Characterization of Citrus × Poncirus Embryo Rescued Hybrids as Rootstock Candidate using Morphological Markers

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 90 - 100

Şenay Kurt , Fatma Koyuncu

https://doi.org/10.16882/hortis.1528207

Öz

Generally, there are both nucellar and zygotic embryos in the citrus seeds after cross breeding. Since genetic variations are very important for the success of plant breeding, morphological traits of individuals are evaluated to identify diversity. The present study aimed to characterize of citrus hybrids for new rootstock genotypes based on their morphological characters at the seedling stage. A total of 335 putative interspecific hybrids, derived from 3 crosses [Common sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) × Troyer citrange (Citrus sinensis L. × Poncirus trifoliata L.), Common mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) × Troyer citrange (Citrus sinensis L. × Poncirus trifoliata L.) and King mandarin (Citrus nobilis L.) × Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis L. × Poncirus trifoliata L.)], were observed by their plant morphology. The eight qualitative and five quantitative characteristics of hybrid plants such as seedling growth, leaf and thorniness characteristics were evaluated. The average plant height of the population was found between 70.2 cm and 133.2 cm. The average stem diameter varied between 5.9 mm and 8.0 mm. Hybrid seedlings were separated on the basis of dominant trifoliate leaf marker. There was wide diversity among the accessions with respect to quantitative leaf characters. In terms of leaf division, 268 genotypes have bifoliate and 67 were trifoliate in all combinations, and many intermediate forms were also observed. In addition 66 of the genotypes were thornless while 269 of the genotypes were thorny. The genotype No. 4, has been assessed as triploid, from Common mandarin × Troyer citrange combination, has the longest and dense spines. Morphological markers data were analyzed by clustering method to compare similarities of hybrids. The dissimilarity index was observed between 0.004 and 17.318 within three hybridization combinations. The hybrids obtained at 110 days after pollination were more distant relative to each other in all hybridization combination.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cross breeding, Leaf division, Morphology, Seedling, Troyer

Kaynakça

• Altaf, N., Khan, A.R. (2008). Variation within Kinnow (Citrus reticulata) and Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(2):589-598.
• Ballve, R.M.L., Medina, F.H.P., & Bordingnon, R. (1997). Identification of reciprocal hybrids in citrus by the broadness of the leaf petiole wing. Brazilian Journal of Genetics, 20:697-702.
• Batchelor, L.D. (1943). The Citrus Industry, History, Botany, and Breeding. v2. Production of the crop (eds: Webber, H.J. and Batchelor, L.D.),University of California Press.
• Blanco, A.S., Foguet, J.L., Gonzalez, J.L., & Foguet, L. (1998). Polyembryony and seed number in hybrid trus progenies used as rootstocks. Revista Industrial Agricola Tucuman, 75:41-44.
• Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., & Efendi, D. (2021). Morphological evaluation and determination keys of 21 citrus genotypes at seedling stage. Biodiversitas, 22:1570-1579.
• Cameron, J.W., Frost, H.B. (1968). Genetic, breeding and nucellar embryony. In: W. Reuther, L.D. Batchelor, H.J. Webber (Eds.), The Citrus Industry (1), University of California Press, Riverside.
• Campos, E.T., Espinosa, M.A.G., Warburton, M.L., Varela, A.S., & Monter, A.V. (2005). Characterization of mandarin (Citrus spp.) using morphological and AFLP markers. Interciencia. 30:687-693.
• Caruso, M., Distefano, G., Paolo, D.P., Malfa, S.L., Russo, G., Gentile, A., & Recupero, G.R. (2014). High resolution melting analysis for early identification of citrus hybrids: A reliable tool to overcome the limitations of morphological markers and assist rootstock breeding. Scientia Horticulturae, 180:199-206.
• Castle, W.S. (1983). Citrus rootstocks. pp.361-365. In: Rootstocks for fruit crops. (Eds.): R.C. Rom and R.F.Carlson. Jhon Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Chen, C., Lyon, M.T, O’Malley, D., Federici, C.T, Gmitter, J., Grosser, J.W, Chaparro, J.X, Roose, M.L., & Gmitter, F.G. (2008). Origin and frequency of 2n gametes in Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata and their reciprocal crosses. Plant Science, 174:1-8.
• Chikaizumi, S., Matsumoto, K. (1978). Studies on early selection of hybrid seedlings in citrus breeding (preliminary report) appli-cability of discriminant function method to clustering of vari-ous citrus cultivars. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 46:435-441.
• Çimen, B., Yeşiloğlu, T., İncesu, M., & Yılmaz, B. (2016). Morphological characterization of Citrus hybrids derived by crossing Red Pommelo × Rio Red grapefruit. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 53(4):491-497.
• Das, H.C., Singh, A., & Kumar, V. (1998). Rootstock breeding variation for leaf morphology in citrus rootstock hybrid progeny. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 55 (1):16-19.
• Donadio, L.C. (1981). Selection of hybrids from satsuma crossing in Brazil. Proceeding 4th International Citrus Congress, International Society of Citriculture, Tokyo, Japan, p. 66-68.
• Dorji, K., Yapwattanaphun, C. (2011a). Assessment of morphological diversity for local mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) accessions in Bhutan. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(2):485-495.
• Dorji, K., Yapwattanaphun, C. (2011b). Morphological identification of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in Bhutan. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Sciences, 45:793-802.
• Frost, H.B. (1925). The chromosomes of Citrus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 15:1-3.
• Forner, J.B., Forner-Giner, M.A., & Alcaide, A. (2003). Forner-Alcaide 5 and Forner-Alcaide 13: Two new citrus rootstocks released in Spain. Hortscience, 38:629-630.
• Gmitter, F.G, Ling, X. (1991). Embryogenesis in vitro and nonchimeric tetraploid plant recovery from undeveloped citrus ovules treated with colchicine. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,116:317-321.
• Gmitter, F.G., Chen, C., Rao, M.N., & Soneji, J.R. (2007). Citrus fruits. pp. 265-279. In: C. Kole (Ed.), Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants. Fruits and Nuts (4), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
• Grosser, J.W., Ollitrault, P., & Olivares-Fuster, O. (2000) Somatic hybridization in Citrus: an effective tool to facilitate cultivar improvement. In Vitro Cellular and Development Biology – Plant, 36:434-449.
• Handa, T., & Oogaki, C. (1985). Numerical taxonomic study of Citrus L. and Fortunella Swingle using morphological characters, application of multivariate analysis. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 54:145-154.
• Hearn, C.J. (1977). Recognition of zygotic seedlings in certain orange crosses by vegetative characters. Proceedings of International Society of Citriculture, 2:611-614.
• IPGRI (1999). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Descriptors for Citrus. 75 p. Rome.
• Iwata, H., Nesumi, H., Ninomiya, S., Takano, Y., & Ukai, Y. (2002). Diallel analysis of leaf shape variations of citrus varieties based on elliptic Fourier descriptors. Breeding Science, 52:89-94.
• Jaskani, M.J., Khan, I.A. (2000). Characterization of interploid hybrids of Kinnow mandarin. In: Proceedings 9th International Citrus Congres, International Society of Citriculture, Orlando, Florida/USA, p. 165-166.
• Jaskani, M.J., Abbas, H., Khan, M.M., Shahid, U., & Hussain, Z. (2006). Morphological description of three potential citrus rootstocks. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 38(2):311-317.
• Khan, M.M., Khan, I.A., & Mughal, A.H. (1992). Growth and morphological comparison of diploid and tetraploid strains of Kinnow mandarin. Proceedings 7th International Citrus Congres, International Society of Citriculture, Acireale/Italy, p. 93-95.
• Koehler-Santos, P., Dornelles, A.L.C & de Freitas, L.B. (2003). Characterization of mandarin citrus germplasm from Southern Brazil by morphological and molecular analyses. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 38:797-806.
• Krug, C.A. (1943). Chromosome numbers in the subfamily Aurantioideae with special reference to the genus Citrus. Botanical Gazette, 104:602-611.
• Kurt, Ş., Koyuncu, F. (2023). Improvement of Citrus rootstock hybrids derived by 2x × 2x intra crosses with the aid of embryo rescue and ploidy detection. Horticultural Studies, 40(3):72-78.
• Liu, Y.Z., Deng, X.X. (2007). Citrus breeding and genetics in China. The Asian and Australian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 23-28.
• Malik, S.K., Rohini, M.R., Kumar, S., Choudhary, R., Pal, D., & Chaudhury, R. (2012). Assessment of genetic diversity in sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] cultivars of India using morphological and RAPD markers. Agricultural Research,1:317-324.
• Moore, G.A., & Castle, W.S. (1988). Morphological and isozymic analysis of open-pollinated Citrus rootstock populations. Journal of Heredity, 79:59-63.
• Murashige, T., & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiology, 15:473-497.
• Murashige, T., & Tucker, D.P.H. 1969. Growth factor requirement of citrus tissue culture. Proceedings of 1st Citrus Symposiums, University of Califo, Riverside, 3:1155-1161.
• Oliveira, A.C., Garcia, A.N., Cristofani, M., & Machado, M.A. (2002). Identification of citrus hybrids through the combination of leaf apex morphology and SSR markers. Euphytica, 128: 397-403.
• Ollitrault, P., Dambier, D., Seker, M., & Froelicher, Y. (2000) Rootstock breeding by somatic hybridization for the Mediterranean citrus industry. Acta Horticulturae, 535:157-162.
• Ollitrault, P., Navarro, L. (2012). Citrus. Fruit Breeding, 8: 623-662. ISBN: 978-1-4419-0762-2.
• Padoan, D., Mossad, A., Chiancone, B., Germana, M.A., & Khan, P.S.S.V. (2013). Ploidy levels in Citrus clementine affects leaf morphology, stomatal density and water content. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 25(4):283-290.
• Rangan, T.S, Murashige, T., & Bitters, W.P. (1969). In vitro studies of zygotic and nucellar embryogenesis in Citrus. Proceedings First International Citrus Symposium, International Society Citriculture, 1: 225-229.
• Reece, P.C. (1969). Classification of Citrus. Proceedings of First International Citrus Symposium, University of California Riverside/USA, 1:429-434
• Rodriguez, M.A., Monter, A.V., Castañeda, G.C., & Velázquez, A.G. (2004). Polyembryony and identification of Volkamerian lemon zygotic and nucellar seedlings using RAPD. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 39(6):551-559.
• Roy, P.S., Dash, A.K., Subudhi, H.N., Rao, R.N., & Rao, G.J.N. (2014). Molecular and morphological characterization of Indian rice hybrids. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 8(12):1607-1614.
• Ruiz, C., Asins, M.J. (2003). Comparison between Poncirus and Citrus genetic linkage maps, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 106:826-836.
• Sharma, B., Albert, S., & Dhaduk, H. (2016). Leaf venation stud-ies of 30 varieties of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae). Webbia, 71(2):253-263.
• Singh, S. (2006). Citrus Monograph. pp 1-96. NRCC, Nagpur.
• Singh, J., Dhaliwal, H.S., Thakur, A., Sidhu, G.S., Chhuneja, P., & Gmitter Jr., F.G. (2020). Optimizing recovery of hybrid embryos from interspecific Citrus crosses of polyembryonic Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.). Agronomy, 10:1940.
• Soost, R.K, Cameron, W. (1975). Citrus. pp. 507-536. In: Advances in fruit breeding. (Eds.): J. Janick and J.N. Moore, Purdue University Press, West Lafayette.
• Soost, R.K., Roose, M.L (1996). Citrus. pp. 257-323. In: J. Janick, J.N. Moore (Eds.), Fruit Breeding: Tree and Tropical Fruits(1), John Wiley, New York.
• Stitou, M., Chetto, O., Talha, A., Handaji, N., Elbahloul, Y., Benkirane, R., & Hamid, B. (2020). DNA content, morphological and molecular marker analysis for the evaluation of new mandarin hybrids. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 21(1-2):39-48.
• Susandarini, R., Subandiyah, S., Rugayah, B., Daryono, S., & Nugroho, LH. (2013). Taxonomic affinity assesment of Indonesian pummelo [Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.] based on morphological character. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 8:182-90.
• Swingle, W.T, Reece, P.C. (1967). The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives. pp. 190-430. In: W. Reuther, H.J. Webber, L.D. Bachelor (Eds.), The Citrus Industry (1), University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
• Syvertsen, J.P, Graham, J.H. (1985). Hydraulic conductivity of roots, mineral nutrition, and leaf gas exchange of citrus rootstocks. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 110:865-869.
• Tanaka, T. (1969). Taxonomic problem of Citrus fruits in the orient. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture, B21:133-138.
• Teich, A.H., & Spiegel-Roy, P. (1972). Differentiation between nucellar and zygotic citrus seedlings by leaf shape. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 42:314-315.
• Traband, R.C., Wang, X., Lui, J., Yu, L., Hiraoka, Y., Herniter, I.A., Bowman, C., Resendiz, M., Wang, Z., & Knowles, S.P. (2023). Exploring the phylogenetic relationship among Citrus through leaf shape traits: A morphological study on Citrus leaves. Horticulturae, 9: 793.
• Viloria, Z., Grosser, J.W., & Bracho, B. (2005). Immature embryo rescue, culture and seedling development of acid Citrus fruit derived from interploid hybridization. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 82:159-167.