Egzersizin fizyolojik sistemler üzerine etkileri: Sistematik Derleme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 21 - 38, 31.07.2020

Refik Çabuk , Hüseyin Çayır , Muhammed Yıldız , Tuğba Onat , Güngör Cincioğlu , Oğuz Adanur , Yıldırım Kayacan

Öz

Amaç: Günümüzün dijitalleşen dünyasında günlük işlerimiz fiziksel olarak hareket etmeksizin kolay bir şekilde gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Bununla birlikte hareketsiz ve fiziksel aktiviteden sınırlı bir yaşam tarzı birçok hastalığı da beraberinde getirmektedir. Fiziksel aktivitenin vücudun bütün sistemleri ile ilişkili olduğu ve birçok hastalığın tedavisinde destekleyici rolü literatürde bildirilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, egzersizin fizyolojik sistemler üzerindeki etkilerini gözden geçirmektir.

Metot: Bu çalışmada, sağlık ve tıp bilimlerinde dünyanın önde gelen çalışmalarının indekslendiği Pubmed veri tabanında, 2017-2020 yılları arasında, egzersiz/fiziksel aktivite ve insan organizmasındaki sistemler üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen araştırmalar incelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Çalışmalar incelendiğinde egzersizin insan metabolizmasında ve fizyolojik sistemler üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu ve birçok hastalığın tedavisine destek olabileceği gözlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte yapılan araştırmalarda egzersizin şiddetinin yoğunluğunun ve süresinin bireysel kriter ve formlara göre şekillendirilmesi gerektiği, aksi takdirde egzersizin potansiyel etkilerinin kaybolabileceği hatta fizyolojik sistemler ve hastalık tedavisinde olumsuz etkileri olabileceği bildirilmiştir.

Sonuç: Sunulan çalışmada fiziksel aktivitenin, birçok hastalığın belirteçlerini önlemede ve hastalık sürecindeki tedaviye destek rolündeki önemini ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

egzersiz, fiziksel aktivite, fizyolojik sistemler

Kaynakça

• Akerman, A. P., Thomas, K. N., van Rij, A. M., Body, E. D., Alfadhel, M., & Cotter, J. D. (2019). Heat therapy vs. supervised exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease: a 12-wk randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 316(6), H1495–H1506.
• Ashcraft, K. A., Warner, A. B., Jones, L. W., & Dewhirst, M. W. (2019, January). Exercise as adjunct therapy in cancer. In Seminars in radiation oncology (Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 16-24). WB Saunders.
• Barton, W., Penney, N. C., Cronin, O., Garcia-Perez, I., Molloy, M. G., Holmes, E., … O’Sullivan, O. (2018). The microbiome of professional athletes differs from that of more sedentary subjects in composition and particularly at the functional metabolic level. Gut, 67(4), 625–633.
• Bland, V. L., Bea, J. W., Roe, D. J., Lee, V. R., Blew, R. M., & Going, S. B. (2020). Physical activity, sedentary time, and longitudinal bone strength in adolescent girls. Osteoporos Int.
• Bressa, C., Bailén-Andrino, M., Pérez-Santiago, J., González-Soltero, R., Pérez, M., Montalvo-Lominchar, M. G., … Larrosa, M. (2017). Differences in gut microbiota profile between women with active lifestyle and sedentary women. PLoS One, 12(2), e0171352.
• Coen, P. M., Musci, R. V, Hinkley, J. M., & Miller, B. F. (2019). Mitochondria as a target for mitigating sarcopenia. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1883.
• Costa, E. C., Hay, J. L., Kehler, D. S., Boreskie, K. F., Arora, R. C., Umpierre, D., … Duhamel, T. A. (2018). Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on blood pressure in adults with pre-to established hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Medicine, 48(9), 2127–2142.
• Dalton, A., Mermier, C., & Zuhl, M. (2019). Exercise influence on the microbiome–gut–brain axis. Gut Microbes, 10(5), 555–568.
• Dauwan, M., Begemann, M. J. H., Slot, M. I. E., Lee, E. H. M., Scheltens, P., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2019). Physical exercise improves quality of life, depressive symptoms, and cognition across chronic brain disorders: a transdiagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Neurology, 1–25.
• Distefano, G., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2018). Effects of exercise and aging on skeletal muscle. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 8(3), a029785.
• Donati Zeppa, S., Agostini, D., Gervasi, M., Annibalini, G., Amatori, S., Ferrini, F., … Sestili, P. (2020). Mutual Interactions among Exercise, Sport Supplements and Microbiota. Nutrients, 12(1), 17.
• Ellingsen, Ø., Halle, M., Conraads, V., Støylen, A., Dalen, H., Delagardelle, C., … Van Craenenbroeck, E. M. (2017). High-intensity interval training in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation, 135(9), 839–849.
• Elliott, B. T., Herbert, P., Sculthorpe, N., Grace, F. M., Stratton, D., & Hayes, L. D. (2017). Lifelong exercise, but not short‐term high‐intensity interval training, increases GDF 11, a marker of successful aging: a preliminary investigation. Physiological Reports, 5(13), e13343.
• Fink, J., Kikuchi, N., & Nakazato, K. (2018). Effects of rest intervals and training loads on metabolic stress and muscle hypertrophy. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 38(2), 261–268.
• Florido, R., Ndumele, C. E., Kwak, L., Pang, Y., Matsushita, K., Schrack, J. A., … Folsom, A. R. (2017). Physical activity, obesity, and subclinical myocardial damage. JACC: Heart Failure, 5(5), 377–384.
• Fragala, M. S., Goldman, S. M., Goldman, M. M., Bi, C., Colletti, J. D., Arent, S. M., … Clarke, N. J. (2018). Measurement of Cortisol and Testosterone in Athletes: Accuracy of Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assays for Cortisol and Testosterone Measurement in Whole-Blood Microspecimens. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(9), 2425–2434.
• Franchi, M. V, Monti, E., Carter, A., Quinlan, J. I., Herrod, P. J. J., Reeves, N. D., & Narici, M. V. (2019). Bouncing back! counteracting muscle aging with plyometric muscle loading. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 178.
• Frederiksen, K. S., Larsen, C. T., Hasselbalch, S. G., Christensen, A. N., Høgh, P., Wermuth, L., … Garde, E. (2018). A 16-week aerobic exercise intervention does not affect hippocampal volume and cortical thickness in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10, 293.
• Gorostegi-Anduaga, I., Corres, P., MartinezAguirre-Betolaza, A., Pérez-Asenjo, J., Aispuru, G. R., Fryer, S. M., & Maldonado-Martin, S. (2018). Effects of different aerobic exercise programmes with nutritional intervention in sedentary adults with overweight/obesity and hypertension: EXERDIET-HTA study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 25(4), 343–353.
• Ha, M.-S., & Son, W.-M. (2018). Combined exercise is a modality for improving insulin resistance and aging-related hormone biomarkers in elderly Korean women. Experimental Gerontology, 114, 13–18.
• Heck, T. G., Scomazzon, S. P., Nunes, P. R., Schöler, C. M., Da Silva, G. S., Bittencourt, A., … Curi, R. (2017). Acute exercise boosts cell proliferation and the heat shock response in lymphocytes: correlation with cytokine production and extracellular-to-intracellular HSP70 ratio. Cell Stress and Chaperones, 22(2), 271–291.
• Kamimura, D., Loprinzi, P. D., Wang, W., Suzuki, T., Butler, K. R., Mosley, T. H., & Hall, M. E. (2017). Physical activity is associated with reduced left ventricular mass in obese and hypertensive African Americans. American Journal of Hypertension, 30(6), 617–623.
• Krahenbühl, T., de Fátima Guimarães, R., de Azevedo Barros Filho, A., & Gonçalves, E. M. (2018). Bone geometry and physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 36(2), 230.
• Labrecque, L., Rahimaly, K., Imhoff, S., Paquette, M., Le Blanc, O., Malenfant, S., … Brassard, P. (2019). Dynamic cerebral autoregulation is attenuated in young fit women. Physiological Reports, 7(2), e13984.
• Lanhers, C., Courteix, D., Valente-Dos-Santos, J., Ferry, B., Gracia-Marco, L., Pereira, B., … Duclos, M. (2020). Gonadal hormones may predict structural bone fragility in elite female soccer player. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(7), 827–837.
• Mailing, L. J., Allen, J. M., Buford, T. W., Fields, C. J., & Woods, J. A. (2019). Exercise and the gut microbiome: a review of the evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications for human health. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 47(2), 75–85.
• McDermott, M. M. (2019). Exercise Interventions in Patients with Diabetes and Peripheral Artery Disease. In Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Diseases (pp. 217–227). Springer.
• McDermott, M. M., Ades, P., Guralnik, J. M., Dyer, A., Ferrucci, L., Liu, K., … Garside, D. (2009). Treadmill exercise and resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease with and without intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 301(2), 165–174.
• McGuigan, M. R. M., Bronks, R., Newton, R. U., Sharman, M. J., Graham, J. C., Cody, D. V, & Kraemer, W. J. (2001). Resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease: effects on myosin isoforms, fiber type distribution, and capillary supply to skeletal muscle. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(7), B302–B310.
• Monda, V., Villano, I., Messina, A., Valenzano, A., Esposito, T., Moscatelli, F., … Monda, M. (2017). Exercise modifies the gut microbiota with positive health effects. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017.
• Monje, C., Rada, I., Castro-Sepulveda, M., Peñailillo, L., Deldicque, L., & Zbinden-Foncea, H. (2020). Effects of A High Intensity Interval Session on Mucosal Immune Function and Salivary Hormones in Male and Female Endurance Athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19(2), 436.
• Müller, S., Preische, O., Sohrabi, H. R., Gräber, S., Jucker, M., Ringman, J. M., … Ghetti, B. (2018). Relationship between physical activity, cognition, and Alzheimer pathology in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 14(11), 1427–1437.
• Park, S.-Y., Kwak, Y.-S., & Pekas, E. J. (2019). Impacts of aquatic walking on arterial stiffness, exercise tolerance, and physical function in patients with peripheral artery disease: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Applied Physiology, 127(4), 940–949.
• Park, S.-Y., Wong, A., Son, W.-M., & Pekas, E. J. (2020). Effects of heated water-based versus land-based exercise training on vascular function in individuals with peripheral artery disease. Journal of Applied Physiology, 128(3), 565–575.
• Pei, G., Tang, Y., Tan, L., Tan, J., Ge, L., & Qin, W. (2019). Aerobic exercise in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD): a meta-analysis. International urology and nephrology, 51(10), 1787-1795.
• Peñailillo, L. E., Escanilla, F. A., Jury, E. R., Castro-Sepulveda, M. A., Deldicque, L., & Zbinden-Foncea, H. P. (2018). Differences in salivary hormones and perception of exertion in elite women and men volleyball players during tournament. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(11), 1688.
• Pymer, S., Palmer, J., Harwood, A. E., Ingle, L., Smith, G. E., & Chetter, I. C. (2019). A systematic review of high-intensity interval training as an exercise intervention for intermittent claudication. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 70(6), 2076–2087.
• Ramos, J. S., Dalleck, L. C., Borrani, F., Beetham, K. S., Mielke, G. I., Dias, K. A., … Coombes, J. S. (2017). High-intensity interval training and cardiac autonomic control in individuals with metabolic syndrome: a randomised trial. International Journal of Cardiology, 245, 245–252.
• Regensteiner, J. G., Steiner, J. F., & Hiatt, W. R. (1996). Exercise training improves functional status in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 23(1), 104–115.
• Roh, H.-T., & So, W.-Y. (2017). The effects of aerobic exercise training on oxidant–antioxidant balance, neurotrophic factor levels, and blood–brain barrier function in obese and non-obese men. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 6(4), 447–453.
• Sardeli, A. V, Komatsu, T. R., Mori, M. A., Gáspari, A. F., & Chacon-Mikahil, M. P. T. (2018). Resistance training prevents muscle loss induced by caloric restriction in obese elderly individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 10(4), 423.
• Schoenfeld, B. J., Contreras, B., Krieger, J., Grgic, J., Delcastillo, K., Belliard, R., & Alto, A. (2019). Resistance training volume enhances muscle hypertrophy but not strength in trained men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(1), 94.
• Schoenfeld, B. J., Vigotsky, A. D., Grgic, J., Haun, C., Contreras, B., Delcastillo, K., … Alto, A. (2020). Do the anatomical and physiological properties of a muscle determine its adaptive response to different loading protocols? Physiological Reports, 8(9), e14427.
• Snijders, T., Nederveen, J. P., Bell, K. E., Lau, S. W., Mazara, N., Kumbhare, D. A., … Parise, G. (2019). Prolonged exercise training improves the acute type II muscle fibre satellite cell response in healthy older men. The Journal of Physiology, 597(1), 105–119.
• Sylow, L., Kleinert, M., Richter, E. A., & Jensen, T. E. (2017). Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake—regulation and implications for glycaemic control. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 13(3), 133.
• Szalewska, D., Radkowski, M., Demkow, U., & Winklewski, P. J. (2017). Exercise strategies to counteract brain aging effects. In Clinical Research and Practice (pp. 69–79). Springer.
• Tota, Ł., Piotrowska, A., Pałka, T., Morawska, M., Mikuľáková, W., Mucha, D., … Pilch, W. (2019). Muscle and intestinal damage in triathletes. Plos One, 14(1), e0210651.
• Tsuk, S., Netz, Y., Dunsky, A., Zeev, A., Carasso, R., Dwolatzky, T., … Rotstein, A. (2019). The Acute Effect of Exercise on Executive Function and Attention: Resistance Versus Aerobic Exercise. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 15(3), 208.
• van der Windt, D. J., Sud, V., Zhang, H., Tsung, A., & Huang, H. (2018). The effects of physical exercise on fatty liver disease. Gene Expression The Journal of Liver Research, 18(2), 89–101.
• Wedell-Neergaard, A.-S., Lehrskov, L. L., Christensen, R. H., Legaard, G. E., Dorph, E., Larsen, M. K., … Nymand, S. (2019). Exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue mass are regulated by IL-6 signaling: a randomized controlled trial. Cell Metabolism, 29(4), 844–855.