ALGILANAN İŞ YÜKÜNÜN TÜKENMİŞLİK ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: İŞ-AİLE ÇATIŞMASININ ARACI ROLÜ
Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 147 - 172, 30.06.2012
Özge Tayfur
,
Mahmut Arslan
Öz
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, iş yükü ve iş-aile çatışmasının katılımcıların hissettikleri tükenmişlik üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmada yaptıkları işin özel yaşamlarını etkilediğini (iş-aile çatışması hisseden) ve iş yüklerinin fazla olduğuna inanan çalışanların kendilerini başarısız ve duygusal yönden tükenmiş hissetme; yaptıkları işten kendilerini uzaklaştırma ve işe karşı negatif tutuma sahip olma eğilimlerinin fazla olacağı varsayılmıştır. İş-aile çatışmasının iş yükü ile tükenmişlik boyutları (duygusal tükenme, işe karşı duyarsızlaşma ve kişisel başarı noksanlığı) arasındaki ilişkiye kısmi aracılık ettiği düşünülmüştür. Çalışmaya özel ve kamu bankalarında çalışan yüz elli bir kişi katılmıştır. Çalışanlardan iş-aile çatışması, iş yükü ve tükenmişliğin üç boyutuyla ilgili maddeleri değerlendirmeleri istenmiştir. Sonuçlar genelde beklenildiği gibi bulunmuş; iş yükü ve iş-aile çatışması arttıkça çalışanların kendilerini daha fazla tükenmiş, bıkkın ve yılgın hissettikleri; iş yerindeki olumsuzluklara tepki olarak yaptıkları işe karşı duyarsızlaşıp, negatif tutumlar benimsedikleri saptanmıştır. Ayrıca iş yükünün fazla olmasının iş-aile çatışmasını bu çatışmanın da duygusal tükenme ve işe karşı duyarsızlaşma/sinik tutumları arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Tükenmişliğin boyutlarından biri olan kişisel başarıdaki noksanlığının iş yükü ve iş-aile çatışmasından etkilenmediği açıkça gösterilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin kuramsal ve uygulamaya yönelik sonuçları ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın güçlü yönleri ve sınırlılıkları ile birlikte gelecekteki çalışmalar için bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Kaynakça
- American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education (1999) Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
- Arbuckle, J.L. (2008) IBM SPSS AMOS 17 User's Guide, Crawfordville, PL, USA: AMOS Development Corporation.
- Bakker, A.B., E. Demerouti, and W.B. Schaufeli. (2002) “Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey: An Internet Study across Occupations”, Anxiety, Stress, and Coping , 15(3), 245-260.
- Baron, R.M. and D.A. Kenny (1986) “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
- Boles, J.S., M.W. Johnston and J.F. Hair (1997) “Role Stress, Work-Family Conflict and Emotional Exhaustion: Inter-Relationships and Effects on Some Work- Related Consequences”, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 17(1), 17-28.
- Burke, R.J. (1988) “Some Antecedents and Consequences of Work-Family Conflict”, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3(4), 287-302.
- Carlson, D.S. and P.L. Perrewe (1999) “The Role of Social Support in the Stressor- Strain Relationship: An Examination of Work Family Conflict”, Journal of Management , 25(4), 513-540.
- Cordes, C.L. and T.W. Dougherty (1993) “A Review and Integration of Research on Job Burnout”, Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621-656.
- Çakınberk, A. (2011) “Studying the Relationship between Employees’ Occupational Burnout Levels and Satisfaction of Life: A Research in Private Banks”, African Journal of Business Management, 5(16), 6825-6838.
- Derya, S. (2008) “Crossover of Work-Family Conflict: Antecedent and Consequences of Crossover Process in Dual-Earner Couple”, Koç Üniversitesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tez Çalışması, İstanbul.
- Elloy, D.F. and C.R. Smith (2003) “Patterns of Stress, Work-Family Conflict, Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity and Overload among Dual-Career and Single- Career Couples: An Australian Study”, Cross Cultural Management, 10(1), 55-66.
- Ergin, C. (1993) “Doktor ve Hemşirelerde Tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması”, iç. R. Bayraktar ve İ. Dağ, VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, Ankara: VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Düzenleme Kurulu ve Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
- Freudenberger, H.J. (1974) “Staff Burnout”, Journal of Social Issues , 30(1), 159-165.
- Frone, M.R., M. Russell, and M.L. Cooper (1992) “Antecedents and Outcomes of Work-Family Conflict: Testing a Model of the Work-Family Interface”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65-78.
- Greenhaus, J.H. and N.J. Beutell (1985) “Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles”, Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
- Greenhaus, J.L., S. Parasuraman, C.S. Granrose, S. Raminowitz and N.J. Beutell (1989) “Sources of Work-Family Conflict among Two-Career Couples”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34(2), 133-153.
- Greene, G. (1961) A Burnt-out Case, The Viking Press. USA.
- Goff, S.J., M.K. Mount, and R.L. Jamison (1990) “Employer Supported Child Care, Work/Family Conflict and Absenteeism: A Field Study”, Personnel Psychology, 43(4), 793-809.
- Goode, W.J. (1960) “A Theory of Role Strain”, American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483-496.
- Hepburn, C.G. and J. Barling (1996) “Eldercare Responsibilities, Interrole Conflict and Employee Absence: A Daily Study”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(3), 311-318.
- Higgins, C.A., L.E. Duxbury and R.H. Irving (1992) “Work-Family Conflict in the Dual Career Family”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 51(1) 51-75.
- Hobfoll, S.E. and J. Freedy (1993) “Conservation Of Resources: A General Stres Theory Applied to Burnout”, in W.B. Schaufeli, C.Maslach and T. Marek (ed.), Professional Burnout Recent Developments in Theory and Research, Washington DC: Taylor & Francis,115-131.
- Houkes, I., Y. Winants and M. Twellaar (2008) “Specific Determinants of Burnout among Male and Female General Practitioners: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(2), 249-276.
- Jourdain, G. and D. Chenevert (2010) “Job Demands–Resources, Burnout and Intention to Leave the Nursing Profession: A Questionnaire Survey”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(6), 709-722.
- Innstrand, S.T., E.M. Langballe, G.A. Espnes, E. Falkum and O. G. Aasland (2008) “Positive and Negative Work Family Interaction and Burnout: A Longitudinal Study of Reciprocal Relations”, Work and Stress, 22(1), 1-15.
- Kaçmaz, N. (2005) “Tükenmişlik (Burnout) Sendromu”, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi , 68(1), 29-32.
- Karatepe, O.M. ve M. Tekinkuş (2006) “The Effects of Work-Family Conflict, Emotional Exhaustion, and Intrinsic Motivation on Job Outcomes of Front- Line Employees”, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(3), 173- 193.
- Kinnunen, U., T. Feldt, S. Geurts and L. Pulkkinen (2006) “Types of Work-Family Interface: Well-Being Correlates of Negative and Positive Spillover Between Work and Family”, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 149-162.
- Kossek, E.E. and C. Özeki (1998) “Work-Family Conflict, Policies, and Job-Life Satisfaction Relationship: A Review and Directions for Organizational Behavior- Human Resources Research”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 139-149.
- Kossek, E. and V. Nichol (1992) “The Effects of On-Site Child Care on Employee Attitudes and Performance”, Personnel Psychology, 45(3), 485-509.
- Lee, R.T. and B.E. Ashforth (1996) “A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Correlates of the Three Dimensions of Job Burnout”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 123-133.
- Leiter, M., S. Gascόn, and B. Martinez-Jarreta (2010) “Making Sense of Work Life: A Structural Model of Burnout”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(1), 57-75.
- Leiter, M., and C. Maslach (2009) “Nurse Turnover: The Mediating Role of Burnout”, Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 331-339.
- MacEwen, K.E. and J. Barling (1994) “Daily Consequences of Work Interference with Family and Family Interference with Work”, Work and Stress, 8(9), 244- 254.
- Maslach, C. and S.E. Jackson (1981) “The Measurement of Experienced Burnout”, Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
- Maslach, C., W.B. Schaufeli and M.P. Leiter (2001) “Job Burnout”, Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
- Netemeyer, R.G., J.S. Boles and R. McMurrian (1996) “Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
- Ok, S. (2002) Banka Çalışanlarının Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin İş Doyumu, Rol Çatışması, Rol Belirsizliği ve Bazı Bireysel Özelliklere Göre İncelenmesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
- Peterson, M.F., P.B. Smith, A. Akande, S. Ayestaran, S. Bochner, V Callan, et.al., (1995) “Role Conflict, Ambiguity, and Overload: A 21-nation study”, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 429-452.
- Podsakoff, P. M., S.B. MacKenzie, J.-Y. Lee and N.P. Podsakoff (2003) “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879- 903.
- Rindfleisch, A., A.J. Malter, S. Ganesan and C. Moorman (2008) “Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Survey Research: Concepts, Findings and Guidelines”, Journal of Marketing Research, 261 (XLV), 261-279.
- Rothmann, S., L.T. Jackson and M.M. Kruger (2003) “Burnout and Job Stress in a Local Government: The Moderating Effects of Sense of Coherence”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(4), 52-60.
- Schaufeli, W.B., M.P. Leiter, C. Maslach and S.E. Jackson (1996) The MBI-General Survey, in C.Maslach, S.E., Jackson and M.P.Leiter (ed.), Maslach Burnout Inventory (3. ed.), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press, 19-269.
- Schermelleh-Engel, K., H. Moosbrugger and H. Müller (2003) “Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness- Of-Fit Measures”, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
- Shirom, A. (1989) Burnout in work organizations, in C.L. Cooper ve I. Robertson (ed.), International Review of Industrial-Organizational Psychology, New York: Wiley, 25-48.
- Sobel, M.E. (1982) Asymptotic Confidence Interval for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models. In S. Leinhart (ed.), Sociological Methodology, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 290-312.
- Spector, P.E. (2006) “ Method Variance in Organizational Research: Truth or Urban Legend?”, Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 221-232.
- Spector, P.E. and S.M. Jex (1998) “Development of Four Self-Report Measures of Job Stressors and Strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory and Physical Symptoms Inventory”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 256-367.
- Thomas, L.T. and D.C. Ganster (1995) “Impact of Family-Supportive Variables on Work-Family Conflict and Strain: A Control Perspective”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(1), 6-15.
- Uysal, B. (2007) Work-family Conflict and Its Relation to Organizational Outcomes and An Application in Banking Sector, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tez Çalışması, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
- Veysey, S. (2000) “Study Names Stress Biggest Concern in U.K. Workplaces”, Business Insurance, 34(50), 23-25.
- Yıldırım, F.(1996) Banka Çalışanlarında İş Doyumu ve Algılanan Rol Çatışması ile Tükenmişlik Arasındaki İlişki, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 147 - 172, 30.06.2012
Özge Tayfur
,
Mahmut Arslan
Kaynakça
- American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education (1999) Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
- Arbuckle, J.L. (2008) IBM SPSS AMOS 17 User's Guide, Crawfordville, PL, USA: AMOS Development Corporation.
- Bakker, A.B., E. Demerouti, and W.B. Schaufeli. (2002) “Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey: An Internet Study across Occupations”, Anxiety, Stress, and Coping , 15(3), 245-260.
- Baron, R.M. and D.A. Kenny (1986) “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
- Boles, J.S., M.W. Johnston and J.F. Hair (1997) “Role Stress, Work-Family Conflict and Emotional Exhaustion: Inter-Relationships and Effects on Some Work- Related Consequences”, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 17(1), 17-28.
- Burke, R.J. (1988) “Some Antecedents and Consequences of Work-Family Conflict”, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3(4), 287-302.
- Carlson, D.S. and P.L. Perrewe (1999) “The Role of Social Support in the Stressor- Strain Relationship: An Examination of Work Family Conflict”, Journal of Management , 25(4), 513-540.
- Cordes, C.L. and T.W. Dougherty (1993) “A Review and Integration of Research on Job Burnout”, Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621-656.
- Çakınberk, A. (2011) “Studying the Relationship between Employees’ Occupational Burnout Levels and Satisfaction of Life: A Research in Private Banks”, African Journal of Business Management, 5(16), 6825-6838.
- Derya, S. (2008) “Crossover of Work-Family Conflict: Antecedent and Consequences of Crossover Process in Dual-Earner Couple”, Koç Üniversitesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tez Çalışması, İstanbul.
- Elloy, D.F. and C.R. Smith (2003) “Patterns of Stress, Work-Family Conflict, Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity and Overload among Dual-Career and Single- Career Couples: An Australian Study”, Cross Cultural Management, 10(1), 55-66.
- Ergin, C. (1993) “Doktor ve Hemşirelerde Tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması”, iç. R. Bayraktar ve İ. Dağ, VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, Ankara: VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Düzenleme Kurulu ve Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
- Freudenberger, H.J. (1974) “Staff Burnout”, Journal of Social Issues , 30(1), 159-165.
- Frone, M.R., M. Russell, and M.L. Cooper (1992) “Antecedents and Outcomes of Work-Family Conflict: Testing a Model of the Work-Family Interface”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65-78.
- Greenhaus, J.H. and N.J. Beutell (1985) “Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles”, Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
- Greenhaus, J.L., S. Parasuraman, C.S. Granrose, S. Raminowitz and N.J. Beutell (1989) “Sources of Work-Family Conflict among Two-Career Couples”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34(2), 133-153.
- Greene, G. (1961) A Burnt-out Case, The Viking Press. USA.
- Goff, S.J., M.K. Mount, and R.L. Jamison (1990) “Employer Supported Child Care, Work/Family Conflict and Absenteeism: A Field Study”, Personnel Psychology, 43(4), 793-809.
- Goode, W.J. (1960) “A Theory of Role Strain”, American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483-496.
- Hepburn, C.G. and J. Barling (1996) “Eldercare Responsibilities, Interrole Conflict and Employee Absence: A Daily Study”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(3), 311-318.
- Higgins, C.A., L.E. Duxbury and R.H. Irving (1992) “Work-Family Conflict in the Dual Career Family”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 51(1) 51-75.
- Hobfoll, S.E. and J. Freedy (1993) “Conservation Of Resources: A General Stres Theory Applied to Burnout”, in W.B. Schaufeli, C.Maslach and T. Marek (ed.), Professional Burnout Recent Developments in Theory and Research, Washington DC: Taylor & Francis,115-131.
- Houkes, I., Y. Winants and M. Twellaar (2008) “Specific Determinants of Burnout among Male and Female General Practitioners: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(2), 249-276.
- Jourdain, G. and D. Chenevert (2010) “Job Demands–Resources, Burnout and Intention to Leave the Nursing Profession: A Questionnaire Survey”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(6), 709-722.
- Innstrand, S.T., E.M. Langballe, G.A. Espnes, E. Falkum and O. G. Aasland (2008) “Positive and Negative Work Family Interaction and Burnout: A Longitudinal Study of Reciprocal Relations”, Work and Stress, 22(1), 1-15.
- Kaçmaz, N. (2005) “Tükenmişlik (Burnout) Sendromu”, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi , 68(1), 29-32.
- Karatepe, O.M. ve M. Tekinkuş (2006) “The Effects of Work-Family Conflict, Emotional Exhaustion, and Intrinsic Motivation on Job Outcomes of Front- Line Employees”, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(3), 173- 193.
- Kinnunen, U., T. Feldt, S. Geurts and L. Pulkkinen (2006) “Types of Work-Family Interface: Well-Being Correlates of Negative and Positive Spillover Between Work and Family”, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 149-162.
- Kossek, E.E. and C. Özeki (1998) “Work-Family Conflict, Policies, and Job-Life Satisfaction Relationship: A Review and Directions for Organizational Behavior- Human Resources Research”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 139-149.
- Kossek, E. and V. Nichol (1992) “The Effects of On-Site Child Care on Employee Attitudes and Performance”, Personnel Psychology, 45(3), 485-509.
- Lee, R.T. and B.E. Ashforth (1996) “A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Correlates of the Three Dimensions of Job Burnout”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 123-133.
- Leiter, M., S. Gascόn, and B. Martinez-Jarreta (2010) “Making Sense of Work Life: A Structural Model of Burnout”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(1), 57-75.
- Leiter, M., and C. Maslach (2009) “Nurse Turnover: The Mediating Role of Burnout”, Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 331-339.
- MacEwen, K.E. and J. Barling (1994) “Daily Consequences of Work Interference with Family and Family Interference with Work”, Work and Stress, 8(9), 244- 254.
- Maslach, C. and S.E. Jackson (1981) “The Measurement of Experienced Burnout”, Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
- Maslach, C., W.B. Schaufeli and M.P. Leiter (2001) “Job Burnout”, Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
- Netemeyer, R.G., J.S. Boles and R. McMurrian (1996) “Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
- Ok, S. (2002) Banka Çalışanlarının Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin İş Doyumu, Rol Çatışması, Rol Belirsizliği ve Bazı Bireysel Özelliklere Göre İncelenmesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
- Peterson, M.F., P.B. Smith, A. Akande, S. Ayestaran, S. Bochner, V Callan, et.al., (1995) “Role Conflict, Ambiguity, and Overload: A 21-nation study”, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 429-452.
- Podsakoff, P. M., S.B. MacKenzie, J.-Y. Lee and N.P. Podsakoff (2003) “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879- 903.
- Rindfleisch, A., A.J. Malter, S. Ganesan and C. Moorman (2008) “Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Survey Research: Concepts, Findings and Guidelines”, Journal of Marketing Research, 261 (XLV), 261-279.
- Rothmann, S., L.T. Jackson and M.M. Kruger (2003) “Burnout and Job Stress in a Local Government: The Moderating Effects of Sense of Coherence”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(4), 52-60.
- Schaufeli, W.B., M.P. Leiter, C. Maslach and S.E. Jackson (1996) The MBI-General Survey, in C.Maslach, S.E., Jackson and M.P.Leiter (ed.), Maslach Burnout Inventory (3. ed.), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press, 19-269.
- Schermelleh-Engel, K., H. Moosbrugger and H. Müller (2003) “Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness- Of-Fit Measures”, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
- Shirom, A. (1989) Burnout in work organizations, in C.L. Cooper ve I. Robertson (ed.), International Review of Industrial-Organizational Psychology, New York: Wiley, 25-48.
- Sobel, M.E. (1982) Asymptotic Confidence Interval for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models. In S. Leinhart (ed.), Sociological Methodology, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 290-312.
- Spector, P.E. (2006) “ Method Variance in Organizational Research: Truth or Urban Legend?”, Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 221-232.
- Spector, P.E. and S.M. Jex (1998) “Development of Four Self-Report Measures of Job Stressors and Strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory and Physical Symptoms Inventory”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 256-367.
- Thomas, L.T. and D.C. Ganster (1995) “Impact of Family-Supportive Variables on Work-Family Conflict and Strain: A Control Perspective”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(1), 6-15.
- Uysal, B. (2007) Work-family Conflict and Its Relation to Organizational Outcomes and An Application in Banking Sector, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tez Çalışması, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
- Veysey, S. (2000) “Study Names Stress Biggest Concern in U.K. Workplaces”, Business Insurance, 34(50), 23-25.
- Yıldırım, F.(1996) Banka Çalışanlarında İş Doyumu ve Algılanan Rol Çatışması ile Tükenmişlik Arasındaki İlişki, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.