TOPLUMSAL DÜZEN KAVRAYIŞININ DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE İNGİLTERE'DE ÖNLEYİCİ POLİSLİĞİN DOĞUŞU

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 24, 293 - 315, 15.10.2024

Abdullah Enes Özel

https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1524105

Öz

Sanayi Devrimi, kapitalist bir emek piyasası yaratma çabaları ve bu çabaların toplumsal etkileri -o dönemin (hızlı demografik, kentsel ve toplumsal değişimler gibi) tüm çalkantılarıyla birlikte - 18. yüzyıldan itibaren düzenin nasıl yaratılıp sürdürülebileceği ve bu düzene yönelik tehditlerin nasıl ortadan kaldırılabileceğine dair sürekli bir sorgulamaya zemin hazırlamıştır. Söz konusu dönemde toplumsal düzen fikri önemli bir dönüşüm geçirmiş, emek piyasası düzenin gerçekleştiği ana mecra olarak öne çıkmış, yoksulluğun bu düzen içindeki işlevi yeniden tanımlanmış ve nihayetinde bu düzene yönelik tehditler yeniden kategorize edilmiştir. Suç önleme ve önleyici polis hakkındaki tartışmalar da bu sorgulamanın ana unsurlarından biri haline dönüşmüştür. Bu tartışmalar içinde önleyici polis, diğer sosyal politika önlemleri ve kurumlarıyla birlikte, bu tehditleri izale etmenin ve toplumsal düzeni sağlamanın temel araçlarından biri olarak önerilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu tartışmaları takip etmek, önleyici polisliğin başlangıçta yalnızca bireysel suçları önlemek için değil, kendi içinde düzen üreten bir mekanizma olarak görülen emek piyasasını tamamlamak için tasarlandığını göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, önleyici polislik söylemi yoksulluk, fakirlik ve tehlikeli sınıflar hakkındaki tartışmalarla derinden iç içe geçmiştir. Bu makalenin temel amacı, bu tartışmaları takip ederek önleyici polisliğin tarihsel-toplumsal çerçevesini hem teorik hem de pratik yönleriyle inşa etmek ve günümüz anlamıyla önleyici polisliğin ortaya çıkışının ancak toplumsal düzen fikrine ilişkin bu dönüşümler bağlamında anlaşılabileceğini göstermektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sanayi Devrimi, Suç Önleme, Önleyici Polis, Tehlikeli Sınıflar, Düşkünlük

THE TRANSFORMATİON OF THE CONCEPTİON OF SOCİAL ORDER AND THE EMERGENCE OF PREVENTİVE POLİCİNG İN ENGLAND

Öz

The Industrial Revolution, the efforts to create a capitalist labor market, and the social effects of these efforts—along with all the turbulence of that period (rapid demographic, urban, and social changes)—laid the groundwork from the 18th Century onwards for continuous questioning of how order can be created and maintained, as well as how threats to this order can be removed. During this period, the idea of social order underwent a fundamental transformation. The labor market was suggested as the main base, in which the order is realized, the function of poverty in this order was redefined and ultimately the threats to this order were recategorized. The debate about crime prevention and preventive police became one of the main aspects of this questioning. Within these discussions, preventive police, along with other social policy measures and institutions, was proposed as one of the main means of controlling these threats and maintaining social order. However, these discussions show that preventive policing was not initially designed solely to prevent individual crimes but rather to complement the labor market, which is seen as an order-producing mechanism in itself. In this regard, the discourse on preventive policing is deeply intertwined with debates about poverty, pauperism, and dangerous classes. The main aim of this article is to construct the historical-social framework of preventive police in its theoretical as well as practical aspects while following these discussions, and to show that the formation of preventive police in the today’s sense can only be understood in the context of these transformations regarding the idea of social order.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Industrial Revolution, Crime Prevention, Preventive Police, Dangerous Classes, Pauperism

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