Personal and Social Factors Related to Prosocial and Aggressive Behaviors Among University Students

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 22, 22 - 41, 15.10.2023

Petek Akman Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1298138

Öz

This study aims to determine the personal and social factors related to prosocial and aggressive behaviors among university students. 429 university students took part in the study. The levels of prosocial and aggressive behaviors were determined with Prosocial and Aggressive Behaviors Questionnaire. The Resilience Scale for Adults was used to assess levels of personal and social variables. The relationships among study variables were examined with t-test, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The female students were found to show more prosocial behaviors and less aggressive behaviors than male students. Regression analyses demonstrated that perception of self, social competence, relationships with family and friends were positive predictors of prosocial behaviors. Perception of self and future, family cohesion, quality of relationships with family and friends were found to negatively predict aggressive behaviors. The findings of the study were evaluated with regard to social and emotional characteristics of young adulthood. Suggestions for future research and educational activities for university students were discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

prosocial behaviors, aggressive behaviors, perception of self, social competence, family cohesion

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Toplum Yanlısı ve Saldırgan Davranışlar ile İlişkili Bireysel ve Sosyal Etmenler

Öz

Bu çalışmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin toplum yanlısı ve saldırgan davranışları ile ilişkili bireysel ve sosyal etmenlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 429 üniversite öğrencisi katılım sağlamıştır. Olumlu Sosyal Davranışlar ve Saldırganlık Ölçeği ile katılımcıların toplum yanlısı ve saldırgan davranışları gösterme düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Yetişkinler İçin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği bireysel ve sosyal etmenlerin düzeylerini belirlemek için kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler t-testi, korelasyon analizi ve çoklu regresyon analizi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Kız öğrencilerin erkek öğrencilere göre daha fazla toplum yanlısı davranışta ve daha az saldırgan davranışta bulundukları belirlenmiştir. Regresyon analizleri benlik algısının, sosyal yeterliliğin, aile ve arkadaşlar ile ilişkilerin niteliğinin toplum yanlısı davranışların pozitif yordayıcıları olduklarını göstermiştir. Benliğe ve geleceğe ilişkin algıların, aile uyumunun, aile ve arkadaş ilişkilerinin saldırgan davranışları negatif yönde yordadıkları bulunmuştur. Araştırma bulguları genç yetişkinlik döneminin sosyal ve duygusal özellikleri ile ilişkili olarak değerlendirilmiştir. İleride yapılacak araştırmalar ve üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik eğitsel çalışmalar için öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toplum yanlısı davranışlar, Saldırgan davranışlar, Benlik algısı, Sosyal yeterlilik, Aile uyumu

Kaynakça

• Andreas, J. B. ve Watson, M. W. (2009). Moderating effects of family environment on the association between children's aggressive beliefs and their aggression trajectories from childhood to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 189-205. Arsenio, W. F., Cooperman, S. ve Lover, A. (2000). Affective predictors of preschoolers’ aggression and peer acceptance: Direct and indirect effects. Developmental Psychology, 36(4), 438-448.
• Basım, H. N. ve Çetin, F. (2011). Yetişkinler İçin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği'nin güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(2), 104-114.
• Bayar, Y., Sayıl, M. ve Kındap Tepe, Y. (2020). The relationship of autonomous motivation to prosocial behavior: Mediator role of prosocial friends and friendship quality among Turkish adolescents. Research on Education and Psychology, 4(1), 98-113.
• Bayraktar, F., Kındap, Y., Kumru, A. ve Sayıl, M. (2010). Olumlu Sosyal ve Saldırgan Davranışlar Ölçeği'nin ergen örnekleminde psikometrik açıdan incelenmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 13(26), 1-13.
• Boxer, P., Tisak, M. S. ve Goldstein, S. E. (2004). Is It bad to be good? An exploration of aggressive and prosocial behavior subtypes in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(2), 91-100.
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M. ve Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79(5), 1185-1229.
• Carlo, G., Mestre, V., Samper, P., Tur, A. ve Amenta, B. E. (2010). Feelings or cognitions? Moral cognitions and emotions as longitudinal predictors of prosocial and aggressive behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(8), 872-877.
• Carlo, G. ve Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 31-44.
• Chen, X., Huang, X., Chang, L., Wang, L. ve Li, D. (2010). Aggression, social competence, and academic achievement in Chinese children: A 5-year longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 583-592.
• Clark, M., Dahlen, E. R. ve Nicholson, B. C. (2015) The role of parenting in relational aggression and prosocial behavior among emerging adults. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(2), 185-202.
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159.
• Collie, R. J. (2022). Social-emotional need satisfaction, prosocial motivation, and students’ positive behavioral and well-being outcomes. Social Psychology of Education, 25(2-3), 399-424.
• Crick, N. R. ve Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 74-101.
• Day, R. D. ve Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2009). Mother and father connectedness and involvement during early adolescence. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(6), 900-904.
• Dodge, K. A. ve Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146-1158.
• Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E. ve Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335.
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage Publications.
• Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H. ve Martinussen, M. A. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 12(2), 65-76.
• Frijda, N. H. ve Mesquita, B. (1998). The analysis of emotions: Dimensions of variation. In M. F. Mascolo & S. Griffin (Eds.), What develops in emotional development? (pp. 273–295). New York: Plenum Press.
• Gao, S. L. ve Chan, K. L. (2015). Future orientation and school bullying among adolescents in rural China: The mediating role of school bonding. SAGE Open, 1-9.
• Grotpeter, J. K. ve Cairns, R. B. (1996). Relational aggression, overt aggression, and friendship. Child Development, 67(5), 2328-2338.
• Gupta, D. ve Thapliyal, G. (2015). A study of prosocial behaviour and self concept of adolescents. I-Manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 9(1), 38-45.
• Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. ve Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Hamama, L. ve Arazi, Y. (2012). Aggressive behaviour in at-risk children: Contribution of subjective well-being and family cohesion. Child & Family Social Work, 17(3), 284-295.
• Hur, Y.-M., Taylor, J., Jeong, H.-U., Park, M.-S. ve Haberstick, B. C. (2017). Perceived family cohesion moderates environmental influences on prosocial behavior in Nigerian adolescent twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 20(3), 226–235.
• Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Keenan, K. ve Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 95–113.
• Kobayashi, C. ve Brown, J. D. (2003). Self-esteem and self-enhancement in Japan and America. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(5), 567–580.
• Laguna, M., De Longis, E., Mazur-Socha, Z. ve Alessandri, G. (2022). Explaining prosocial behavior from the inter-and within-individual perspectives: A role of positive orientation and positive affect. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23, 1599-1615.
• Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S. ve Bates, J. E. (2010). Developmental cascades of peerrejection, social information processing biases, and aggression during middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 593-602.
• Li, S. ve Hao, J. (2022). Are adolescents with higher self-esteem more prosocial? Exploring the moderating effect of self-compassion in different genders. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 183(5), 364-380.
• Lu, T. C., Wang, C. X., Tao, B. L., Sui, H. R. ve Yan, J. (2022) The relationship between physical activity and prosocial behavior of college students: A mediating role of self-perception. PLoS ONE, 17(8): e0271759, 1-10.
• Ma, H. K. (2012). Social competence as a positive youth development construct: A conceptual review. Scientific World Journal, 3:287472, 1-7.
• Morin, A. (2017). Toward a glossary of self-related terms. Frontiers in Psychology, 8:280, 1-9.
• Nelson, S. K., Layous, K., Cole, S. W. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2016). Do unto others or treat yourself? The effects of prosocial and self-focused behavior on psychological flourishing. Emotion, 16(6), 850–861.
• Nurmi, J.-E. (1991). How do adolescents see their future? A review of the development of future orientation and planning. Developmental Review, 11(1), 1-59.
• Odacı, H. ve Çelik, Ç. B. (2017). Kendilik algısı ve saldırganlık arasındaki ilişki: Yalnızlığın aracı rolü. Journal of Mood Disorders, 7(4), 219-25.
• Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 144-167.
• Orobio de Castro, B., Brendgen, M., Van Boxtel, H., Vitaro, F. ve Schaepers, L. (2007). "Accept me, or else": Disputed overestimation of social competence predicts increases in proactive aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(2), 165-78.
• Rose-Krasnor, L. (1997). The nature of social competence: A theoretical review. Social Development, 6(1), 111-135.
• Russo, C., Dell’Era, A., Zagrean, I., Danioni, F. ve Barni, D. (2022) Activating self-transcendence values to promote prosocial behaviors among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of positive orientation. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 183(3), 263-277.
• Stoddard, S. A., Zimmerman, M. A. ve Bauermeister, J. A. (2011). Thinking about the future as a way to succeed in the present: a longitudinal study of future orientation and violent behaviors among African American youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 48(3-4), 238-246.
• Teng, Z., Liu, Y. ve Guo, C. (2015). A meta-analysis of the relationship between self-esteem and aggression among Chinese students. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 45-54.
• Xiao, S. X., Hashi, E. C., Korous, K. M. ve Eisenberg. N. (2019). Gender differences across multiple types of prosocial behavior in adolescence: A meta-analysis of the prosocial tendency measure-revised (PTM-R). Journal of Adolescence, 77, 41-58.
• Zuffianò, A., Alessandri, G., Kanacri, B. P. L., Pastorelli, C., Milioni, M., Ceravolo, R., Caprar, M. G. ve Caprara, G. V. (2014). The relation between prosociality and self-esteem from middle-adolescence to young adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 24-29.