the Problems of Defence, Politics, Economics, and Diplomacy in the Nuclear Age, Faber & Faber, Londra, 1965.
• BAYLIS, John, James J. Wirtz ve Colin S. Gray, Strategy in the Contemporary World, 5’inci Basım, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016.
• BERNSTEIN, Richard J., Praxis and Action: Contemporary Philosophies of Human Activity, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philedelphia, 1971.
• BHASKAR, Roy, A Realist Theory of Science, Verso, Londra, 1975.
• BHASKAR, Roy, Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation, Verso, Londra, 1986.
• BHASKAR, Roy, The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of Contemporary Human Sciences, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York, 1989.
• BHASKAR, Roy, Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom, Routledge, New York, 2008.
• BOOTH, Ken, Theory of World Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
• BOURDIUE, Pieree, Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977.
• BRODIE, Bernard, War and Politics, Cassell, Londra, 1974.
• BUZAN, Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, ECPR, Colchester, 2007.
• BUZAN, Barry, Ole Weaver ve Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1998.
• CLAUSEWITZ, Carl Von, On War, (çev.Michael Howard ve Peter Paret), Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1976.
• EDKINS, Jenny, Poststructuralism and International Relations: Bringing Political Back In, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Colorado, 1999.
• FOUCAULT, Michel, The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge, Penguin, London, 1998.
• FOUCAULT, Michel, The Archeology of Knowledge, Routledge, Oxon, 2008.
• GRAY, Colin S., Modern Strategy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
• GRAY, Colin S., The Future of Strategy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2015.
• HEIDEGGER, Martin, Being and Time, Harper & Row, New York, 1962.
• HEUSER, Beatrice, The Evolution of Strategy: Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
• JERVIS, Robert, Perceptions and Misperceptions in International Politics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1976.
• KATZENSTEIN, Peter (der.), Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996.
• KHANNA, Parag, Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization, Random House, New York, 2016.
• KEOHANE, Robert O. ve Joseph S. NYE, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Little &Brown, Boston, 1989.
• KURKI, Milja, Causation in International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
• LEBOW, Richard Ned, Constructing Cause in International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014.
• LIDDELL Hart, Basil, Strategy, Faber, Londra, 1967.
• MARX, Karl, Capital, Cilt 3, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1981.
• MCSWEENEY, Bill, Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
• NYE, Joseph S., The Future of Power, Public Affairs, New York, 2011.
• OLLMAN, Bertell, Dance of Dialectics: Steps in Marx’s Method, University of Illinois Press, Urbana ve Chicago, 2003.
• PARET, Peter, Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert, Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1986.
• REISS, H.S. (ed.), Kant: Political Writings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
• ROSECRANCE, Richard ve Arthur A. Stein, The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy, Cornell University Press, Ithaca ve Londra, 1993.
• ROSENAU, James, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1990.
• ROUSSEAU, David L., Democracy and War: Institutions, Norms, and the Evolution of International Conflict, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2005.
• THUCYDIDES, The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to “The Peloponnesian War”, Robert B. Strassler (der.), Richard Crawley (çev), The Free Press, New York, 1996.
• TUCKER, Robert C., The Marx-Engels Reader, Norton, New York, 1978.
• WALKER, R.B.J., Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
• WALTZ, Kenneth, Theory of International Politics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, 1979.
• WIGHT, Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
• WIGHT, Colin ve Jonathan Joseph (der.), Scientific Realism and International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010.
• WYN JONES, Richard, Security, Strategy and Critical Theory, Lynne Rienner, Colorado, 1999.
• ADLER, Emanuel, “Constructivism and International Relations”, Walter Carlsneas, Thomas Risse, ve Beth Simmons (der.), Handbook of International Relations, Routledge, Londra, 2002, 95-114.
• ASHLEY, Richard K. ve R.B.J. Walker, “Speaking the Languages of Exile: Dissident Thought in International Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, Cilt 34, Sayı 3, 1990, 259-268.
• BETTS, Richard, “Is Strategy an Illusion”, International Security, Cilt 25, Sayı 2, 2000, 5-50.
• BRODIE, Bernard, “Strategy as a Science”, World Politics, Cilt 1, Sayı 4, July 1949, 467-88.
• CHECKEL, Jeffrey T., “The Constructive Turn in International Relations Theory”, World Politics, Cilt 50, Sayı 2, 1998, 324-348.
• COX, Robert, “Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, s.126-155.
• COZETTE, Muriell, “Realistic Realism?: American Political Realism, Clausewitz and Raymond Aron on the Problem of Means and Ends in International Politics”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Cilt 27, Sayı 3, 2010, 423-458.
• DOYLE, Michael W., “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part 1 &2,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, Cilt 12, Sayı 3, 1983, 205-35.
• FINNEMORE, Martha ve Kathyrn Sikkink, “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change”, International Organization, Cilt 52, Sayı 2, 1998, 887-917.
• FOSTER, Gregory, “Research, Writing and the Mind of the Strategist”, Joint Force Quarterly, Sayı 14, 1996, 111-115.
• GRAY, Colin S., “National Style in Strategy”, International Security, Cilt 6, Sayı 2, 1981, 21-47;
• GRAY, Colin S., “Strategic Culture as Context: The First Generation of Theory Strikes Back”, Review of International Studies, Cilt 25, 1999, 49-69.
• GUZZINI, Stefano, “A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations”, European Journal of International Relations, Cilt 6, Sayı 2, 2000, 147-182.
• HAGAN, Joe D., “Domestic Political Systems and War Proneness”, Mershon International Studies Review, Cilt 38, 1994, 183-207.
• HARVEY, David, “Agency and Community: A Critical Realist Paradigm,” Journal for the Theory of Social Science, Cilt 32, Sayı 2, 2002, 163-194.
• HEINE, Christian ve Benno TESCHKE, “Sleeping Beauty and Dialectical Awakening: On the Potential of Dialectic for International Relations”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Cilt 25, Sayı 2, 1996, 399-423.
• JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, “Thinking about Strategic Culture”, International Security, Cilt 19, Sayı 4, 1995, 32-64.
• JOSEPH, Jonathan, “Foucault and Reality”, Capital & Class, Cilt 82, 2004, 141-163.
• JOSEPH, Jonathan, “Philosophy in International Relations: A Scientific Realist Approach”, Millennium, Cilt 35, Sayı 2, 2007, 345-359.
• JOSEPH, Jonathan, “Hegemony and the Agent Structure Problem in International Relations: A Scientific Realist Contribution”, Review of International Studies, Cilt 34, Sayı 1, 2008, 109-128.
• KURKI, Milja, “Critical Realism and Causal analysis in International Relations”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Cilt 35, Sayı 2, 2007, 361-378.
• LEON, David, “Reductionism, Emergence and Explanation in International Relations Theory,” Colin Wight ve Jonathan Joseph (der.), Scientific Realism and International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010, 31-50.
• MERAND, Frederic ve Amelie Forget, “Strategy: Strategizing about Strategy”, Rebecca Adler-Nissen (der.), Bourdieu in International Relations: Rethinking Key Concepts in IR, Routledge, New York, 2013, 93-113.
• MURRAY, Williamson ve Mark Grimsley, “Introduction: On Strategy”, Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox ve Alvin Bernstein (der.) The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994, 1-24.
• SCOTT, John, “Where is Social Structure?”, José Lopez ve Garry Potter (der.), After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism, The Athlone Press, Londra, 2001, 77-88.
• TESHCKE, Benno ve Can Cemgil, “The Dialectic of the Concrete: Reconsidering Dialectic for IR and Foreign Policy Analysis”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Cilt 11, Sayı 5, 2014, 605-635.
• WALT, Stephen, “Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, Cilt 35, Sayı 2, 1991, 211-239.
• WENDT, Alexander, “Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, Cilt 46, Sayı 2, 1992, 391-425.
• WINDSOR, Philip, “The Clock, the Context and Clausewitz”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Sayı 6, Cilt 2, 190-196.
• YALVAÇ, Faruk, “CR, IR Theory and Marxism”, Colin Wight ve Jonathan Joseph (der.), Scientific Realism and International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010, 167-185.
• YALVAÇ, Faruk, “Eleştirel Gerçekçilik: Uluslararası İlişkiler Kavramında Post-Positivizm Sonrası Aşama.” Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 6, Sayı 4, 2010, 3-32.
• YALVAÇ, Faruk, “Strategic Depth or Hegemonic Depth? A Critical Realist Analysis of Turkey’s Position in the World System”, International Relations, Cilt 26, Sayı 2, 2012, 165-180.
• YALVAÇ, Faruk, “Uluslararası Tarihsel Sosyoloji: Yapı, Tarih ve Diyalektik”, Tayyar Arı (der.), Postmodern Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri-2, Dora Yayınları, Bursa, 2014, 305-338.
• YÜKSELEN, Hasan, “Kompleksite Kuramı ve Diyalektik”, Faruk Yalvaç (der.), Tarihsel Materyalizm ve Uluslararası İlişkiler, İmge Yayınevi, Ankara, 333-367.
• YÜKSELEN, Hasan, Turkey’s Changing Discourses of Strategy: A Critical Realist Analysis, Doktora Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2016.