Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Romantik İlişkilerde Ghosting: Hayalet Sevgili

Yıl 2023, , 1049 - 1071, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1258703

Öz

Günümüzde her yaştaki insanın akıllı telefon ya da bilgisayar üzerinden çeşitli uygulamalara erişim kolaylığına sahip olması bazı riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Teknolojik araçlar romantik ilişkilerin başlamasını, sürdürülmesini, partnerle iletişimde kalınmasını kolaylaştırdığı gibi ilişkinin sonlandırılmasını da kolaylaştırmaktadır. Romantik ilişkilerin yüz yüze iletişimle değil de teknolojik araçlar aracılığıyla bitirilmesi ise her geçen gün daha sık karşılaştığımız bir durum olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmayla romantik ilişkinin tek taraflı olarak sonlandırılması anlamına gelen ghosting (hayaletleşme) kavramı açıklanmıştır. Hayaletleşme, iletişimi geri çekerek bir ilişkiyi sona erdirmeyi amaçlayan popüler bir ortadan kaybolma stratejisi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Çok fazla bilinmeyen ancak yeni yeni popüler olmaya başlayan bir kavram olarak görünmektedir. Hayaletleşmeye maruz kalmanın bireylerin ruh sağlığını olumsuz olarak etkilediği bilinmektedir. Hayaletleşmeye maruz kalan kişi yaşananlara anlam verememekte, hayal kırıklığı, şaşkınlık ve kafa karışıklığı yaşamaktadır. Hayaletleşmenin bireyler üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri de göz önünde bulundurulduğunda bu kavramın açıklanması ve sonuçlarının ortaya konulması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bir dijital flört şiddeti olarak hayaletleşmenin anlaşılması, önleyici adımların atılması ve olumsuzlukların etkisinin en aza indirilmesi açısından önemli görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda hayaletleşmenin iyi anlaşılması açısından kuramsal çerçevesinin iyi bir şekilde ortaya konulması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmayla hayaletleşmenin ne olduğu, olumsuz etkileri ve ghosting uygulayan ve maruz kalan kişilerle yapılmış araştırma sonuçları derlenmiş, hayaletleşmeye temel bir bakış açısı oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Astleitner, H., Bains, A., & Hörmann, S. (2023). The effects of personality and social media experiences on mental health: Examining the mediating role of fear of missing out, ghosting, and vaguebooking. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 107436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107436
  • Baker, C. K., & Carreno, P.K., (2016). Understanding the role of technology in adolescent dating and dating violence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 308–320. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10826-015-0196-5
  • Banks, S. P., Altendorf, D. M., Greene, J. O., & Cody, M. J. (1987). An examination of relationship disengagement: Perceptions, breakup strategies, and outcomes. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 51, 19–41. https://doi. org/10.1080/10570318709374250
  • Baxter, L. A. (1982). Strategies for ending relationships: Two studies. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 46(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570318209374082
  • Bennett, D. C.,Guran, E. L., Ramos, M. C., & Margolin, G. (2011). College students’ electronic victimization in friendships and dating relationships: Anticipated distress and associations with risky behaviors. Violence and Victims, 26, 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.4.410 
  • Berger, C. R., & Bradac, J. J. (1982). Language and social knowledge: Uncertainty in interpersonal relationships. London, England: Edward Arnold.
  • Berryman, C., McHugh, B., Wisniewski, P., Ferguson, C., & Negy, C. (2019). User characteristics of vaguebookers versus general social media users. In G. Meiselwitz (Ed.), Social computing and social media. Design, human behavior and analytics (pp. 169–181). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21902-4_13.
  • Biolcati, R., Pupi, V., & Mancini, G. (2022). Cyber dating abuse and ghosting behaviours: personality and gender roles in romantic relationships. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 10(3), 240-251. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.108289 
  • Blackburn, K., Brody, N., & LeFebvre, L. (2014). The I’s, we’s and she/he’s of breakups: Public and private pronoun usage in relationship dissolution accounts. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(2), 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X13516865
  • Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Englewood Cliffs.
  • Boss, P. (2007). Ambiguous loss theory: Challenges for scholars and practitioners. Family Relations, 56(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00444.x
  • Boss, P. E. (1999). Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Boss, P. E. (2016). The context and process of theory development: The story of ambiguous loss. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8(3), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12152
  • Brake, E. (2012). Minimizing marriage. Marriage, morality, and the law. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199774142.001.0001
  • Buehler, C. (1987). Initiator status and the divorce transition. Family Relations, 36(1), 82–86. https:// doi. org/10.2307/584653
  • Bylsma, W. H., Cozzarelli, C., & Sumer, N. (1997). Relation between adult attachment styles and global self-esteem. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1901_1
  • Campaioli, G., Testoni, I., & Zamperini, A. (2022). Double blue ticks: Reframing ghosting as ostracism through an abductive study on affordances. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-5-10
  • Carton, H., & Egan, V. (2017). The dark triad and intimate partner violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.040
  • Child, J.T., & Starcher, S.C. (2016). Fuzzy Facebook privacy boundaries: Exploring mediated lurking, vague-booking, and Facebook privacy management. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 483-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.035
  • Chin, K., Edelstein, R. S., & Vernon, P. A. (2019). Attached to dating apps: Attachment orientations and preferences for dating apps. Mobile Media & Communication, 7(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918770696
  • Chow, R. M., Tiedens, L. Z., & Govan, C. L. (2008). Excluded emotions: The role of anger in antisocial responses to ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 896–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.09.004
  • Cody, M. (1982). A typology of disengagement strategies and an examination of the role intimacy, reactions to inequity, and relational problems play in strategy selection. Communication Monographs, 49(3), 148–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758209376079
  • Collins, T. J., & Gillath, O. (2012). Attachment, breakup strategies, and associated outcomes: The effects of security enhancement on the selection of breakup strategies. Journal of Research in Personality, 46 (2), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.008
  • Cook, K., (2020). Mental Health, Relationships & Cognition. The Psychology of Silicon Valley: Ethical Threats and Emotional Unintelligence in the Tech Industry. 197–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27364-4_8
  • Cooper, J. C., Kreps, T. A., Wiebe, T., Pirkl, T., & Knutson, B. (2010). When giving is good: Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation for others’ intentions. Neuron, 67(3), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.030
  • Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & de Zuniga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web? The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003
  • Craft, S., & Garcia, Y.E., (2016). Interpersonal media used by couples in non-proximal romantic relationships: implications for psychological practice. In: Emotions, Technology, and Health. Academic Press, Elservier, pp. 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801737-1.00010-X.
  • Davidson, C. A., Willner, C. J., van Noordt, S. J., Banz, B. C., Wu, J., Kenney, J. G., ... & Crowley, M. J. (2019). One-month stability of Cyberball post-exclusion ostracism distress in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 41(3), 400-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09723-4
  • Davis, A. P. (2015, June 19). Charlize Theron gets a black belt in ghosting. The Cut. https://www.thecut.com/2015/06/charlize-theron-gets-a-black-belt-in-ghosting.html
  • De Wiele, C. V., & Campbell, J. F. (2019). From swiping to ghosting: Conceptualizing rejection in mobile dating. In A. Hetsroni & M. Tuncez (Eds.), It happened on Tinder. Reflections and studies on internet-infused dating (pp. 158– 175). Institute of Network Cultures
  • DeWall, C. N., & Richman, S. B. (2011). Social exclusion and the desire to reconnect. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(11), 919–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011. 00383.x
  • Doering, J. (2010). Face, accounts, and schemes in the context of relationship breakups. Symbolic Interaction, 33(1), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2010.33.1.71
  • Edwards, S. (2015, July 20). Charlize Theron broke up with Sean Penn by ghosting him. Jezebel.https://jezebel.com/charlize-theron-broke-up-with-sean-penn-by-ghosting-him-1712760688
  • Fisher, H. E., Brown, L. L., Aron, A., Strong, G., & Mashek, D. (2010). Reward, addiction, and emotion regulation systems associated with rejection in love. Journal of Neurophysiology, 104(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00784.2009
  • Freedman, G., Powell, D. N., Le, B., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Ghosting and destiny: Implicit theories of relationships predict beliefs about ghosting. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(3), 905–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517748791
  • Freedman, G., Powell, D. N., Le, B., & Williams, K. D. (2019). Ghosting and destiny: Implicit theories of relationships predict beliefs about ghosting. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(3), 905–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517748791
  • García-Sánchez, V., Guevara-Martínez, C., Rojas-Solís, J., Peña-Cárdenas, F., & Cruz, G. (2017). Apego y ciber-violencia en la pareja de adolescentes [Attachment and cyber-violence in the adolescent couple]. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 2(1), 541–550. https://doi. org/10.17060/ijodaep.2017.n1.v2.879 
  • Ghosting. Cambridge Dictionary. Available online: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/ ghosting (accessed on 15 January 2023).
  • Gough, B., & Lyons, A. (2016). The future of qualitative research in psychology: Accentuating the positive. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 50(2), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-015-9320-8
  • Helgeson, V. S. (1994). Long-distance romantic relationships: Sex differences in adjustment and breakup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(3), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294203003
  • Hellmuth, J. C., & McNulty, J. K. (2008). Neuroticism, marital violence, and the moderating role of stress and behavioral skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.166
  • Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2008). Personality and intimate partner aggression in dating relationships: The role of the Big Five. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 34(6), 593–604. https://doi. org/10.1002/ab.20277 
  • Jonason, P. K., & Jackson, C. J. (2016). The dark triad traits through the lens of reinforcement sensitivity theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.023
  • Jonason, P. K., & Kavanagh, P. (2010). The dark side of love: The dark triad and love styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(6), 606–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.030
  • Jonason, P. K., Ka´zmierczak, I., Campos, A. C., & Davis, M. D. (2021). Leaving without a word: Ghosting and the dark triad traits. Acta Psychologica, 220, Article 103425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103425
  • Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., Webster, G. W., & Schmitt, D. P. (2009). The dark triad: Facilitating short-term mating in men. European Journal of Personality, 23(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.698
  • Kendler, K. S., Hettema, J. M., Butera, F., Gardner, C. O., & Prescott, C. A. (2003). Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.789
  • Kıvanç, S. (2022). Yakın ilişkilere güncel bir bakış: çevrimiçi buluşma uygulamaları kullanım motivasyonlarının ilişki sonlandırma stilleri üzerindeki etkisi ve karanlık üçlü kişilik özelliklerinin rolü (Yüksek lisans tezi) Mersin Üniversitesi.
  • Knee, C. R. (1998). Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, coping, and longevity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.360
  • Knee, C. R., Patrick, H., Vietor, N. A., & Neighbors, C. (2004). Implicit theories of relationships: Moderators of the link between conflict and commitment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(5), 617–628. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203262853
  • Koerner, A. (2018). Relationship typologies. In A. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (pp. 65-76). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.007
  • Koessler, R. B. (2018). When your boo becomes a ghost: The association between breakup strategy and breakup role in experiences of relationship dissolution [Master’s thesis, The University of Western Ontario]. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5402. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nt5r4
  • Koessler, R. B., Kohut, T., & Campbell, L. (2019). When your boo becomes a ghost: The association between breakup strategy and breakup role in experiences of relationship dissolution. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1), Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.230
  • Lapierre, M. A. (2019). Smartphones and loneliness in love: Testing links between smartphone engagement, loneliness, and relational health. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000230.
  • LeFebvre, L. E. (2017). Phantom lovers: Ghosting as a relationship dissolution strategy in the
  • LeFebvre, L. E., & Fan, X. (2020). Ghosted? Navigating strategies for reducing uncertainty and implications surrounding ambiguous loss. Personal Relationships, 27(2), 433–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12322
  • LeFebvre, L. E., Allen, M., Rasner, R. D., Garstad, S., Wilms, A., & Parrish, C. (2019). Ghosting in emerging adults’ romantic relationships: The digital dissolution disappearance strategy. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 39(2), 125–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236618820519
  • LeFebvre, L. E., Ramirez, A., Hayes, J., & Gabrielson, G. (2019). Finding, seeking, and communicating in relationship initiation: Exploring the pathway of modality switching and information-seeking. Paper presented to the Human Communication and Technology Division at the National Communication Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. 
  • LeFebvre, L. E., Rasner, R. D., & Allen, M. (2019). “I guess I’ll never know...”: Non-initiators account-making after being ghosted. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(5), 395–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2019.1694299
  • Lyons, M., Houghton, E., Brewer, G., & Brien, F. O. (2020). The dark triad and sexual assertiveness predict sexual coercion differently in men and women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37 (7-8), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520922346
  • Manning, J., Denker, K. J., & Johnson, R. (2019). Justifications for ‘ghosting out’ of developing or ongoing romantic relationships: Anxieties regarding digitally-mediated romantic interaction. In A. Hetsroni & M. Tuncez (Eds.), It happened on tinder: Reflections and studies on internet-infused dating (pp. 114–132). Institute of Network Cultures.
  • Meenagh, J. (2015). Flirting, dating, and breaking up within new media environments. Sex Education, 15(5), 458–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1033516
  • Meier, A., & Reinecke, L. (2020). Computer-mediated communication, social media, and mental health: A conceptual and empirical meta-review. Communication Research, 48 (8), 1182–1209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220958224
  • Morgan E. (2012). Contemporary issues in sexual orientation and identity development in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696812469187
  • Morgan, C., Burns, T., Fitzpatrick, R., Pinfold, V., & Priebe, S. (2007). Social exclusion and mental health: Conceptual and methodological review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(6), 477–483. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034942
  • Morris, C. E., & Reiber, C. (2011). Frequency, intensity and expression of post-relationship grief. EvoS Journal: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium, 3(1), 1–11. Retrieved from http://evostudies.org/wp-content/ uploads/2011/01/MorrisVol3Iss1.pdf
  • Navarro, R., Larrañaga, E., Yubero, S., & Víllora, B. (2020). Psychological correlates of ghosting and breadcrumbing experiences: A preliminary study among adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), Article 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031116
  • Pancani, L., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2022). Relationship dissolution strategies: Comparing the psychological consequences of ghosting, orbiting, and rejection. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(2), article 9. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-2-9 
  • Pancani, L., Mazzoni, D., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2021). Ghosting and orbiting: An analysis of victims’ experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(7), 1987–2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211000417
  • Perry, D. G., & Pauletti, R. E. (2011). Gender and adolescent development. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532- 7795.2010.00715.x 
  • Prusik, M., Konopka, K., & Kocur, D. (2021). Too many shades of gray: The dark triad and its linkage to coercive and coaxing tactics to obtain sex and the quality of romantic relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, Article 110413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110413
  • Rampersad, D. N., (2008). The role of coping resources and neuroticism in predicting female aggression in intimate relationships [Dissertation]. Georgia State University. 
  • Reed, L. A., Tolman, R. M., & Ward, L. M. (2017). Gender matters: Experiences and consequences of digital dating abuse victimization in adolescent dating relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 59, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.05.015 
  • Reynolds, J., & Wetherell, M. (2003). The discursive climate of singleness: The consequences for women’s negotiation of a single identity. Feminism & Psychology, 13(4), 489–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/09593535030134014
  • Rhoades, G. K., Kamp Dush, C. M., Atkins, D. C., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2011). Breaking up is hard to do: The impact of unmarried relationship dissolution on mental health and life satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(3), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023627
  • Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2010). Should I stay or should I go? Predicting dating relationship stability from four aspects of commitment. Journal of family psychology, 24(5), 543. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021008
  • Riotta, C. (2016, May 2). Where did the term ‘ghosted’ come from? Origin of the web’s favorite term for abandonment. Mic. https://www.mic.com/articles/134418/where-did-the-term-ghosted-come-from-origin-of-the-web-s-favorite[1]term-for-abandonment
  • Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection–hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 119–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00611.
  • Sbarra, D. A., & Emery, R. E. (2005). The emotional sequelae of nonmarital relationship dissolution: Analysis of change and intraindividual variability over time. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00112.x
  • Sbarra, D. A., Smith, H. L., & Mehl, M. R. (2012). When leaving your ex, love yourself: Observational ratings of self-compassion precit the course of emotional recovery following marital separation. Psychological Science, 23(3), 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567611429466
  • Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009). Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model. Psychological Review, 116(2), 365–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015250
  • Smith, D., Leonis, T., & Anandavalli, S. (2021). Belonging and loneliness in cyberspace: Impacts of social media on adolescents’ well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1898914
  • Song, H., Zmyslinski-Seelig, A., Kim, J., Drent, A., Victor, A., Omori, K., & Allen, M. (2014). Does Facebook make you lonely?: A meta analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 446-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.011
  • Sprecher, S. (1994). Two sides to the breakup of dating relationships. Personal Relationships, 1(3), 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1994.tb00062.x
  • Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (1998). The dissolution of close relationships. In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook (pp. 99–112). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Sprecher, S., Zimmerman, C., & Abraham, E. M. (2010). Choosing compassionate strategies to end a relationship: Effects of compassionate love for partner and reason for the breakup. Social Psychology, 41, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000010
  • Sprecher, S., Zimmerman, C., & Fehr, B. (2014). The influence of compassionate love on strategies used to end a relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(5), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513517958
  • Stanley S. M., Rhoades G. K., & Fincham F. D. (2011). Understanding romantic relationship among emerging adults: The significant roles of cohabitation and ambiguity. In Fincham F. D., Cui M. (Eds.), Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 234–251). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761935.013
  • Stepanikova, I., Nie, N. H., & He, X. (2010). Time on the Internet at home, loneliness, and life satisfaction: Evidence from panel time-diary data. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 329-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.002
  • Tashiro, T. Y., & Frazier, P. (2003). “I'll never be in a relationship like that again”: Personal post-traumatic growth following romantic relationship breakups. Personal Relationships, 10(1), 113–128. https://doi.org/10. 1111/1475-6811.00039
  • Taylor, S., & Xia, Y. (2018). Cyber partner abuse: a systematic review. Violence and Victims, 33(6), 983–1011. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.6.983 
  • Thomas, J. O., & Dubar, R. T. (2021). Disappearing in the age of hypervisibility: Definition, context, and perceived psychological consequences of social media ghosting. Psychology of Popular Media, 10(3), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000343
  • Timmermans, E., Hermans, A-M., & Opree, S. J. (2020). Gone with the wind: Exploring mobile daters’ ghosting experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38(2), 783-801. https://doi.org/10.1177%0265407520970287 
  •  Turner, I. N., Foster, J. D., & Webster, G. D. (2019). The dark Triad’s inverse relations with cognitive and emotional empathy: High powered tests with multiple measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.030
  • Twomey, C., & O’Reilly, G. (2017). Associations of self-presentation on Facebook with mental health and personality variables: A systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(10), 587–595. https://doi.org/10.1089/ cyber.2017.0247
  • Valkenburg, P. M., Meier, A., & Beyens, I. (2022). Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.017
  • Van der Molen, M. J.,Dekkers, L.M.,Westenberg, P.M., Van der Veen, F. M.,& Van der Molen,M.W. (2017). Why don’t you like me? Midfrontal theta power in response to unexpected peer rejection feedback. NeuroImage, 146, 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.045
  • Waldeck, D., Tyndall, I., Riva, P., & Chmiel, N. (2017). How do we cope with ostracism? Psychological flexibility moderates the relationship between everyday ostracism experiences and psychological distress. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(4), 425-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.09.001
  • Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 41, pp. 275–314). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1
  • Yap, M. A., Francisco, A. M., & Gopez, C. (2021). From Best Friends to Silent Ends: Exploring the Concepts of Ghosting in Non-Romantic Relationships. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(10), 943-950. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.10.12
  • Zadro, L. (2004). Ostracism: Empirical studies inspired by real-world experiences of silence and exclusion [Doctoral dissertation, University of New South Wales]. UNSWorks. https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/4211
  • Zadro, L., Williams, K. D., & Richardson, R. (2005). Riding the ‘O’train: Comparing the effects of ostracism and verbal dispute on targets and sources. Group  Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430205051062
  • Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Yahner, J., & Lachman, P. (2013). The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(7), 1063– 1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9922-8

Ghosting in Romantic Relationships: Ghost Lover

Yıl 2023, , 1049 - 1071, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1258703

Öz

Today, the fact that people of all ages have the ease of accessing various applications via a smart phone or computer brings with it some risks. Technological tools make it easier to start and maintain romantic relationships, and to stay in touch with the partner, as well as making it easier to end the relationship. Ending romantic relationships through technological tools rather than face-to-face communication is a situation we encounter more and more frequently. In this study, the concept of ghosting, which means the unilateral termination of the romantic relationship, has been tried to be explained. Ghosting has defined as a popular disappearance strategy aimed at ending a relationship by withdrawing communication. It seems to be a concept that is not known much but is just starting to become popular. It is known that exposure to ghosting negatively affects the mental health of individuals. The person exposed to ghosting cannot make sense of what happened and experiences disappointment, surprise and confusion. Considering the negative effects of ghosting on individuals, it becomes necessary to explain this concept and reveal its results. Understanding ghosting as a digital dating violence is considered important in terms of taking preventive steps and minimizing the effects of negativities. In this context, in order to understand ghosting well, its theoretical framework should be well presented. In this context, in this study, what ghosting is, its negative effects and research results made with people who apply and are exposed to ghosting are compiled, and it is aimed to create a basic perspective on ghosting.

Kaynakça

  • Astleitner, H., Bains, A., & Hörmann, S. (2023). The effects of personality and social media experiences on mental health: Examining the mediating role of fear of missing out, ghosting, and vaguebooking. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 107436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107436
  • Baker, C. K., & Carreno, P.K., (2016). Understanding the role of technology in adolescent dating and dating violence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 308–320. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10826-015-0196-5
  • Banks, S. P., Altendorf, D. M., Greene, J. O., & Cody, M. J. (1987). An examination of relationship disengagement: Perceptions, breakup strategies, and outcomes. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 51, 19–41. https://doi. org/10.1080/10570318709374250
  • Baxter, L. A. (1982). Strategies for ending relationships: Two studies. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 46(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570318209374082
  • Bennett, D. C.,Guran, E. L., Ramos, M. C., & Margolin, G. (2011). College students’ electronic victimization in friendships and dating relationships: Anticipated distress and associations with risky behaviors. Violence and Victims, 26, 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.4.410 
  • Berger, C. R., & Bradac, J. J. (1982). Language and social knowledge: Uncertainty in interpersonal relationships. London, England: Edward Arnold.
  • Berryman, C., McHugh, B., Wisniewski, P., Ferguson, C., & Negy, C. (2019). User characteristics of vaguebookers versus general social media users. In G. Meiselwitz (Ed.), Social computing and social media. Design, human behavior and analytics (pp. 169–181). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21902-4_13.
  • Biolcati, R., Pupi, V., & Mancini, G. (2022). Cyber dating abuse and ghosting behaviours: personality and gender roles in romantic relationships. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 10(3), 240-251. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.108289 
  • Blackburn, K., Brody, N., & LeFebvre, L. (2014). The I’s, we’s and she/he’s of breakups: Public and private pronoun usage in relationship dissolution accounts. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(2), 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X13516865
  • Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Englewood Cliffs.
  • Boss, P. (2007). Ambiguous loss theory: Challenges for scholars and practitioners. Family Relations, 56(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00444.x
  • Boss, P. E. (1999). Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Boss, P. E. (2016). The context and process of theory development: The story of ambiguous loss. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8(3), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12152
  • Brake, E. (2012). Minimizing marriage. Marriage, morality, and the law. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199774142.001.0001
  • Buehler, C. (1987). Initiator status and the divorce transition. Family Relations, 36(1), 82–86. https:// doi. org/10.2307/584653
  • Bylsma, W. H., Cozzarelli, C., & Sumer, N. (1997). Relation between adult attachment styles and global self-esteem. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1901_1
  • Campaioli, G., Testoni, I., & Zamperini, A. (2022). Double blue ticks: Reframing ghosting as ostracism through an abductive study on affordances. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-5-10
  • Carton, H., & Egan, V. (2017). The dark triad and intimate partner violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.040
  • Child, J.T., & Starcher, S.C. (2016). Fuzzy Facebook privacy boundaries: Exploring mediated lurking, vague-booking, and Facebook privacy management. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 483-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.035
  • Chin, K., Edelstein, R. S., & Vernon, P. A. (2019). Attached to dating apps: Attachment orientations and preferences for dating apps. Mobile Media & Communication, 7(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918770696
  • Chow, R. M., Tiedens, L. Z., & Govan, C. L. (2008). Excluded emotions: The role of anger in antisocial responses to ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 896–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.09.004
  • Cody, M. (1982). A typology of disengagement strategies and an examination of the role intimacy, reactions to inequity, and relational problems play in strategy selection. Communication Monographs, 49(3), 148–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758209376079
  • Collins, T. J., & Gillath, O. (2012). Attachment, breakup strategies, and associated outcomes: The effects of security enhancement on the selection of breakup strategies. Journal of Research in Personality, 46 (2), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.008
  • Cook, K., (2020). Mental Health, Relationships & Cognition. The Psychology of Silicon Valley: Ethical Threats and Emotional Unintelligence in the Tech Industry. 197–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27364-4_8
  • Cooper, J. C., Kreps, T. A., Wiebe, T., Pirkl, T., & Knutson, B. (2010). When giving is good: Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation for others’ intentions. Neuron, 67(3), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.030
  • Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & de Zuniga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web? The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003
  • Craft, S., & Garcia, Y.E., (2016). Interpersonal media used by couples in non-proximal romantic relationships: implications for psychological practice. In: Emotions, Technology, and Health. Academic Press, Elservier, pp. 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801737-1.00010-X.
  • Davidson, C. A., Willner, C. J., van Noordt, S. J., Banz, B. C., Wu, J., Kenney, J. G., ... & Crowley, M. J. (2019). One-month stability of Cyberball post-exclusion ostracism distress in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 41(3), 400-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09723-4
  • Davis, A. P. (2015, June 19). Charlize Theron gets a black belt in ghosting. The Cut. https://www.thecut.com/2015/06/charlize-theron-gets-a-black-belt-in-ghosting.html
  • De Wiele, C. V., & Campbell, J. F. (2019). From swiping to ghosting: Conceptualizing rejection in mobile dating. In A. Hetsroni & M. Tuncez (Eds.), It happened on Tinder. Reflections and studies on internet-infused dating (pp. 158– 175). Institute of Network Cultures
  • DeWall, C. N., & Richman, S. B. (2011). Social exclusion and the desire to reconnect. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(11), 919–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011. 00383.x
  • Doering, J. (2010). Face, accounts, and schemes in the context of relationship breakups. Symbolic Interaction, 33(1), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2010.33.1.71
  • Edwards, S. (2015, July 20). Charlize Theron broke up with Sean Penn by ghosting him. Jezebel.https://jezebel.com/charlize-theron-broke-up-with-sean-penn-by-ghosting-him-1712760688
  • Fisher, H. E., Brown, L. L., Aron, A., Strong, G., & Mashek, D. (2010). Reward, addiction, and emotion regulation systems associated with rejection in love. Journal of Neurophysiology, 104(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00784.2009
  • Freedman, G., Powell, D. N., Le, B., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Ghosting and destiny: Implicit theories of relationships predict beliefs about ghosting. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(3), 905–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517748791
  • Freedman, G., Powell, D. N., Le, B., & Williams, K. D. (2019). Ghosting and destiny: Implicit theories of relationships predict beliefs about ghosting. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(3), 905–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517748791
  • García-Sánchez, V., Guevara-Martínez, C., Rojas-Solís, J., Peña-Cárdenas, F., & Cruz, G. (2017). Apego y ciber-violencia en la pareja de adolescentes [Attachment and cyber-violence in the adolescent couple]. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 2(1), 541–550. https://doi. org/10.17060/ijodaep.2017.n1.v2.879 
  • Ghosting. Cambridge Dictionary. Available online: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/ ghosting (accessed on 15 January 2023).
  • Gough, B., & Lyons, A. (2016). The future of qualitative research in psychology: Accentuating the positive. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 50(2), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-015-9320-8
  • Helgeson, V. S. (1994). Long-distance romantic relationships: Sex differences in adjustment and breakup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(3), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294203003
  • Hellmuth, J. C., & McNulty, J. K. (2008). Neuroticism, marital violence, and the moderating role of stress and behavioral skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.166
  • Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2008). Personality and intimate partner aggression in dating relationships: The role of the Big Five. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 34(6), 593–604. https://doi. org/10.1002/ab.20277 
  • Jonason, P. K., & Jackson, C. J. (2016). The dark triad traits through the lens of reinforcement sensitivity theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.023
  • Jonason, P. K., & Kavanagh, P. (2010). The dark side of love: The dark triad and love styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(6), 606–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.030
  • Jonason, P. K., Ka´zmierczak, I., Campos, A. C., & Davis, M. D. (2021). Leaving without a word: Ghosting and the dark triad traits. Acta Psychologica, 220, Article 103425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103425
  • Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., Webster, G. W., & Schmitt, D. P. (2009). The dark triad: Facilitating short-term mating in men. European Journal of Personality, 23(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.698
  • Kendler, K. S., Hettema, J. M., Butera, F., Gardner, C. O., & Prescott, C. A. (2003). Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.789
  • Kıvanç, S. (2022). Yakın ilişkilere güncel bir bakış: çevrimiçi buluşma uygulamaları kullanım motivasyonlarının ilişki sonlandırma stilleri üzerindeki etkisi ve karanlık üçlü kişilik özelliklerinin rolü (Yüksek lisans tezi) Mersin Üniversitesi.
  • Knee, C. R. (1998). Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, coping, and longevity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.360
  • Knee, C. R., Patrick, H., Vietor, N. A., & Neighbors, C. (2004). Implicit theories of relationships: Moderators of the link between conflict and commitment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(5), 617–628. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203262853
  • Koerner, A. (2018). Relationship typologies. In A. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (pp. 65-76). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.007
  • Koessler, R. B. (2018). When your boo becomes a ghost: The association between breakup strategy and breakup role in experiences of relationship dissolution [Master’s thesis, The University of Western Ontario]. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5402. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nt5r4
  • Koessler, R. B., Kohut, T., & Campbell, L. (2019). When your boo becomes a ghost: The association between breakup strategy and breakup role in experiences of relationship dissolution. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1), Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.230
  • Lapierre, M. A. (2019). Smartphones and loneliness in love: Testing links between smartphone engagement, loneliness, and relational health. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000230.
  • LeFebvre, L. E. (2017). Phantom lovers: Ghosting as a relationship dissolution strategy in the
  • LeFebvre, L. E., & Fan, X. (2020). Ghosted? Navigating strategies for reducing uncertainty and implications surrounding ambiguous loss. Personal Relationships, 27(2), 433–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12322
  • LeFebvre, L. E., Allen, M., Rasner, R. D., Garstad, S., Wilms, A., & Parrish, C. (2019). Ghosting in emerging adults’ romantic relationships: The digital dissolution disappearance strategy. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 39(2), 125–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236618820519
  • LeFebvre, L. E., Ramirez, A., Hayes, J., & Gabrielson, G. (2019). Finding, seeking, and communicating in relationship initiation: Exploring the pathway of modality switching and information-seeking. Paper presented to the Human Communication and Technology Division at the National Communication Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. 
  • LeFebvre, L. E., Rasner, R. D., & Allen, M. (2019). “I guess I’ll never know...”: Non-initiators account-making after being ghosted. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(5), 395–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2019.1694299
  • Lyons, M., Houghton, E., Brewer, G., & Brien, F. O. (2020). The dark triad and sexual assertiveness predict sexual coercion differently in men and women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37 (7-8), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520922346
  • Manning, J., Denker, K. J., & Johnson, R. (2019). Justifications for ‘ghosting out’ of developing or ongoing romantic relationships: Anxieties regarding digitally-mediated romantic interaction. In A. Hetsroni & M. Tuncez (Eds.), It happened on tinder: Reflections and studies on internet-infused dating (pp. 114–132). Institute of Network Cultures.
  • Meenagh, J. (2015). Flirting, dating, and breaking up within new media environments. Sex Education, 15(5), 458–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1033516
  • Meier, A., & Reinecke, L. (2020). Computer-mediated communication, social media, and mental health: A conceptual and empirical meta-review. Communication Research, 48 (8), 1182–1209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220958224
  • Morgan E. (2012). Contemporary issues in sexual orientation and identity development in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696812469187
  • Morgan, C., Burns, T., Fitzpatrick, R., Pinfold, V., & Priebe, S. (2007). Social exclusion and mental health: Conceptual and methodological review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(6), 477–483. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034942
  • Morris, C. E., & Reiber, C. (2011). Frequency, intensity and expression of post-relationship grief. EvoS Journal: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium, 3(1), 1–11. Retrieved from http://evostudies.org/wp-content/ uploads/2011/01/MorrisVol3Iss1.pdf
  • Navarro, R., Larrañaga, E., Yubero, S., & Víllora, B. (2020). Psychological correlates of ghosting and breadcrumbing experiences: A preliminary study among adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), Article 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031116
  • Pancani, L., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2022). Relationship dissolution strategies: Comparing the psychological consequences of ghosting, orbiting, and rejection. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(2), article 9. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-2-9 
  • Pancani, L., Mazzoni, D., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2021). Ghosting and orbiting: An analysis of victims’ experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(7), 1987–2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211000417
  • Perry, D. G., & Pauletti, R. E. (2011). Gender and adolescent development. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532- 7795.2010.00715.x 
  • Prusik, M., Konopka, K., & Kocur, D. (2021). Too many shades of gray: The dark triad and its linkage to coercive and coaxing tactics to obtain sex and the quality of romantic relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, Article 110413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110413
  • Rampersad, D. N., (2008). The role of coping resources and neuroticism in predicting female aggression in intimate relationships [Dissertation]. Georgia State University. 
  • Reed, L. A., Tolman, R. M., & Ward, L. M. (2017). Gender matters: Experiences and consequences of digital dating abuse victimization in adolescent dating relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 59, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.05.015 
  • Reynolds, J., & Wetherell, M. (2003). The discursive climate of singleness: The consequences for women’s negotiation of a single identity. Feminism & Psychology, 13(4), 489–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/09593535030134014
  • Rhoades, G. K., Kamp Dush, C. M., Atkins, D. C., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2011). Breaking up is hard to do: The impact of unmarried relationship dissolution on mental health and life satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(3), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023627
  • Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2010). Should I stay or should I go? Predicting dating relationship stability from four aspects of commitment. Journal of family psychology, 24(5), 543. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021008
  • Riotta, C. (2016, May 2). Where did the term ‘ghosted’ come from? Origin of the web’s favorite term for abandonment. Mic. https://www.mic.com/articles/134418/where-did-the-term-ghosted-come-from-origin-of-the-web-s-favorite[1]term-for-abandonment
  • Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection–hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 119–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00611.
  • Sbarra, D. A., & Emery, R. E. (2005). The emotional sequelae of nonmarital relationship dissolution: Analysis of change and intraindividual variability over time. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00112.x
  • Sbarra, D. A., Smith, H. L., & Mehl, M. R. (2012). When leaving your ex, love yourself: Observational ratings of self-compassion precit the course of emotional recovery following marital separation. Psychological Science, 23(3), 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567611429466
  • Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009). Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model. Psychological Review, 116(2), 365–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015250
  • Smith, D., Leonis, T., & Anandavalli, S. (2021). Belonging and loneliness in cyberspace: Impacts of social media on adolescents’ well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1898914
  • Song, H., Zmyslinski-Seelig, A., Kim, J., Drent, A., Victor, A., Omori, K., & Allen, M. (2014). Does Facebook make you lonely?: A meta analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 446-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.011
  • Sprecher, S. (1994). Two sides to the breakup of dating relationships. Personal Relationships, 1(3), 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1994.tb00062.x
  • Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (1998). The dissolution of close relationships. In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook (pp. 99–112). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Sprecher, S., Zimmerman, C., & Abraham, E. M. (2010). Choosing compassionate strategies to end a relationship: Effects of compassionate love for partner and reason for the breakup. Social Psychology, 41, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000010
  • Sprecher, S., Zimmerman, C., & Fehr, B. (2014). The influence of compassionate love on strategies used to end a relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(5), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513517958
  • Stanley S. M., Rhoades G. K., & Fincham F. D. (2011). Understanding romantic relationship among emerging adults: The significant roles of cohabitation and ambiguity. In Fincham F. D., Cui M. (Eds.), Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 234–251). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761935.013
  • Stepanikova, I., Nie, N. H., & He, X. (2010). Time on the Internet at home, loneliness, and life satisfaction: Evidence from panel time-diary data. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 329-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.002
  • Tashiro, T. Y., & Frazier, P. (2003). “I'll never be in a relationship like that again”: Personal post-traumatic growth following romantic relationship breakups. Personal Relationships, 10(1), 113–128. https://doi.org/10. 1111/1475-6811.00039
  • Taylor, S., & Xia, Y. (2018). Cyber partner abuse: a systematic review. Violence and Victims, 33(6), 983–1011. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.6.983 
  • Thomas, J. O., & Dubar, R. T. (2021). Disappearing in the age of hypervisibility: Definition, context, and perceived psychological consequences of social media ghosting. Psychology of Popular Media, 10(3), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000343
  • Timmermans, E., Hermans, A-M., & Opree, S. J. (2020). Gone with the wind: Exploring mobile daters’ ghosting experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38(2), 783-801. https://doi.org/10.1177%0265407520970287 
  •  Turner, I. N., Foster, J. D., & Webster, G. D. (2019). The dark Triad’s inverse relations with cognitive and emotional empathy: High powered tests with multiple measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.030
  • Twomey, C., & O’Reilly, G. (2017). Associations of self-presentation on Facebook with mental health and personality variables: A systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(10), 587–595. https://doi.org/10.1089/ cyber.2017.0247
  • Valkenburg, P. M., Meier, A., & Beyens, I. (2022). Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.017
  • Van der Molen, M. J.,Dekkers, L.M.,Westenberg, P.M., Van der Veen, F. M.,& Van der Molen,M.W. (2017). Why don’t you like me? Midfrontal theta power in response to unexpected peer rejection feedback. NeuroImage, 146, 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.045
  • Waldeck, D., Tyndall, I., Riva, P., & Chmiel, N. (2017). How do we cope with ostracism? Psychological flexibility moderates the relationship between everyday ostracism experiences and psychological distress. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(4), 425-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.09.001
  • Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 41, pp. 275–314). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1
  • Yap, M. A., Francisco, A. M., & Gopez, C. (2021). From Best Friends to Silent Ends: Exploring the Concepts of Ghosting in Non-Romantic Relationships. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(10), 943-950. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.10.12
  • Zadro, L. (2004). Ostracism: Empirical studies inspired by real-world experiences of silence and exclusion [Doctoral dissertation, University of New South Wales]. UNSWorks. https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/4211
  • Zadro, L., Williams, K. D., & Richardson, R. (2005). Riding the ‘O’train: Comparing the effects of ostracism and verbal dispute on targets and sources. Group  Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430205051062
  • Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Yahner, J., & Lachman, P. (2013). The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(7), 1063– 1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9922-8
Toplam 103 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyal Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Yasemin Kaygas 0000-0002-9264-2486

Gülşah Candemir 0000-0003-4489-8732

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaygas, Y., & Candemir, G. (2023). Romantik İlişkilerde Ghosting: Hayalet Sevgili. Humanistic Perspective, 5(3), 1049-1071. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1258703


Humanistic Perspective - 2019


DergiPark Webhttps://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hp | E-posta: hpeditorluk@gmail.com