Shanghai Cooperation Organization: A Balance Seeking Between Interests/Priorities and Regional Cooperation

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 30, 289 - 330, 16.09.2019

İbrahim Arslan

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.620949

Cited By: 1

Öz

The aim of this study
is to analyze the structure, main areas of activity and problems, and foresee the
future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), of which foundation was announced
on June 15, 2001, in Shanghai (China). The People’s Republic of China and the Russian
Federation, which have veto powers in the United Nations, have been members since
the establishment of the SCO, an Asian-based intergovernmental
organization. Despite the fact that their capabilities to create influence in the
international arena, and interests/priorities are different from each other, the
SCO, now, has eight member countries adopting regional cooperation. Additionally,
the organization has six dialogue partners, as well as four observer countries.
The SCO is committed to strengthen peace and stability, and to promote trade, economic,
cultural, and humanitarian ties in line with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s
Development Strategy to 2025.

Anahtar Kelimeler

China, Russia, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, SCO, Security

Şanghay İş Birliği Örgütü: Çıkarlar/Öncelikler ve Bölgesel İş Birliği Arasında Bir Denge Arayışı

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı; kuruluşu 15 Haziran 2001 tarihinde Şanghay’da (Çin) ilan edilen Şanghay İş Birliği Örgütü’nün yapısını, ana faaliyet alanlarını, sorunlarını analiz etmek ve geleceğine yönelik öngörülerde bulunmaktır. Birleşmiş Milletler’de veto yetkisine sahip Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ve Rusya Federasyonu, Asya merkezli hükümetlerarası bir kuruluş olan Şanghay İş Birliği Örgütü’nün kuruluşundan bu yana üyesidir. Günümüzde ise uluslararası alanda etki yaratma kapasiteleri, çıkarları/öncelikleri birbirinden farklı olmasına rağmen, bölgesel iş birliğini benimseyen sekiz ülke örgütün üyesidir. Altı diyalog ortağı ve dört gözlemci statüsünde ülkesi olan örgüt, 2025 yılına kadar yürürlükte olan Şanghay İş Birliği Örgütü’nün Kalkınma Stratejisi doğrultusunda, bölgesinde barış ve istikrarı güçlendirmeyi; ticaret, ekonomik, kültürel ve insani yardımları teşvik etmeyi taahhüt etmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin, Rusya, Şanghay İş Birliği Örgütü, ŞİÖ, Güvenlik

Kaynakça

• BOZDAĞLIOĞLU, Yücel, “Liberalizm”, ÇAKMAK Haydar (ed.), Uluslararası İlişkiler, Giriş, Kavram ve Teoriler içinde Platin, Ankara 2007.
• ÇAĞIRAN, Mehmet Emin, Uluslararası Örgütler, Turhan kitabevi, Ankara 2013.
• GUANG, Pan, “The SCO’s Success in Security Architecture” in Ron Huisken (ed.) The Architecture of Security in the Asia –Pacific, ANU Press, 2009.
• LAURELLA, Marlene and PEYROUSE Sebastien, “The Chinese Question” in Central Asia: Domestic Order, Social Changes, and the Chinese Factor, Hurst and Company, London, 2012.
• LO, Bobo, Axis of Convenience Moscow, Beijing and The New Geopolitics, Brookings Institution Press, Washington 2008.
• SÖNMEZOĞLU, Faruk (der.), Uluslararası İlişkiler Sözlüğü, 4. Basım, DER Yayınları:184, İstanbul 2010.
• STEIN, Arthur A., “Neoliberal Institutionalism”, Christian Reus-Smit and Duncal Snidal, in The Oxford Handbook on International Relations, Oxford University Press, New York, 2008.
• Yearbook of the International Law Comission, Vol. I, 2003.
• ALIMOV, Rashid, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: Its role and place in the development of Eurasia”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Asia-Pacific Research Center, Hanyang University, 2018.
• ALLISON, Roy, “Virtual regionalism, regional structures and regime security in Central Asia”, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 27, No. 2, June 2008.
• ----------, “Regionalism, regional structures and security management in Central Asia,” International Affairs, 80, 3, 2004, 463-483.
• AMBROSIO, Thomas, “The Architecture of Alignment: The Russia–China Relationship and International Agreements”, Europe-Asia Studies, 69:1, 2017, 110-156.
• ARIS, Stephen, “Shanghai Cooperation Organization Mapping Multilateralism in Transition”, International Peace Institute, No: 2, 2013.
• ----------, “The Response of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to the Crisis in Kyrgyzstan”, Civil Wars, 14, No. 3, 2012.
• ----------, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: ‘Tackling the Three Evils’. A Regional Response to Nontraditional Security Challenges or an Anti-Western Bloc?” Europe-Asia Studies, 61:3, 2009, 457-482.
• BOLAND, Julie,”Ten Years of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: A Lost Decade? A Partner for the U.S.?” 21st Century Defense Initiative Policy Paper, 20 June 2011.
• DE HAAS, Marcel, “War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move!” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29:3, 2016.
• KASHIN, Vasily, Alexander Lukin, “Russian-Chinese Security Cooperation in Asia”, Asian Politics & Policy, Volume 10, Number 4, 614–632.
• KERR, David and Laura Swinton, “China, Xinjiang, and the transnational security of Central Asia”, Critical Asian Studies 40 (1), 2008.
• LUKIN, Alexander, “Russian–Chinese Cooperation in Central Asia and the Idea of Greater Eurasia”, India Quarterly, 1-14, Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) 2019.
• NICKLAS, Norling, and Niklas Swanstrom, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Trade, and the Roles of Iran, India, and Pakistan”, Central Asian Survey, 26(3), September 2007.
• PLATER-ZYBERK, Henry and Andrew Monaghan, “Strategic Implications of the Evolving Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, United States Army War College Press SSI, 2014.
• SONG, Weiqing, “Interests, Power and China’s Difficult Game in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)”, Journal of Contemporary China, Taylor & Francis, Vol: 23, No: 85, 2014.
• WEITZ, Richard, “What happened to the SCO?” Diplomat, May 17, 2010.
• YUAN, Jing Don, “Beijing’s institutional-balancing strategies: rationales, implementation and efficacy”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 2018.
• “An Updated Draft of the Code of Conduct Distributed in the United Nations–What’s New?”, 10 February 2015, CCDCOE NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, https://ccdcoe.org/updated-draft-code-conduct-distributed-united-nations-whats-new.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.5.2018)
• Agreement on Cooperation in Ensuring International Information Security between the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
• “Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, Article 16 Decisions-Taking Procedure
• “Cooperation Between UN, Shanghai Cooperation Organization Dynamically Expanding, in Shared Quest for Peace, Prosperity, Says Secretary-General, in Message” SG/SM/12953, 11 June 2010, https://www.un.org/press/en/ 2010/sgsm12953.doc.htm
• “Declaration by the Heads of the Member States of theShanghai Cooperation Organization”, Article IV.
• “Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, People’s Daily, June 15, 2001, http://en.people.cn/200106/15/eng20010615_ 72738.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.5.2018)
• “Declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, p. 1, http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/regional-organisations/sco,%202001,%20establishing %20declaration.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.4.2018)
• Development Strategy of the Shangai Cooperation Organization until 2025
• “Joint Communique following the 16th Meeting of the SCO Heads of Government Council”, December 2017.
• “Joint Communique, Twelfth meeting of the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, Article 4.
• “Memorandum of Understanding between the Secretariat of the Association of Southest Asian Nations (Asean Secretariat) And the Secretariat of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO Secretariat)”, Jakarta, April 21, 2005.
• “Press release on the results of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Heads of State Council Meeting”, Astana 8-9 June 2017.
• “Regulation on Admission of New Members to Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, 1.2 of General Provisions.
• “The Astana declaration of the Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, June 9, 2017.
• “The memorandum of understanding between the Secretariat of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Secretariat of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, Dushanbe, October 5, 2007.
• “The Shanghai Convention on combating terrorism, separatism and extremism”, https://eurasiangroup.org/files/uploads/files/International_ legal_documents/Conventions/ The_20Shanghai_20Convention.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.5.2018)
• UNODC Press Release, “Shanghai Cooperation Organization sign agreement to boost international health, safety and security”, 14 June 2011, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/ en/press/releases/2011/June/ unodc-shanghai-cooperation-organization-sign-agreement-to-boost-international-health-safety-and-security.html (Erişim Tarihi: 19.5.2018)
• “Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)”, https://www.global security.org/military/world/int/csto.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 3.5.2018)
• “Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), Collective Rapid Reaction Forces”, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/int/ csto.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 27.5.2018)
• “Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)”,en.gosnadzor.ru/international/ organizations/eurasec/ (Erişim Tarihi: 2.5.2018)
• GABUEV Alexander, “Bigger, Not Better: Russia makes the SCO a Useless Club”, Carnegie Moscow Center, 23.06.2017, https://carnegie.ru/commentary/71350 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.5.2018)
• “General information about the SCO Secretariat”, http://eng.sectsco.org/secretariat/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.5.2018)
• GHIASY Richard and ZHOU Jiayi, “The Silk Road Economic Belt: Considering security implications and EU–China cooperation prospects”, SIPRI, February, 2017, https://www.sipri.org/publications/2017/other-publications/silk-road-economic-belt (Erişim Tarihi: 2.6.2018)
• “History of the SCO”, http://eng.sectsco.org/docs/about/faq.html#2, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.5.2018)
• “Jiang: Perfecting ‘Shanghai Five’ Mechanism’’, People’s Daily, July 5, 2000, http://en.people.cn/english/200007/05/eng20000705_44747.html (Erişim Tarihi: 15.4.2018)
• KUCERA Joshua, “Russia “Increasingly Distrustful” Of SCO”, Mar 5, 2013, https://eurasianet.org/s/russia-increasingly-distrustful-of-sco (Erişim Tarihi: 4.5.2018).
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, “Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Afghanistan Contact Group Meeting”, Oct 11, 2017, http://mfa.gov.af/en/news/shanghai-cooperation-organization-sco-afghanistan-contact-group-meeting, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.5.2018)
• “Rashiad Alimov: Fighting drug trafficing is among SCO’s priorities”, 2017/03/11, http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20170311/226233.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.5.2018)
• “Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure”, http://eng.sectsco.org/ structure/#6, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.5.2018)
• “Rogun Hydropower Project”, https://www.salini-impregilo.com/ en/projects/in-progress/rogun-dam.html#, (Erişim 25.5.2018)
• https://eurasianet.org/s/russia-increasingly-distrustful-of-sco (Erişim Tarihi: 4.5.2018)
• “Russia’s President Putin proposes SCO energy club”, Media group/ Tajihistan Asia-Plus, http://www.news.tj/en/news/russias-president-putin-proposes-sco-energy-club, June 15, 2006, (Erişim Tarihi: 1.6.2018)
• “SCO exercises Peace Mission – 2016 completes in Kyrgyzstan”, KABAR, http://old.kabar.kg/eng/society/full/17005 Erişim Tarihi: 10.4.2018)
• “SCO University project: definitely successful”, 08.06.2011, http://infoshos.ru/ en/?idn=8338 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.5.2018)
• “Structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”, http://eng.sectsco.org/ structure/, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.5.2018)
• “Tajikistan Civil War”, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/ tajikistan.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.5.2018)
• TELES FAZENDEİRO Bernardo, “Uzbekistan’s Suspension of CSTO Membership: Policy as Usual in Tashkent”,E-International Relations, Jul 19 2012, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/19/uzbekistans-suspension-of-csto-membership-policy-as-usual-in-tashkent/ (Erişim Tarihi: 7.5.2018)
• The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, “The SCO and ESCAP: Cooperation prospects”, http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20170512/ 267457.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12.5.2018)
• “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’’, http://eng.sectsco.org/ about_sco/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.4.2018)
• The World Bank, “Countries and Economies”, https://data.worldbank.org/country (Erişim Tarihi: 10.4.2018)