Yemeklik Kültür Mantarı Üretim Alanlarında Görülen Genel Mantar Zararlıları ve Mücadelesi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 507 - 523, 20.12.2017

Nurhan Öztürk , Esin Basım , Mehmet Mamay

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.319808

Cited By: 1

Öz

Yenilebilir mantarlar besin içeriği bakımından
önemli bir gıda ürünüdür. Kültürü yapılan mantarlar içerisinde uzun yıllardır
en yaygın üretimi yapılan tür Agaricus
bisporus’tur. Mantar yetiştiriciliğinde kalite ve kantite kayıplarına neden
olan önemli entomolojik, nematolojik ve akarolojik problemler söz konusudur.
Bunların başında sciarid, phorid ve cecid mantar sinekleri, küf akarı, kırmızıbiber
akarı, küçük mantar akarı ile nematodlardan Ditylenchus myceliophagus Goodey,
1958 ve Aphelenchoides composticola Franklin, 1957'dir. Bu zararlılar, hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı
olarak mantar yetiştiriciliğinde sorun oluşturmaktadırlar. Yenilebilir kültür
mantarı üretimi birbiri ardına yapılan aşamalarla gerçekleştiği için mantar
yetiştiriciliğinin her safhasında hijyenik önlemlerin alınması ve havalandırma
koşullarının uygunluğuna dikkat edilmesi gerekmektedir. Diğer önemli bir husus
ise üretim materyallerinin uygun koşullarda pastörizasyonu ve
dezenfeksiyonudur. Bu koşulların uygun olmadığı yetiştirme döneminde,
zararlılar yoğun bir şekilde ortamda gelişebilmektedirler. Bu derlemede,
yemeklik kültür mantarı yetiştiriciliğinde üreticilerin en çok karşılaştığı
mantar zararlılarının tanınmaları, mantarda meydana getirdikleri zararlar ve mücadelelerine
yönelik çözüm önerileri ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yemeklik kültür mantarı, Agaricus bisporus, Mantar sinekleri, Akarlar, Nematodlar

Common Mushroom Pests in Edible Culture Mushroom Production Areas and Control

Öz

Edible
culture mushrooms are an important food in terms of nutritional content. Agaricus bisporus has been cultivated
species the most widely fungi in for many years. There are many significant entomological, nematological and
acarological problems that cause significant quality and quantitative losses in
mushroom production. Sciarid, phorid and cecid mushroom flies, mold mites, red
pepper mites, small mushroom mites and Ditylenchus
myceliophagus Goodey and Aphelenchoides
composticola Franklin as nematode are the most important pests in mushroom
production area. These pests cause significant yield losses in mushroom growth
both directly and indirectly. Since edible culture mushroom production has many
successive stages, it is necessary to take hygienic measures at every stage of
mushroom growing period and pay attention to the suitability of ventilation
conditions. In addition, another important issue; production materials using in
mushroom production period must be pasteurized and disinfected properly. During
the production season, when these conditions were not suitable, some pests may
develop intensively in the environment. In this compilation, it was discussed
the identification, damage symptoms of significant edible culture mushroom
pests and solution recommendations in their control.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Edible cultural mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, Mushroom flies, Mites, Nematodes

Kaynakça

• Ağdacı, M., Işık, S.E., Erkel, I., 1990. Studies on nematodes damaging cultivated mushrooms in Marmara Region, Bahçe, 19(1-2): 11-16.
• Ali O., Dunne, R., Brennan, P., 1999. Effectiveness of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles (Acari: Mesostigmata: Hypoaspidae) in conjunction with pesticides for control of the mushroom fly Lycoriella solani (Diptera: Sciaridae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 23: 65–77.
• Andreadis, S.S., Kevin, C.R., Bellicanta, G.S., Paley, K., Pecchia, J., Jenkins, N.E., 2016. Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana formulations against the fungus gnat Lycoriella ingenua. Biological Control, 103 (2016) 165–171.
• Anonim, 2004. Pest and Disease Management. Mushroom Growers’ Handbook-Chapter 8. www.alohamedicinals.com Erişim tarihi: 06.06.2017.
• Anonim, 2014. Pest control for hydroponics and aquaponics. https://aquagardening.com.au/ Erişim tarihi: 01:06.2017.
• Anonim, 2015. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. www.tuik.gov.tr.
• Anonim, 2017. Fauna Europaea: All European Animal Species Online. Museum Für Naturkunde, Berlin. https://fauna-eu.org. Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2017.
• Baker, T., 2016. Entomological Notes. College of Agriculture Sciences, U.S. extension.psu.edu Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2017.
• Binns, E.S., 1979. Biology and behaviour of Sciarid fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) in relation to swarming and migration. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 115:77-90.
• Binns, E.S., 1980. Field and laboratory observations on the substrates of the mushroom fungus gnat Lycoriella auripila (Diptera: Sciaridae). Annals of Applied Biology, 96:143-152.
• Bora, T., Özaktan, H., Yıldız, M., 1994. Marmara ve İç Anadolu bölgesinin bazı illerinde Kültür mantarı üretim evlerinde saptanan fungal ve bakteriyel hastalık etmenleri, TÜBİTAK-TOAG-789 Sayılı Proje Kesin Raporu (Yayınlanmamış Araştırma).
• Cantelo, W.W, Henderson, D., Argauer, R.J., 1982. Variation in sensitivity of mushroom strains to diazinon compost treatment. Journal of Economic Entomology,75:123-125.
• Carney, V.A., Diamond, J.C., Murphy, G.D., Marshall, D., 2002. The potential of Atheta coriaria Kraatz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), as a biological control agent for use in greenhouse crops. Bulletin OILB/SROP, 25, 37-40.
• Cattlin, N., 2007. Red pepper mite (Pygmephorus sellnicki) on cultivated mushrooms .Visuals Unlimited, Inc. www.visualsunlimited.com. Erişim tarihi: 04.06.2017.
• Clancy, G., 1981. Observations of mites associated with the low yielding crops of cultivated Agaricus bisporus in Australia. Mushroom Science, 11: 233-244.
• Clift, A.D., 1979. The pest status and control of insects and mites associated with cultivated mushrooms in Australia. Mushroom Journal, 75: 113-116.
• Clift, A.D., Terras, M.A., 1995. Mites as indicators of compost conditioning. En Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Elliot (de.) Rotterdam: 507-513.
• Clift, A.D., Terras, M.A., 1996. Evaluation of fipronil for use against mushroom pests. Evaluate options for sustainable pest management in cultivated mushrooms, Final Report MU 206, NSW Agriculture Rydalmere, 14-19 p.
• Cloyd, R.A., Dickinson, A., 2006. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis and neonicotinoid insecticides on the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) (Lintner) (Diptera: Sciaridae). Pest Management Science, 62: 171-177.
• Coles, P., 2002. Pennsylvania mushroom integrated pest management handbook. http://paipm.cas.psu.edu/365.htm Erişim tarihi: 05.06.2017.
• Czajkowska M., 1984. Zadrowate (Phoridae), In: Fauna Pieczarkarni w Polsce (DMOCH J., Ed.). SGGW-AR, Warszawa, 70-73 p.
• Çevik, T., 2011. Investigation of fumigant activity of some plant essential oils and their main components against mushroom Cecid flies (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Master Thesis, Akdeniz University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Antalya, Turkey.
• Disney, R.H.L., 1994. Scuttle flies: the Phoridae. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
• Disney, R.H.L., 2008. Natural history of the scuttle fly, Megaselia scalaris. Annual Review of Entomology, 53: 39-60.
• Eren, E., Pekşen, A., 2016. Türkiye’ de kültür mantarı sektörünün durumu ve geleceğine bakış. Türk Tarım–Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 4(3): 189-196.
• Erkal, S., Aksu, Ş., 2000. Türkiye’de kültür mantarı sektöründeki gelişmeler ve işletmelerin yapısal özellikleri. Türkiye 6. Yemeklik Mantar Kongresi, 55-68s.
• Erkel, İ., 2004. Kocaeli ve çevresinde mantar üretim potansiyelinin saptanması. Türkiye 7. Yemeklik Mantar Kongresi, 22-24s.
• Fletcher, J.T., White, P.Z., Qaze, R.H.,. 1989. Mushroom: Pest and Disease Control. Atheneaum press. Great Britain, pp. 174.
• Fletcher, J.T., Gaze, R.H., 2008. Mushroom Pest and Disease Control: A Color Handbook. 1st Edition, Manson Publishing Ltd, London.
• Fleurat Lessard, F., Nail P., 1978. Les acariens des champignonnieres et leur action sur les cultures. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Congress on the cultivation of edible fungi. Mushroom Science, 10 (2): 357-366.
• Freire, R.A., de Moraes, G.J., Silva, E.S., Vaz, A.C., de Campos Castilho, R., 2007. Biological control of Bradysia matogrossensis (Diptera: Sciaridae) in mushroom cultivation with predatory mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 42: 87-93.
• Gitanjali, P., Nandal, S.N., 2001. Effect of neem products and dazomet for the management of Aphelenchoides composticola on white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) under semi-commercial conditions. Indian Journal of Nematology, 31: 52-57. Grewal, P.S., Sohni, H.S., 1988. A new and cheaper technique for rapid multiplication of Arthrobtrys conoides and its potential as a bio-nematicide in mushroom culture, India Current Science, 571: 44-46.
• Goodney, T., 1951. Soil and freshwater nematodes. London: Methuen CO.Ltd., UK., pp. 390.
• Güler, M., 1988. Kayın Mantarı Yetiştirme Tekniği, OGM Yayın No: 669, Ankara.
• Güldalı, B., Çobanoğlu, S., 2011. Pyemotidae (Acari: Heterostigmata) Familyasının Tanımı ve Biyolojisi. U. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 25 (1): 151-163.
• Gurney, B., Hussey, N.W., 1967. Pygmephorus species (Acarina: Pyemotidae) associated with cultivated mushrooms. Acarologia, 9: 353-358.
• Hesling, J.J., 1966. The effects of some microphagous saprobic nematodes on mushroom culture. Annals of Applied Biology, 58: 477-486.
• Huang, Y., Zhen, B., Li Z., 1992. Natural and induced epizootics of Erynia ithacensis in mushroom hothouse populations of yellow-legged fungus gnats. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 60: 254-258.
• Hughes, A.M., 1976: The mites of stored food and houses. Technical Bulletin Ministry Agriculture Fish Food, 9: 400.
• Hussey, N.W., Hughes, J.T., 1964. Investigation on use of dichlorvos in the control of the mushroom Phorid, Megaselia halterata (Wood). Annals of Applied Biology, 54: 129-139.
• Hussey, N.W., Gurney, B., 1968. Biology and control of the Sciarid Lycoriella auripila Winn. (Diptera: Lycoriidae) in mushroom culture. Annals of Applied Biology, 62: 395-403.
• Hussey, N.W., Read W.H., Hesling J.J., 1969. The pests of protected cultivation. The biology and control of glasshouse and mushroom pests. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
• Hussey, N.W, Read W.H, Hesling J.J., 1974. The pests of protected cultivation: The biology and control of glasshouse and mushroom pests. 2nd Edition, Edward Arnold Press, London.
• Jagdale, G.B., Casey, M.L., Grewal, P.S., Lindquist, R.K., 2004. Application rate and timing potting medium, and host plant effects on the efficacy of Steinernema feltiae against the fungus gnat, Bradysia coprophila, in floriculture. Biological Control, 29: 296-305.
• Jess, S., Kilpatrick, M., 2000. An integrated approach to the control of production of the cultivated mushroom. Pest Management Science, 56: 477-485.
• Jess, S., Bingham, J.F.W., 2004a. Biological control of Sciarid and Phorid pests of mushroom with predatory mites from the genus Hypoaspis (Acari: Hypoaspidae) and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 94: 159-167.
• Jess, S., Bingham, J.F.W., 2004b. The spectral specific responses of Lycoriella ingenua and Megaselia halterata during mushroom cultivation. Journal of Agricultural Science, 142: 421-430.
• Jessa S., Schweizer, H., 2009. Biological control of Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) in commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation: a comparison between Hypoaspis miles and Steinernema feltiae. Pest Management Science, 65: 1195-1200.
• Kielbasa, R., Snetsinger, R., 1980. Life history of a Sciarid fly, Lycoriella mali, and its injury thresholds on the commercial mushroom. Penn State University Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 833.
• Kim, K.J., Hwang, C.Y., 1996. An investigation of insect pest on the mushroom (Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus) in south region of Korea. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 35: 45-51.
• Khanna, A.S., 1991. Yield losses in white buttom mushrooms due to nematode infestation. Nematologia Mediterranea, 19: 35-36.
• Lee, S.H., Lim, E.K., Choi, K.H., Lee, J.P., Lee, H.O., Kim, I.S., Moon, B.J., 2002. Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic bacteria for biological control of the mushroom fly, Lycoriella mali. The Korean Journal of Mycology, 30: 44-49.
• Lee, B., Lee, M., Kim, Y., Lee, K., Lee, B., Seo, G., 2015. Damages and Developmental Characteristics of Fungus Gnat, Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) in Button Mushroom Cultivation. Journal of Mushrooms, 13(2): 145-150.
• Lin, K.S., Ni, C.H., 1978 Observations on Henria sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Journal of Agricultural Research of China, 27: 12-27.
• Menzel, F.,1998. Sciaridae. Checklists of insects of the British Isles (new series). Part 1: Diptera. Handbook Ident Br Insects, 12: 20-24.
• Menzel, F., Mohrig, W., 1999. Revision der palaarktischen Trauermucken (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica, 6: 1-720.
• Mullen, G.R., O’Connor, B.M., 2009. "Mites". In Gary Mullen, Gary Richard Mullen & Lance Durden. Medical and Veterinary Entomology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 423-482.
• Navarro, M.J., Escudero, A., Gea, F.J., Ferragut, F., 2004. Daños de Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) en explotaciones de champiñón de Castilla-La Mancha. Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 30: 41-46.
• Navarro, M.J., Gea, F.J., 2014. Entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of Phorid and Sciarid flies in mushroom crops. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, 49(1): 11-17.
• O’Connor, L., Keil, C.B., 2005. Mushroom host influence on Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae) life cycle. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98: 342-349.
• Okada, H., Harada, H., Kadota, I., 2005. Fungal-feeding habits of six nematode isolat. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37 (6): 1113-1120.
• Öner, M., 1980. Mikoloji 1-11, Ege Üniv.. Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi No: 53, Izmir
• Park, I.K., Kim, J.N., Lee, Y.S., Lee, S.G., Anh, Y.J., Shin, S.C., 2008. Toxicity of plant essential oils and their components against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101: 139-144.
• Rinker, D.L., Snetsinger, R.J., 1984. Damage threshold to a commercial mushroom by a mushroom infesting Phorid (Diptera: Phoridae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 77: 449-453.
• San-Blas, E., Rosales, C., Torres, A., 2015. Entomopathogenic nematodes in tropical agriculture: current uses and their future in Venezuela. In: Campos-Herrera, R. (Ed.), Nematode pathogenesis of ınsects and other pests-ecology and applied technologies for sustainable plant and crop protection. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 365-389pp.
• Scheepmaker, J.W.A., Geels, F.P., Smits, P.H., Van Griensven, L.J.L.D., 1997. Location of immature stages of the mushroom insect pest Megaselia halterata in mushroom growing medium. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 83: 323-327.
• Scheepmaker, J.W.A., Geels, F.P., Rutjens, A.J., Smits, P.H., Van Griensven, L.J.L.D., 1998. Comparison of the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of the mushroom pests Lycoriella auripila (Sciaridae) and Megaselia halterata (Phoridae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 8: 277-287.
• Shamshad, A., 2010. The development of integrated pest management for the control of mushroom Sciarid flies, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) and Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock), in cultivated mushrooms. Pest Management Science, 66: 1063-1074.
• Shamshad, A., Clift, A.D., Mansfield, S., 2008. Toxicity of six commercially formulated insecticides and biopesticides to third instar larvae of mushroom Sciarid, Lycoriella ingenua Dufour (Diptera : Sciaridae), in New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 47: 256-260.
• Shamshad, A., Clift A.D., Mansfield S., 2009. The effect of tibia morphology on vector competency of mushroom Sciarid flies. Journal of Applied Entomology, 133:484-490.
• Singh, A.U., Sharma, K., 2016. Pests of mushroom. Advances in Crop Science and Technology, 4: 213.
• Symes, C.B., 1921. Insect pests of mushrooms. Fruit Grower, Fruiterer Florist and Market Gardener, 1313: 14-20.
• Szafranek, P., Lewandowski, M., Kozak, M., 2013. Prey preference and life tables of the predatory mite Parasitus bituberosus (Acari: Parasitidae) when offered various prey combinations. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 61: 53-67.
• Szlendak, E., Lewandowski, M., 2009. Development and reproductive capacity of the predatory mite Parasitus consanguineus (Acari: Parasitidae) reared on the larval stages of Megaselia halterata and Lycoriella ingenua. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 47: 285-292.
• Tan, A. N., Ökten, E. M., 2008. Kültür Mantarında Zararlı Nematodlar ve Savaşım Yöntemleri. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 22 (1): 9-16.
• Terras, M.A., Hales, D.F., 1995. Red pepper mites are vectors of Trichoderma. In: Elliott TJ, editor. Science and cultivation of edible fungi, Vol. 2. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress; Sep 17-22; Oxford: Balkema.
• Van Hage-Hamstem, M., Johansson, S.G.O., 1992: Storage mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 16: 117-128.
• Wetzel H.A., 1981. Integrated pest management. Mushroom News, 29: 29-33.
• White P.F., 1981. Spread of the mushroom disease Verticillium fungicola by Megaselia halterata. Protection Ecology, 3: 17-24.
• White, P.F., 1983. Mushroom pests: phytotoxicity of diazinon to mushroom mycelium. Report of Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, 98-99pp.
• White, P.F., 1985. Pests and pesticides. In: Flegg PB, Spencer DM, Wood DA (Eds), The biology and technology of the cultivated mushroom. Wiley Publishers, Chichester, 279-293pp.
• White, P.F., 1986. The effect of Sciarid larvae (Lycoriella auripila) on cropping of the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Annals of Applied Biology, 109: 11-17.
• Wyat,t I.J., 1963. Mushroom Cecids. Annual report of glasshouse crops research ınstitute, Australia, 75-76pp.
• Wyatt, I.J., 1973. Insecticides and spawn strains. Mushroom, J3: 112-114.
• Wyatt, I.J., 1978. Principles of insecticides action on mushroom cropping: incorporation into casing. Annals Applied Biology, 88: 89-103.