Suriyeli Mülteci Kadınlar ve İnsani Güvenlik

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 27, 113 - 145, 08.06.2018

Özlem Özdemir , Emrah Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.432157

Cited By: 3

Öz

Suriye’de iç çatışmanın başladığı 2011 Mart ayından itibaren milyonlarca Suriyeli, güvenlik, korunma ve sığınma hakkı için hem Avrupa’ya, hem de sınır ülkelere göç etmektedir. Kadın, erkek ve çocuk göçmenler zorunlu göçün yarattığı güvensiz ortamdan, risklerden ve tehlikelerden farklı şekilde etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, Suriye iç savaşından kaçan mültecilerin yarısını oluşturan ve genellikle göz ardı edilen Suriyeli mülteci kadınların tehdit algısı, insani güvenlik bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Birleşmiş Milletler raporları, sivil toplum örgütlerinin araştırmaları ve uluslararası medyaya yansımalar analiz edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zorunlu Göç, Uluslararası Güvenlik, Suriyeli Mülteci Kadınlar, Tehdit, İnsani Güvenlik

Syrian Refugee Women and Human Security

Öz

Due to the Syrian conflict beginning in March 2011, millions of Syrians have migrated to other countries to seek safety, protection or asylum. This forced migration has caused different vulnerabilities, risks, and insecurity for male, female and child migrants. Therefore, this work evaluates the threat perception of Syrian refugee women, who had to flee from Syrian conflict and who consist of half of the population of the refugees, within the context of human security. In this framework, an in-depth analysis of United Nations reports, researches of non-governmental organizations, and international media coverage have been performed in order to illustrate different threat perceptions of the Syrian refugee women.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Forced Migration, International Security, Syrian Refugee Women, Threat, Human Security

Kaynakça

• BASTICK, Megan, Grimm Karin ve Rahel Kunz, Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications, Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, 2007.
• BOOTH, Ken, Theory of World Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
• BUZAN, Barry, People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations, Harvester Books, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, Brighton, 1983.
• BUZAN, Barry, Ole Wæver ve Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, 1998.
• DOUGHERTY, James E. ve Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories of International Relations, Longman, New York, 2001.
• ENLOE, Cynthia, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, University of California Press, Berkeley CA 1989.
• KATZENSTEIN, Peter (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996.
• KRAUSE, Keith ve Michael Williams, Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, UCL Press, London, 1997.
• PEOPLES, Columba ve Nick Vaughan-Williams, Critical Security Studies, Routledge, New York, 2010.
• PETERSON, Spike (ed), Gendered States: Feminist (Re) Vision of International Relations Theory, Lyrme Riennar Publishers Inc, Boulder, London, 1992.
• POKU, Nana. K. ve David Graham, Migration, Globalisation and Human Security Routledge, London, 2000.
• SHEPHERD, Laura, Gender, Violence, and Security: Discourse as Practice, Zed Books, 2008.
• TERRIFF, Terry, Security Studies Today, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1999.
• TICKNER, Ann J., Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving International Security, Colombia University Press, New York, 1992.
• WALTZ, Kenneth, Theory of International Politics, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1979.
• WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century, New York: Academic Press, 1974.
• ALKER Hayward, “Emancipation in the critical security studies project”, C. Hacke, G.K. Kindermann and K.M. Schellhorn, (ed.), The Heritage, Challenge, and Future of Realism, Bonn University Press, Göttingen, 2005.
• BALDWIN, A David, “The Concept of Security”, Review of International Studies, 1997, no. 23, 5-26.
• BARKAWI, Tarak ve Mark Laffey, “The Postcolonial Moment in Security Studies”, Review of International Studies, 2006, 32 (2), 329-352.
• BİLGİN, Pınar, “Critical Theory, Security Studies: An Introduction,” Paul D. Williams (ed.), Security Studies, New York, Routledge, 2008, 89-102.
• BINARK, F. Mutlu, “İletişim Araştırmalarında Kadın Müdahalesi”, A.Ü. İletişim Fakültesi Yıllık, 1992, 61-78.
• BOOTH, Ken, “Security and Emancipation”, Review of International Studies, 1991, 17, 313-326.
• BUNCH, Charlotte, “A Feminist Human Rights Lens on Human Security”, Peace Review, 2004, 16, 29-34.
• BUTLER, Christopher K., Tali Gluch ve Neil J. Mitchell, “Security Forces and Sexual Violence: A Cross-National Analysis of a Principal–Agent Argument”, Journal of Peace Research, 2007, 44 (6), 669-687.
• CHERRI, Z.; Gil Cuesta, J.; Rodriguez-Llanes, J.M.; Guha-Sapir, D. “Early Marriage and Barriers to Contraception among Syrian Refugee Women in Lebanon: A Qualitative Study”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2017, 14 (8).
• ÇAĞLAYAN, “Savaş, Göç Kuramları, Göç ve Göçmen İlişkisi”, Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Güz 2017, Sayı 17, 67-91.
• ELMAN, Colin, “Realism”, Paul D. Williams (ed.), Security Studies, Routledge, New York, 2008, 15-26.
• FREEDMAN, Jane, “Engendering Security at the Borders of Europe: Women Migrants and the Mediterranean Crisis”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 2016, 1-15.
• FOWLER, Carolyn, Julie Dugan ve Paul Bolton, “Assessing the Opportunity for Sexual Violence against Women and Children in Refugee Camps”, The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, Feinstein International Center at Tufts University, 2007, 1-7.
• GERECKE, Megan, “Explaining Sexual Violence in Conflict Situations”, Laura Sjoberg ve Sandra Via (eds.), Gender, War, and Militarism, Praeger Security International, New York, 2010, 137-154.
• HINTJENS, Helen, “Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 1999, 37, 241-286.
• HOGG, Nicole, “Women’s Participation in The Rwandan Genocide: Mothers or Monsters?”, International Review of the Red Cross, 2010, 877, 69-102.
• KENNEDY, Caroline, “Gender and Security”, Alan Collins (ed.), Contemporary Security Studies, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, 118-130.
• KERR, Pauline, “Human Security”, Alan Collins (ed.), Contemporary Security Studies, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, 104-117.
• LEE, Everett S., “A Theory of Migration”, Demography, 1966, Vol. 3, No. 1, 47-57.
• MCDONALD, Matt, 2008, “Constructivism”, Paul D. Williams (ed.), Security Studies: An Introduction, Routledge, New York, 2008, 59-72.
• MCDONALD, Matt, “Human security and the construction of security”, Global Society, 2002, 16(3), 277-295.
• NEWMAN, Edward, “International Security, and Human Vulnerability: Introduction and Survey”, Edward Newman and Joanne van Selm (eds.), Refugees and Forced Displacement: International Security, Human Vulnerability, and The State, United Nations University Press, New York, 2003, 3-31.
• NYE, Joseph, “The Changing Nature of World Power”, Political Science Quarterly, 1990, 105/2: 177-192.
• VAN Zoonen, L., “Medyada Feminist Yaklaşımlar”, Süleyman İrvan (ed.), Medya, Kültür, Siyaset, Alp Yayınevi, Ankara, 2002, 467-514.
• WALTZ, Kenneth, “Political Structures”, Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and its Critics, Colombia University Press, New York, 1986.
• WÆVER, Ole, “Securitization and Desecuritization”, Ronnie D. Lipschutz (ed.), On Security, Columbia UP, New York, 1995, 46-86.
• WOOD, J. Elizabeth, “Sexual Violence During War: Toward an Understanding of Variation”, Laura Sjoberg ve Sandra Via (eds.), Gender, War, and Militarism, Praeger Security International, New York, 2010, 124–137.
• YOUNG Y. Marta and K. Jacky Chan, “The Psychological Experience of Refugees: A Gender and Cultural Analysis”, Saba Safdar and Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka (eds.), Psychology of Gender through the Lens of Culture, Springer Press, 2015, 17-36., doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-14005-6.
• Amnesty International İnternet Sitesi, “Female refugees face physical assault, exploitation and sexual harassment on their journey through Europe”, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/01/female-refugees-face-physical-assault-exploitation-and-sexual-harassment-on-their-journey-through-europe/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2016).
• ROBINSON, Jaclynn, A Phenomenological Exploration of the Gendered Vulnerabilities of Internally Displaced Syrians, LSE Middle East Centre Blog, http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2018/02/22/a-phenomenological-exploration-of-the-gendered-vulnerabilities-of-internally-displaced-syrians/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2018)
• BM (Birleşmiş Milletler), Birleşmiş Milletler Olağanüstü Durumlarda Ve Silahlı Çatışma Halinde Kadınların Ve Çocukların Korunmalarına İlişkin Bildiri, Birleşmiş Milletler, 1967, http://www.cocukvemedya hareketi.org/Files/pdf/kararlar_arastirmalar/ BM_Cocuk_Haklari_Sozlesmesine_Ek_Protokoller/BM_Acil_Durumlarda_ve_Silahli_Catisma_Halinde_Kadinlarin_ve_Cocuklarin_Korunmasina_Iliskin.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2018)
• BMMYK (Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği), Mültecilerin Hukuki Statüsüne İlişkin Sözleşme, Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği, 2016.
• Human Rights Watch (HRW), “Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath”, Human Rights Watch Women's Rights Project, New York, 1996.
• OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), “About the Crisis.”, http://www.unocha.org/syrian-arab-republic/syria-country-profile/about-crisis, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2016).
• UNFPA (The United Nations Population Fund), Voices from Syria 2018: Assesment Findings of the Humanitarian Needs Overview, 2017, https://hno-syria.org/data/downloads/gbv.pdf.
• UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Convention and Protocol Relating to the Statue of Refugees. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1951 and 1967.
• UNHDP (United Nations Human Development Programme), United Nations Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
• UNSC (UN Security Council), Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, S/RES/1325, 2000.
• UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons, The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, 2003.
• United Nations Report of the Commission on Human Security, Human Security Now: Protecting and Empowering People, UN, New York, 2003.
• UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Woman Alone: The Fight for Survival by Syria’s Refugee Women, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. New York, 2014.
• UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Worldwide Displacement Hits all-time High as War and Persecution Increase, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, New York, 2015.
• UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Syria Regional Refugee Response, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, New York, 2016. Women’s Refugee Commission, No Safety for Refugee Women on the European Route: Report from the Balkans, Women's Refugee Commission, New York, 2016.
• MACTAVISH, Emma, “Barriers of Reporting Sexual Violence in Syrian Refugee Camps”, A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Social and Applied Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In Human Security and Peacebuilding, British Columbia, Canada: Royal Roads University Victoria, 2016.
• ENSOR, Josie, “Women in Syria ‘forced to exchange sexual favours’ for UN aid”, The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/27/ women-syria-forced-exchange-sexual-favours-un-aid/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.03.2018.)
• SPENCER, Richard, “Nearly half a million pregnant women among displaced and refugee Syrians.” The Telegraph, http://www.telegraph. co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/12139358/Nearly-half-amillion-pregnant-women-among-displaced-and-refugee-Syrians.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2016).
• STRICKLAND, Patrick, “Refugee crisis: Hungary sends more troops to border.” Aljazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/refugee-crisis-hungary-sends-troops-border-160309134453267.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2016).
• VAN der Zee, Renate, “Life as a female refugee: You don't know who to trust.” Aljazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/02/life-female-refugee-don-trust-160210092005932.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2016).