COVID-19 Psikolojik Zorlanma Ölçeği’nin Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1, 141 - 152, 21.06.2023

Ezgi Trak , Elif Üzümcü Müjgan İnözü , Ayşe Bikem Hacıömeroğlu

https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.949751

Öz

Güncel araştırmalar COVID-19 salgınının yüksek psikolojik sıkıntı düzeyi ile ilişkili olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19’a ilişkin kaygı, tehdit algısı ve umutsuzluğu değerlendiren on dört maddelik özbildirime dayalı bir ölçüm aracı olan COVID-19 Psikolojik Zorlanma Ölçeği'nin geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yürütülen birinci araştırmada, 626 katılımcıdan COVID-19 Psikolojik Zorlanma Ölçeği'ni ve diğer ruh sağlığı ölçüm araçlarını yanıtlaması istenmiştir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları, ölçeğin COVID-19’a ilişkin kaygı, tehdit algısı ve umutsuzluktan oluşan üç faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ölçeğin istenilen iç tutarlık, test-tekrar test güvenilirliği, bileşen, ayrışan ve yordayıcı geçerlik değerlerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. İkinci araştırmada, 548 katılımcı COVID-19 Psikolojik Zorlanma Ölçeği’ni yanıtlamıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları, ölçeğin üç faktörlü yapısını desteklemiştir. Bu bulgular, COVID-19 Psikolojik Zorlanma Ölçeği’nin COVID-19’a ilişkin psikolojik sıkıntıyı değerlendirmek için kullanabilecek çok boyutlu, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Koronavirüs, pandemi, kaygı, tehdit algısı, umutsuzluk

Destekleyen Kurum

Tübitak

Proje Numarası

120K364

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of COVID-19 Distress Scale

Öz

Recent findings indicate that the COVID-19 outbreak is associated with high distress levels. The present study reports the development and psychometric evaluation of the COVID-19 Distress Scale, a fourteen-item self-report measure assessing anxiety, threat perception, and hopelessness related to COVID-19. In Study 1, 626 individuals completed the COVID-19 Distress Scale and established measures of mental health. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a three-factor structure, consisting of anxiety, threat perception, and hopelessness regarding COVID-19. The COVID-19 Distress Scale was internally consistent, had test-retest reliability, concurrent, divergent, and predictive validity. In Study 2, 548 participants completed the COVID-19 Distress Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure of the scale. These results suggest that the COVID-19 Distress Scale is a robust and multidimensional measure for assessing COVID-19 related distress.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Coronavirus, pandemic, anxiety, threat perception, hopelessness

Proje Numarası

120K364

Kaynakça

• Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
• Alberts, N. M., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Jones, S. L., & Sharpe, D. (2013). The Short Health Anxiety Inventory: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.10.009
• American Psychiatric Association (2020) New Poll: COVID-19 Impacting Mental Well-Being. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-releases/new-poll-covid-19-impacting-mental-well-being-americans-feeling-anxious- especially-for-loved-ones-older-adults-are-less-anxious (accessed 3 August 2020).
• Aydemir, O., Kirpinar, I., Tülay, S., Uykur, B., & Cengisiz, C. (2013). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Health Anxiety Inventory. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi, 50(4), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6383
• Basim, H. N., & Cetin, F. (2011). The reliability and validity of the Resilience Scale for Adults-Turkish Version. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 22(2), 104-114.
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
• Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: Science and practice. Guilford Press.
• Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14(4), 485-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485
• Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Martinussen, M. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment?. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12(2), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.143
• Gençöz, T. (2000). Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-28.
• Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X29657
• Hjemdal, O., Friborg, O., Braun, S., Kempenaers, C., Linkowski, P., & Fossion, P. (2011). The Resilience Scale for Adults: Construct validity and measurement in a Belgian sample. International Journal of Testing, 11(1), 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2010.508570
• Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
• Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
• Moulding, R., Anglim, J., Nedeljkovic, M., Doron, G., Kyrios, M., & Ayalon, A. (2011). The Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ): Examination in nonclinical samples and development of a short version. Assessment, 18(3), 357-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110376490
• Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2001). Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(8), 987-1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1
• Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., ... & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. An N= 18147 web-based survey. MedRxiv. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20057802
• Rubin, G. J., Amlôt, R., Page, L., & Wessely, S. (2009). Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: cross sectional telephone survey. British Medical Journal, 339, b2651. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2651
• Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., & Warwick, H. M. C. (2002). The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32(5), 843-853. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702005822
• Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Gibson Miller, J., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martinez, A. P., Stocks, V. A., Bennett, K. M., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., & Bentall, R. P. (2020). Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, and COVID-19 related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. PsyArXiv Preprints. Retrieved from https://psyarxiv.com/hb6nq
• Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
• Taylor, S., Landry, C., Paluszek, M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. (2020). Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232
• Trnka, R., & Lorencova, R. (2020). Fear, anger, and media-induced trauma during the outbreak of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 546-549. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000675
• Twenge, J., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). Mental distress among U.S. adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. PsyArXiv Preprints. Retrieved from https://psyarxiv.com/wc8ud
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063
• Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210-218.
• Yıldırım, A., Boysan, M., & Kefeli, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(5), 582-595. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1442558
• Yorulmaz, O., Güngör, D., & Gökdağ, C. (2019). The Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire: Adaptation of Its Short Forms to the Turkish and Examination of Their Psychometric Properties. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 30(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.5080/u23433
• Yorulmaz, O., Inozu, M., Clark, D. A., & Radomsky, A. S. (2015). Psychometric Properties of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised in a Turkish Analogue Sample. Psychological Reports, 117(3), 781-793. https://doi.org/10.2466/08.PR0.117c25z4