A research on the determination of phenological and molecular characterization in open-pollinated genotypes in walnut

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 418 - 437, 25.12.2021

Mehmet Sütyemez , Selma Boyacı , Nur Kuşçuoğlu Akide Özcan , Şakir Burak Bükücü , Esra Yıldırım , Adem Bardak

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.986501

Öz

This research was carried out to reveal the phenological and genetic differences between the S-1/1 walnut genotype and its 94 progenies. In the phenological observations made, it was observed that budburst in genotypes took 52 days, leafing 50 days, leaf yellowing 31 days, and defoliation date 27 days. When the mother plant (S-1/1) and the genotypes were compared, it was found that there was a phenological variation of 75.54% in budburst, 73.41% in the leafing, 34.05% in leaf yellowing, and 93.62% in defoliation date, while the average variation was 69.15%. In the dendrogram obtained using phenological data, 2 main and 5 subgroups were obtained. In molecular genetic analyzes, 7 ISSR primers were used to determine genetic variations, as a result, 7 monomorphic and 45 polymorphic bands were obtained, and the rate of polymorphism was found to be 86.53%. The average number of alleles was calculated to be 7.42. In genotypes, the polymorphism information content (PIC) value varied between 0.48 and 0.95, while the average PIC value was calculated to be 0.73. As a result of cluster analysis, it was seen that genotypes were divided into 2 main clusters and 2 subsets. At the end of the study, it was determined that the S-1/1 and its progenies have a significant variation both phenologically and genetically.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Juglans regia L., molecular, phenology, ISSR, variation

Cevizde açık tozlanmış tohumlardan elde edilen genotiplerde fenolojik ve moleküler karakterizasyonun belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma

Öz

Bu araştırma, S-1/1 ceviz genotipi ile bu genotipten elde edilmiş 94 farklı genotipin birbirleriyle ve ana bitki ile fenolojik ve genetik farklılık seviyelerini ortaya koymak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Yapılan fenolojik gözlemlerde, genotiplerde tomurcuk patlamanın 52 gün, ilk yapraklanmanın 50 gün, yaprak sararmanın 31 gün ve yaprak dökümünün ise 27 gün gibi bir periyotta gerçekleştiği görülmüştür. Ana bitki (S-1/1) ile çöğür genotipler karşılaştırıldığında, tomurcuk patlamada %75.54, ilk yapraklanmada %73.41, yaprak sararmada %34.05 ve yaprak dökümünde ise %93.62 seviyesinde fenolojik varyasyon olduğu tespit edilirken, ortalama varyasyon %69.15 olarak belirlenmiştir. Moleküler analizlerde genetik varyasyonların belirlenmesi amacıyla 7 adet ISSR primeri kullanılmıştır. Bu analizlerde 7 monomorfik, 45 polimorfik bant elde edilirken, polimorfizm oranının %86.53, ortalama allel sayısının ise 7.42 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Genotiplerde polimorfizm bilgi içerik (PIC) değeri 0.48 ile 0.95 arasında değişirken, ortalama PIC değerinin ise 0.73 olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Kümeleme analizi sonucunda, genotiplerin 2 ana ve 2 alt kümeye ayrıldığı görülmüştür. Çalışma sonunda S-1/1 ceviz genotipi ile bu genotipten elde edilmiş F1 genotiplerin hem fenolojik hemde genetik olarak önemli bir varyasyona sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Juglans regia L., fenoloji, moleküler, ISSR, varyasyon

Kaynakça

• Abedi, B., & Parvaneh, T. (2016). Study of correlations between horticultural traits and variables affecting kernel percentage of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Journal of Nuts 7: 35–44.
• Agaoglu, Y.S., Celik, H., Fidan, Y., Gulsen, Y., Gunay, A., Halloran, N., Koksal, A.I., & Yanmaz, Y. (2019). Genel Bahçe Bitkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Eğitim, Araştırma ve Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları No: 4, Ankara s. 10- 11.
• Ahmed, N., Mir, J.I., Mir, R.R., Rather, N.A., Rashid, R., Wani, S.H., Shafi, W., Mir, H., & Sheikh, M.A. (2012). SSR and RAPD analysis of genetic diversity in walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from Jammu and Kashmir, India. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 18(2), 149-160.
• Akça, Y., Özyurt, İ.K., & Kaplan, E. (2018). Comparison of Some Local and Foreign Walnut Cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University. 35 (3), 290-296.
• Akhiani, S., Afshari, H., & Parvaneh, T. (2017). Evaluation of some phenological and pomological characteristics of selected walnut genotypes from Shahroud-Iran. Journal of Nuts, 8(01), 21-30.
• Amiri, R., Vahdati, K., Mohsenipoor, S., Mozaffari, M.R., & Leslie, C. (2010). Correlations between some horticultural traits in walnut. HortScience 45:1690–1694.
• Anderberg, M.R. (1973). Cluster analysis for applications (No. OASTR- 73-9). Office of the assistant for study support kirtland AFBn mex.
• Anonymous (1994). Walnut descriptors for walnut (Juglans spp.). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
• Arab, M.M., Marrano, A., Abdollahi-Arpanahi, R., Leslie, C.A., Cheng, H., Neale, D.B., & Vahdati, K. (2019). Combining phenotype, genotype and environment to uncover genetic components underlying water use efficiency in persian walnut. Journal of Experimental Botany 71:1107–1127.
• Arzani, K., Mansouri-Ardakan, H., Vezvaei, A., & Roozban, M.R. (2008). Morphological variation among persian walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes from central Iran. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 36:159–168.
• Asma, B.M., Zengin, Y., & Ozturk, K. (1999). Malatya bölgesine uygun ceviz çeşitlerinin seçimi, Türkiye III. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, S:27-30, 14-17 Eylül, Ankara.
• Bardak, A. (2012). Lif ve hav oluşumuyla ilişkili DNA markörlerinin pamuk (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genomunda haritalanması ve QTL analizi. Doktora Tezi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Kahramanmaraş, s. 141.
• Bayazit, S., Kazan, K., Gulbitti, S., Cevic, V., Ayanoglu, H., & Ergul, A. (2007). AFLP analysis of genetic diversity in low chill requiring walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from Hatay, Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae, 111, 394–398.
• Bernard, A., Barreneche, T., Lheureux, F., & Dirlewanger, E. (2018). Analysis of genetic diversity and structure in a worldwide walnut (Juglans regia L.) germplasm using SSR markers. PLoS One, 13(11), e0208021.
• Bou Abdallah, I., Baatour, O., Mechrgui, K., Herchi, W., Albouchi, A., Chalghoum, A., & Boukhchina, S. (2016). Essential oil composition of walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) leaves from Tunisia. Journal of Essential Oil Research 28:545–550.
• Bukucu, S.B., Ozcan, A., Sutyemez, M., & Yildirim, E. (2020a). Determination in the phenological difference levels of seedlings of some walnut genotypes (Juglans regia L.). Applied Ecology and Envıronmental Research 18(3):4807-4815.
• Bukucu, S.B., Sutyemez, M., Kefayati, S., Paizila, A., Jighly, A., & Kafkas, S. (2020b). Major QTL with pleiotropic effects controlling time of leaf budburst and flowering-related traits in walnut (Juglans regia L.). Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-10.
• Chen, L., Ma, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, B., & Pei, D. (2014). Identification of major walnut cultivars grown in China based on nut phenotypes and SSR markers. Scientia Horticulturae, 168, 240-248.
• Christopoulos, M.V., Rouskas, D., Tsantili, E., & Bebeli, P.J. (2010). Germplasm diversity and genetic relationships among walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars and greek local selections revealed by ınter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Scientia Horticulturae, 125(4): 584-592.
• Cosmulescu, S., & Trandafir, I. (2011). Variation of phenols content in walnut (Juglans regia L.). South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology Environment 2:25–33.
• Cosmulescu, S., & Stefanescu, D. (2018). Morphological variation among Persian walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes within the population and depending on climatic year. Scientia Horticulturae. 242:20-24.
• Dangl, G.S., Woeste, K., Aradhya, M.K., Koehmstedt, A., Simon, C., Potter, D., Leslie, C.A., & McGranahan, G. (2005). Characterization of 14 microsatellite markers for genetic analysis and cultivar identification of walnut. Journal of American Society Horticultural Science, 130, 348–354.
• Dogan Y., Kafkas S., Sutyemez M., Akca Y., Turemis¸ N. (2014). Assessment and characterization of genetic relationships of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes by three types of molecular markers. Sci Hortic 168:81–87.
• Doyle, J.J., & Doyle, J.L. (1987). A Rapid DNA Isolation Procedure for Small Quantities of Fresh Leaf Tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin, 19:11-15.
• Ebrahimi, A., Fatahi, M.M., Zamani, Z.A., & Vahdati, K. (2010). An investigation on genetic diversity of 608 Persian walnut accessions for screening of some genotypes of superior traits. Iran Journal of Horticultural Science 40:83–94.
• Ebrahimi, A., Fatahi, R., & Zamani, Z. (2011). Analysis of genetic diversity among some persian walnut genotypes (Juglans regia L.) using morphological traits and SSRs markers. Scientia Horticulturae 130:146–151.
• Ebrahimi, A., Khadivi-Khub, A., Nosrati, Z., & Karimi, R. (2015). Identification of superior walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes with late leafing and high kernel quality in Iran. Scientia Horticulturae 193:195–201.
• Fatahi, R., Ebrahimi, A., & Zamani, Z. (2010). Characterization of some Iranians and foreign walnut genotypes using morphological traits and RAPD markers. Horticulture Environmental Biotechnology 51(1), 51-60.
• Filiz, E., & Koc, İ. (2011). Bitki biyoteknolojisinde moleküler markörler. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2011(2).
• Fjellstrom, R.G., Parfitt, D.E., & McGranahan, G.H. (1994). Genetic relationship and characterization of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Journal of American. Society Horticulture Science, 119, 833–839.
• Foroni, I., Rao, R., Woeste, K., & Gallitelli, M. (2005). Characterisation of (Juglans regia L.) with SSR markers and evaluation of genetic relationships among cultivars and the ‘Sorrento’ landrace. Journal of Horticulture Science Biotechnology, 80, 49–53.
• Ghasemi, M., Arzani, K., & Hassani, D. (2012). Evaluation and identification of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in Markazi province of Iran. Crop Breeding Journal 2:119–124.
• Hassankhah, A., Vahdati, K., Rahemi, M., & Sarikhani Khorami, S. (2017). Persian walnut phenology: effect of chilling and heat requirements on bud break and flowering date. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 4:259–271.
• He-ping, M.A. (2010). Study on the Phenology Characteristics of Juglans regia L. in Linzhi Area of Tibet. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 33.
• Hussain, I., Sulatan, A., Shinwari, Z.K., Raza, G., & Ahmed, K. (2016). Genetic diversity based on morphological traits in walnut (Juglans regia L.) landraces from Karakoram Region-I. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48:653–659.
• Kafkas, S., Ozkan, H., & Sutyemez, M. (2005). DNA polymorphism and assessment of genetic relationships in walnut genotypes based on AFLP and SAMPL markers. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 130(4), 585-590.
• Khadivi-Khub, A. (2014). Genetic divergence in seedling trees of Persian walnut for morphological characters in Markazi province from Iran. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 37(3), 273-281.
• Khadivi-Khub, A., Ebrahimi, A., Sheibani, F., & Esmaeili, A. (2015). Phenological and pomological characterization of persian walnut to select promising trees. Euphytica 205:557–567.
• Laborda, P.R., Oliveira, K.M., Garcia, A.A., Paterniani, M.E., & De Souza, A.P. (2005). Tropical maize germplasm: what can we say about ıts genetic diversity in the light of molecular markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 111(7): 1288-1299.
• Li, G.T., Ai, C.X., Zhang, L.S., Wei, H.R., & Liu, Q.Z. (2011). ISSR analysis of genetic diversity among seedling walnut (Juglans spp.) populations. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 12(4), 640-645. Nei, M. (1972). Genetic distance between populations. The American Naturalist, 106: 283-292.
• Nicese, F.P., Hormaza, J.I., & McGranahan, G.H. (1998). Molecular characterization and genetic relatedness among walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes based on RAPD markers. Euphytica, 101, 199–206.
• Norouzi, R., Heidari, S., Asgari-Sarcheshmeh, M.A., & Shahi-Garahlar, A. (2013). Estimation of phenotypical and morphological differentiation among some selected Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions. International Journal of Agronomy Plant Production 4:2438–2445.
• Orman, E. (2018). Bazı yerli ceviz genotiplerinin (Juglans regia L.) agromorfolojik ve moleküler olarak tanımlanması. Doktora tezi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bahçe Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı.
• Orman, E., Ateş, D., Ozkuru, E., Hepaksoy, S., Kafkas, S., & Tanyolac, M.B. (2020). Association mapping of several nut characters in walnut (Juglans regia L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 44(2), 208-227.
• Ozcan, A., Sutyemez, M., Nar, A., Yıldırım, E., & Susluoglu, Z. (2020). Similarities of leafing and leaf fall date of ‘Pedro’ walnut variety with its progenies in breeding programs. Physiology and Moleculer Biology Plants 26(10):1945–1959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00872-5.
• Pollegioni, P., Bartoli, S., Cannata, F., & Malvolti, M.E. (2003). Genetic differentiation of four Italian walnut (Juglans regia L.) varieties by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 57(3), 231-240.
• Pop, I.F., Vicol, A.C., Botu, M., Raica, P.A., Vahdati, K., & Pamfil, D. (2013). Relationships of walnut cultivars in a germplasm collection: comparative analysis of phenotypic and molecular data. Scientia Horticulturae 153:124–135.
• Potter, D., Gao, F., Aiello, G., Leslie, C., & Mc Granahan, G.H. (2002). Intersimple sequence repeat markers for fingerprinting and determining genetic relationships of walnut (Juglans regia) cultivars. Journal of American Society Horticulture Science, 127(1):75-81.
• Rezaei, Z., Khadivi, A., ValizadehKaji, B., & Abbasifar, A. (2018). The selection of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes as revealed by morphological characterization. Euphytica 214:69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2153-z.
• Shah, R.A., Baksi, P., Jasrotia, A., Bhat, D.J., Gupta, R., & Bakshi, M. (2020). Genetic diversity of walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedlings through SSR markers in north-western Himalayan region of Jammu. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 49(4), 1003-1012.
• Sutyemez, M. (2006). Comparison of AFLP polymorphism in progeny derived from dichogamous and homogamous walnut genotypes. Pak J Biol Sci 9:2303–2307.
• Sutyemez, M. (2018). Bitki ıslahı ders notları (Yayınlanmamış). Kahramanmaras Sütçü Imam Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü.
• Sutyemez, M., Ozcan, A., & Bukucu, S.B. (2018). Walnut cultivars through cross-creeding DİRİLİŞ and 15 TEMMUZ, The American Pomological Society, 72(3): 173–180.
• Sutyemez, M. 2019. Bahçe Bitkileri Genel Meyvecilik Ders Notları (Yayımlanmamış). Kahramanmaras Sütçü Imam Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü.
• Sutyemez, M., Bukucu, S.B., Keles, O., Ozcan, A., Yıldırım, E., & Boyacı, S. (2021). Phenological Differences, Genetic Diversity, and Population Structure of Genotypes Obtained from Seeds of Kaman-1 Walnut Cultivar. Journal of Food Quality, vol.2021, Article ID 5579875, 9 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5579875.
• Tosun, G., & Akçay, M.E. (2005). Yerli ve yabancı bazı ceviz geçişlerinin yalova ekolojisindeki fenolojik ve pomolojik özellikleri, Bahçe, Yalova Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, II. Ulusal Ceviz Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, ISBN:1300-8943, S: 35-39, Yalova.
• Unver, H., & Sakar, E. (2011). Türkiye’de ceviz yetiştiriciliğinin durumu ve yapılan seleksiyon çalışmalar. Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3): 61-69.
• Vahdati, K., Pourtaklu, S.M., Karimi, R., Barzehkar, R., Amiri, R., Mozaffari, M., & Woeste, K. (2015). Genetic diversity and gene flow of some Persian walnut populations in southeast of Iran revealed by SSR markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 301(2), 691-699.
• Victory, E.R., Jeffrey, C., Glaubitz, O.E., Rhodes, J.R., & Woeste, K.E. (2006). Genetic homogeneity in Juglans nigra (Juglandaceae) at nuclear microsatellites. American Journal Botany, 93: 118–126.
• Wang, H., Pei, D., Gu, R., & Wang, B. (2008). Genetic diversity and structure of walnut populations in central and southwestern China Revealed by microsatellite markers. Journal of American Society Horticulture Science, 133: 197–203.
• Wang, H., Zhao, S., Gao, Y., Zhang, Z., & Xuan, L. (2011). Genetic diversity of Juglans regia L. cultivars revealed by AFLP analysis. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 44(7), 1434-1442.
• Wang, J.Y., Yan, S.Y., Hui, W.K., & Gong, W. (2020). SNP discovery for genetic diversity and population structure analysis coupled with restriction-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing in walnut cultivars of Sichuan Province, China. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 34(1), 652-664.
• Xu, Z., Hu, T., & Zhang, F. (2012). Genetic diversity of walnut revealed by AFLP and RAPD markers. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4: 271-276.
• Yarilgac, T., Koyuncu, F., Koyuncu, M.A., Kazankaya, A., & Sen, S.M. (1999). Some promising walnut selections (Juglans regia L.). In IV International Walnut Symposium, 544, pp. 93-96.
• Yildirim, E., & Sutyemez, M. (2020). Sütyemez-1 ceviz çeşidinden açık tozlanma ile elde edilen f1 bitkilerinin fenolojik ve moleküler karakterizasyonu. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 30(2): 299-309.
• Yorgancilar, M., Yakışır, E., & Erkoyuncu, M.T. (2015). Moleküler markörlerin bitki ıslahında kullanımı. Bahri Dağdaş Bitkisel Araştırma Dergisi, 4(2) : 1-12.
• You, F.M., Deal, K.R., Wang, J., Britton, M.T., Fass, J.N., Lin, D., Dandekar, A.M., Leslie, C.A., Aradhya, M., Luo, M.C., & Dvorak, J. (2012). Genome-wide SNP discovery in walnut with an AGSNP pipeline updated for SNP discovery in allogamous organisms. BMC genomics, 13(1), 1-16.
• Zeneli, G., Kola, H., & Dida, M. (2005). Phenotypic variation in native walnut populations of Northern Albania. Scientia horticulturae, 105(1), 91-100.