Araştırma Makalesi
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GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 1765 - 1794, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1165177

Öz

The under-representation of women on corporate boards has received increased attention in terms of
corporate governance over the last decade. The necessity of gender diversity on corporate boards is mostly
based on economic rationale, which is insufficient due to two reasons; first, it is not always possible to find
a correlation between female participation on boards and the interests of the shareholders, and second such
a correlation for male members of the board is not sought. The economic rationale needs to be reinforced
with an equality rationale that emphasizes women's rights to promote gender diversity on corporate
boards. Equality rationale is precisely what corporate governance regulations can provide.
It is debatable which type of regulation is the most effective among the strategies to increase the share of
women on the boards. The regulations can be grouped under two broad types. The first includes the
introduction of mandatory quota for women on boards, along with sanctions. The second approach is of a
more voluntary character. The Corporate Governance Principles of Turkey, which regulates gender
diversity on the corporate boards, have been drawn up with the latter being preferred. However, statistics
show that Turkey is showing slow progress in this regard. This signals that the soft law approach did not
have the desired impact on increasing the proportion of women on the corporate boards.

Kaynakça

  • • ADAMS, Renee B. / FERREIRA, Daniel, “Women in the Boardrooms and their Impact on Governance and Performance”, Journal of Financial Economics, Year: 2009, Vol.94, No.2, (pp.296-298).
  • • ARARAT, Melsa, “Comply or Explain without Consequences: The Case of Turkey” in Handbook on International Corporate Governance (Ed. C. A. Mallin) Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 2011, (pp. 355-370).
  • • ARARAT, Melsa / YURTOGLU, Burçin B., “Female Directors, Board Committees and Firm Performance: Time-Series Evidence from Turkey” Emerging Markets Review, Year: 2021, Vol.48, 100768.
  • • BJORKHAUG, Hilde / SORENSEN, Siri O., “Feminism without Gender? Arguments for Gender Quotas on Corporate Boards in Norway” in Firms, Boards and Gender Quotas: Comparative Perspectives, (Ed. F. Engelstad, / M. Teigen), Emerald Group Publishing Ltd., Bingley, 2012, (pp.185-209).
  • • Capital Markets Board of Turkey, Communiqué Serial:IV No:56 on Determination and Implementation of Corporate Governance Principles, Official Gazette 30.12.2011, No.28158.
  • • Capital Markets Board of Turkey, Communiqué Serial:IV, No:57 on the Amendment of the Communiqué on the Determination and Implementation of Corporate Governance Principles, Official Gazette 11.02.2012, No. 28201.
  • • Capital Markets Board of Turkey, II-17.1 Communiqué on Corporate Governance Official Gazette 03.01.2014, No. 28871
  • • CHOUDHURY, Barnali, “New Rationales for Women on Boards” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Year: 2014, Vol. 34, No. 3, (pp. 511-542).
  • • Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, Law No. 2709 Official Gazette 9.11.1982
  • • DEMİRAĞ, Istemi / SERTER, Mehmet, “Ownership Patterns and Control in Turkish Listed Companies”, Corporate Governance, Year: 2003, Vol.11 No.1, (pp. 40-51).
  • • DESVAUX, Georges / DEVILLARD-HOELLINGER, Sandrine / BAUMGARTEN Pascal, “Women Matter: Gender Diversity, A Corporate Performance Driver” (McKinsey and Co 2007) https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/people%20and%20organizational%20performance/our%20insights/women%20matter/women_matter_oct2007_english.pdf (as accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • Deutschland, Handelsgesetzbuch Gesetz vom 10.05.1897 (RGBl. I S. 219) https://dejure.org/gesetze/HGB (as accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • DU PLESSİS, Jean / SAENGER, Ingo / FOSTER Richard, "Board Diversity or Gender Diversity: Perspectives from Europe, Australia and South Africa" Deakin Law Review, Year: 2012, Vol. 17, No. 2, (pp. 207-249).
  • • European Commission, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on improving the gender balance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges and related measures, COM/2012/0614 final - 2012/0299(COD).
  • • FORBES, Daniel P. / MİLLİKEN, Frances J., “Cognition and Corporate Governance: Understanding Boards of Directors as Strategic Decision Making Groups”, Academy of Management Review, Year:1999, Vol.24, No.3, (pp.489-505).
  • • FRASER, Nancy, “Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition and Participation” in Redistribution or Recognition? A Political Philosophical Exchange, (Ed. N. Fraser / A. Honneth), Verso, London, 2003, (pp. 7-109).
  • • Gesetz für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an Führungspositionenin der Privatwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Dienst < https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl115s0642.pdf#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl115s0642.pdf%27%5D__1645005667637>
  • • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Official Gazette 23.05.1949.
  • • HUSE, Morten, “The Golden Skirts: Changes in Board Composition Following Gender Quotas on Corporate Boards”, Australian and New Zealand Academy Meeting (28-30 November 2011), Wellington NZ, 2011.
  • • HUSE, Morten / SOLBERG, Anne Grethe, “Gender-Related Boardroom Dynamics: How Scandinavian Women Make and Can Make Contribution on Corporate Boards”, Women Manage Review, Year: 2006, Vol. 21, (pp. 113-130).
  • • Independent Women Directors Project, (accessed on 17.08.2022) -‘3rd Annual Report Women on Board Turkey’ (2015) https://www.yonetimkurulundakadin.org/assets/node_modules/source/pdf/women_on_board_turkey_2015_3rd_annual_report.pdf
  • - ‘6th Annual Report Women on Board Turkey’ (2016) https://iwdturkey.sabanciuniv.edu/sites/iwdturkey.sabanciuniv.edu/files/women_on_board_turkey_2016_4th_annual_report.pdf
  • -‘7th Annual Report Women on Board Turkey’ (2019) https://iwdturkey.sabanciuniv.edu/sites/iwdturkey.sabanciuniv.edu/files/7th_annual_report_2.pdf
  • • KIRSCH, Anja, “Women’s Access to Boards in Germany Regulation and Symbolic Change” in Gender Diversity in the Boardroom Volume 1: The Use of Different Quota Regulations, (Ed. C. Seierstad / P. Gabaldon / H. Mensi-Klarbach), Palgrave, London, 2017, (pp. 205-232).
  • • KOCH, Raphael, “Board Gender Quotas in Germany and the EU: An Appropriate Way of Equalising the Participation of Women and Men?”, Deakin Law Revıew, Year: 2015, Vol.20 No.1, (pp. 53-74).
  • • KRAAKMAN, Reinier / ARMOUR, John / DAVIES, Paul and others, The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach, OUP, Oxford, 2017.
  • • KRAMER, Vicki W. / KONRAD, Alison. M. / ERKUT, Sumru, “Critical Mass on Corporate Boards: Why Three or More Women Enhance Governance” Wellesley Center for Women – Report No.74 < https://www.wcwonline.org/pdf/CriticalMassExecSummary.pdf> (accessed on 17.08.2022).
  • • McKinsey, 2007, Women Matter: Gender Diversity, A Corporate Performance Driver, < https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/women-matter-oct-2007> (accessed on 17.08.2022).
  • • NEDELCHEV, Miroslav, “Good Practices in Corporate Governance: One-Size-Fits-All vs. Comply-or-Explain”, International Journal of Business Administration, Year: 2013, Vol.4 No.6, (pp. 75-81).
  • • NIELSEN, Sabina / HUSE, Morten, “The Contribution of Women on Boards of Directors: Going Beyond the Surface”,Corporate Governance, Year: 2010, Vol.18 No.2, (pp.136-148).
  • • Norwegian Public Limited Liability Companies Act No.45 (13 June 1997).
  • • PFARR, Heide, Ein Gesetz zur Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in der Privatwirtschaft, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Düsseldorf, 2001. https://www.boeckler.de/pdf/p_edition_057.pdf (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • RAWLS, John, A Theory of Justice Revised Edition, Harvard University Press, London, 1999.
  • • SONGUR, Damla, “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Perspektifinden Ticaret Hukuku ve Uygulamasına Genel Bakış”, Hukuk ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Çalışmaları, (Ed. G. Uygur / N. Özdemir), Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2019, (pp.413-432).
  • • SWEIGART, Anne, “Women on Board for Change: The Norway Model of Boardroom Quotas as a Tool for Progress in the United States and Canada”, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, Year: 2012, Vol.32 No. 4, (pp. 83-105).
  • • The Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex (26 May 2010) https://www.dcgk.de/files/dcgk/usercontent/en/download/code/D_CorGov_final_2010.pdf
  • • The Egon Zehnder 2016 Global Board Diversity Analysis https://www.egonzehnder.com/what-we-do/board-advisory/insights/2016-global-board-diversity-analysis (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • The Egon Zehnder 2020 Global Board Diversity Tracker https://www.egonzehnder.com/global-board-diversity-tracker/customize-the-data (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • The Norwegian Gender Equality Act no. 45 June 9th 1978 https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/12790/64813/E78NOR01
  • • Turkish Investors Relations Society, BIST Trend Reports (2021) https://www.tuyid.org/files/yayinlar/BorsaTrendleriRaporu-4C21.pdf (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023) <https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Eleventh_Development_Plan_2019-2023.pdf> (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • UN Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, New York, 18 December 1979 https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cedaw.aspx
  • • United Nations, The Global Goals for Sustainable Development, Gender Equality https://www.kureselamaclar.org/en/global-goals/gender-equality/
  • • UYGUR, Gülriz, “Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Adalet: Hukuk Adaletsizdir”, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, Year: 2015, Vol.4, (pp. 121-132).
  • • WAAS, Bernd, “Gender Quota in Company Boards: Germany” in Gender Quotas for Company Boards, (Ed. M. Vos and P. Culliford), Intersentia, Cambridge, 2014, (pp. 131–146)
  • • Women On Boards Turkey https://www.yonetimkurulundakadin.org/sayfa/turkiyede-ve-dunyada-ykda-kadin (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2021 Insight Report < https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021> (accessed on 17.08.2022)

TÜRKİYE'DE ANONİM ŞİRKET YÖNETİM KURULLARINDA CİNSİYET ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİ: SERT VE YUMUŞAK HUKUKUN BİRLEŞTİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 1765 - 1794, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1165177

Öz

Kadınların şirket yönetim kurullarında yeterince temsil edilmemesi, son on yılda kurumsal yönetim açısından artan bir ilgi görmüştür. Yönetim kurullarında cinsiyet çeşitliliğinin gerekliliği genellikle ekonomik gerekçeye dayanmaktadır ki bu gerekçe iki nedenden dolayı yetersizdir; birincisi, kadınların yönetim kuruluna katılımı ile pay sahiplerinin menfaatleri arasında her zaman bir ilişki bulmak mümkün değildir ve ikincisi, yönetim kuruluna erkek üyelerin katılımı için böyle bir ilişki aranmamaktadır. Ekonomik gerekçenin, şirket yönetim kurullarında cinsiyet çeşitliliğini teşvik etmek için kadın haklarına vurgu yapan bir eşitlik gerekçesi ile güçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Eşitlik gerekçesi, kurumsal yönetim düzenlemeleri ile sağlanabilir.
Kadınların yönetim kurullarındaki payını artırmaya yönelik stratejilerden hangisinin en etkili olduğu tartışmalıdır. Düzenlemeler iki ana grup altında toplanabilir. Bunlardan ilki, müeyyidelendirilmiş zorunlu kota uygulamasıdır. İkinci yaklaşım ise gönüllülük esasına dayanmaktadır. Türkiye’de yönetim kurullarında cinsiyet çeşitliliğini düzenleyen Kurumsal Yönetim İlkeleri ikinci yaklaşım tercih edilerek oluşturulmuştur. Ancak istatistikler, Türkiye'nin bu konuda yavaş ilerleme kaydettiğini göstermektedir. Bu, yumuşak hukuk yaklaşımının yönetim kurullarında kadın oranını artırmak için istenen etkiye sahip olmadığına işaret etmektedir.
Bu makale, bu yavaş ilerlemenin nedenlerini ortaya koymayı ve Türkiye'de kadınların yönetim kurullarında daha fazla temsil edilmesini sağlamak için mevcut düzenlemelere alternatif yasal yollar göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, yavaş ilerlemenin nedeninin Türkiye'deki kurumsal yönetim düzenlemesi ile uygulaması arasındaki uyumsuzluk olduğunu göstermektedir. Bir yandan Türk şirketlerinin kurumsal kültürü dikkate alındığında, katı yasaların uygulanması hedeflenen sonuca ulaşmayacaktır. Ancak öte yandan, gönüllülük esasına dayalı yaptırımsız yöntem, niyetin ötesinde geçebilmek için etkili bir yol değildir. Bu araştırmanın bulgusu, yönetim kurullarında cinsiyet eşitliğini artırmak için Türkiye'de güçlendirilmiş gönüllülük yönteminin uygulanması gerektiğidir.

Kaynakça

  • • ADAMS, Renee B. / FERREIRA, Daniel, “Women in the Boardrooms and their Impact on Governance and Performance”, Journal of Financial Economics, Year: 2009, Vol.94, No.2, (pp.296-298).
  • • ARARAT, Melsa, “Comply or Explain without Consequences: The Case of Turkey” in Handbook on International Corporate Governance (Ed. C. A. Mallin) Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 2011, (pp. 355-370).
  • • ARARAT, Melsa / YURTOGLU, Burçin B., “Female Directors, Board Committees and Firm Performance: Time-Series Evidence from Turkey” Emerging Markets Review, Year: 2021, Vol.48, 100768.
  • • BJORKHAUG, Hilde / SORENSEN, Siri O., “Feminism without Gender? Arguments for Gender Quotas on Corporate Boards in Norway” in Firms, Boards and Gender Quotas: Comparative Perspectives, (Ed. F. Engelstad, / M. Teigen), Emerald Group Publishing Ltd., Bingley, 2012, (pp.185-209).
  • • Capital Markets Board of Turkey, Communiqué Serial:IV No:56 on Determination and Implementation of Corporate Governance Principles, Official Gazette 30.12.2011, No.28158.
  • • Capital Markets Board of Turkey, Communiqué Serial:IV, No:57 on the Amendment of the Communiqué on the Determination and Implementation of Corporate Governance Principles, Official Gazette 11.02.2012, No. 28201.
  • • Capital Markets Board of Turkey, II-17.1 Communiqué on Corporate Governance Official Gazette 03.01.2014, No. 28871
  • • CHOUDHURY, Barnali, “New Rationales for Women on Boards” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Year: 2014, Vol. 34, No. 3, (pp. 511-542).
  • • Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, Law No. 2709 Official Gazette 9.11.1982
  • • DEMİRAĞ, Istemi / SERTER, Mehmet, “Ownership Patterns and Control in Turkish Listed Companies”, Corporate Governance, Year: 2003, Vol.11 No.1, (pp. 40-51).
  • • DESVAUX, Georges / DEVILLARD-HOELLINGER, Sandrine / BAUMGARTEN Pascal, “Women Matter: Gender Diversity, A Corporate Performance Driver” (McKinsey and Co 2007) https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/people%20and%20organizational%20performance/our%20insights/women%20matter/women_matter_oct2007_english.pdf (as accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • Deutschland, Handelsgesetzbuch Gesetz vom 10.05.1897 (RGBl. I S. 219) https://dejure.org/gesetze/HGB (as accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • DU PLESSİS, Jean / SAENGER, Ingo / FOSTER Richard, "Board Diversity or Gender Diversity: Perspectives from Europe, Australia and South Africa" Deakin Law Review, Year: 2012, Vol. 17, No. 2, (pp. 207-249).
  • • European Commission, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on improving the gender balance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges and related measures, COM/2012/0614 final - 2012/0299(COD).
  • • FORBES, Daniel P. / MİLLİKEN, Frances J., “Cognition and Corporate Governance: Understanding Boards of Directors as Strategic Decision Making Groups”, Academy of Management Review, Year:1999, Vol.24, No.3, (pp.489-505).
  • • FRASER, Nancy, “Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition and Participation” in Redistribution or Recognition? A Political Philosophical Exchange, (Ed. N. Fraser / A. Honneth), Verso, London, 2003, (pp. 7-109).
  • • Gesetz für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an Führungspositionenin der Privatwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Dienst < https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl115s0642.pdf#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl115s0642.pdf%27%5D__1645005667637>
  • • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Official Gazette 23.05.1949.
  • • HUSE, Morten, “The Golden Skirts: Changes in Board Composition Following Gender Quotas on Corporate Boards”, Australian and New Zealand Academy Meeting (28-30 November 2011), Wellington NZ, 2011.
  • • HUSE, Morten / SOLBERG, Anne Grethe, “Gender-Related Boardroom Dynamics: How Scandinavian Women Make and Can Make Contribution on Corporate Boards”, Women Manage Review, Year: 2006, Vol. 21, (pp. 113-130).
  • • Independent Women Directors Project, (accessed on 17.08.2022) -‘3rd Annual Report Women on Board Turkey’ (2015) https://www.yonetimkurulundakadin.org/assets/node_modules/source/pdf/women_on_board_turkey_2015_3rd_annual_report.pdf
  • - ‘6th Annual Report Women on Board Turkey’ (2016) https://iwdturkey.sabanciuniv.edu/sites/iwdturkey.sabanciuniv.edu/files/women_on_board_turkey_2016_4th_annual_report.pdf
  • -‘7th Annual Report Women on Board Turkey’ (2019) https://iwdturkey.sabanciuniv.edu/sites/iwdturkey.sabanciuniv.edu/files/7th_annual_report_2.pdf
  • • KIRSCH, Anja, “Women’s Access to Boards in Germany Regulation and Symbolic Change” in Gender Diversity in the Boardroom Volume 1: The Use of Different Quota Regulations, (Ed. C. Seierstad / P. Gabaldon / H. Mensi-Klarbach), Palgrave, London, 2017, (pp. 205-232).
  • • KOCH, Raphael, “Board Gender Quotas in Germany and the EU: An Appropriate Way of Equalising the Participation of Women and Men?”, Deakin Law Revıew, Year: 2015, Vol.20 No.1, (pp. 53-74).
  • • KRAAKMAN, Reinier / ARMOUR, John / DAVIES, Paul and others, The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach, OUP, Oxford, 2017.
  • • KRAMER, Vicki W. / KONRAD, Alison. M. / ERKUT, Sumru, “Critical Mass on Corporate Boards: Why Three or More Women Enhance Governance” Wellesley Center for Women – Report No.74 < https://www.wcwonline.org/pdf/CriticalMassExecSummary.pdf> (accessed on 17.08.2022).
  • • McKinsey, 2007, Women Matter: Gender Diversity, A Corporate Performance Driver, < https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/women-matter-oct-2007> (accessed on 17.08.2022).
  • • NEDELCHEV, Miroslav, “Good Practices in Corporate Governance: One-Size-Fits-All vs. Comply-or-Explain”, International Journal of Business Administration, Year: 2013, Vol.4 No.6, (pp. 75-81).
  • • NIELSEN, Sabina / HUSE, Morten, “The Contribution of Women on Boards of Directors: Going Beyond the Surface”,Corporate Governance, Year: 2010, Vol.18 No.2, (pp.136-148).
  • • Norwegian Public Limited Liability Companies Act No.45 (13 June 1997).
  • • PFARR, Heide, Ein Gesetz zur Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in der Privatwirtschaft, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Düsseldorf, 2001. https://www.boeckler.de/pdf/p_edition_057.pdf (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • RAWLS, John, A Theory of Justice Revised Edition, Harvard University Press, London, 1999.
  • • SONGUR, Damla, “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Perspektifinden Ticaret Hukuku ve Uygulamasına Genel Bakış”, Hukuk ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Çalışmaları, (Ed. G. Uygur / N. Özdemir), Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2019, (pp.413-432).
  • • SWEIGART, Anne, “Women on Board for Change: The Norway Model of Boardroom Quotas as a Tool for Progress in the United States and Canada”, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, Year: 2012, Vol.32 No. 4, (pp. 83-105).
  • • The Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex (26 May 2010) https://www.dcgk.de/files/dcgk/usercontent/en/download/code/D_CorGov_final_2010.pdf
  • • The Egon Zehnder 2016 Global Board Diversity Analysis https://www.egonzehnder.com/what-we-do/board-advisory/insights/2016-global-board-diversity-analysis (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • The Egon Zehnder 2020 Global Board Diversity Tracker https://www.egonzehnder.com/global-board-diversity-tracker/customize-the-data (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • The Norwegian Gender Equality Act no. 45 June 9th 1978 https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/12790/64813/E78NOR01
  • • Turkish Investors Relations Society, BIST Trend Reports (2021) https://www.tuyid.org/files/yayinlar/BorsaTrendleriRaporu-4C21.pdf (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023) <https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Eleventh_Development_Plan_2019-2023.pdf> (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • UN Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, New York, 18 December 1979 https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cedaw.aspx
  • • United Nations, The Global Goals for Sustainable Development, Gender Equality https://www.kureselamaclar.org/en/global-goals/gender-equality/
  • • UYGUR, Gülriz, “Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Adalet: Hukuk Adaletsizdir”, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, Year: 2015, Vol.4, (pp. 121-132).
  • • WAAS, Bernd, “Gender Quota in Company Boards: Germany” in Gender Quotas for Company Boards, (Ed. M. Vos and P. Culliford), Intersentia, Cambridge, 2014, (pp. 131–146)
  • • Women On Boards Turkey https://www.yonetimkurulundakadin.org/sayfa/turkiyede-ve-dunyada-ykda-kadin (accessed on 17.08.2022)
  • • World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2021 Insight Report < https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021> (accessed on 17.08.2022)
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İrem Tore

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tore, İ. (2022). GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 1765-1794. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1165177
AMA Tore İ. GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW. HHFD. Aralık 2022;12(2):1765-1794. doi:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1165177
Chicago Tore, İrem. “GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 1765-94. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1165177.
EndNote Tore İ (01 Aralık 2022) GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12 2 1765–1794.
IEEE İ. Tore, “GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW”, HHFD, c. 12, sy. 2, ss. 1765–1794, 2022, doi: 10.32957/hacettepehdf.1165177.
ISNAD Tore, İrem. “GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12/2 (Aralık 2022), 1765-1794. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1165177.
JAMA Tore İ. GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW. HHFD. 2022;12:1765–1794.
MLA Tore, İrem. “GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 1765-94, doi:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1165177.
Vancouver Tore İ. GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT-STOCK CORPORATIONS IN TURKEY: COMBINING HARD AND SOFT LAW. HHFD. 2022;12(2):1765-94.