Araştırma Makalesi
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THE US AND CHINA'S COMPETITION IN THE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 163 - 185, 08.04.2025

Öz

The aim of the study is to compare and analyze the economic presence of the US in the region and its ability to compete with China. The study analyzed the US and China’s economic-trade competition, using quantitative data, in the Great Mekong Subregion. In addition to the method of qualitative analysis, comparative analysis was used in the analysis of quantitative data. The underlying hypothesis of the study is that the US and China have the potential to compete in the Great Mekong Subregion, but the US largely lacks the instruments in these countries that can compete economically with China. The main assumption here is that factors such as geographical proximity, cultural and other sociological links with China are influential. The Lancang-Mekong Cooperation is seen as a project led by China. In return, the US has been cooperating with Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam since 2009, under the name of the "Lower Mekong Initiative". China uses the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation platform to share its hydrological data with the Mekong countries. In the long run, the US is unlikely to be able to put its weight as a political, economic and military partner in the Great Mekong Subregion.

Kaynakça

  • Anqi, F. & Fandi, C. (2022). China proposes 6 programs with Lancang-Mekong countries despite ‘customary’ Western provocation of ties. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202207/1269760.shtml adresinden erişildi.
  • Caffe, L. I. (2023). Mekong River: Regional Planning, Sustainable Development, and Transboundary Cooperation in Southeast Asia. Cornell International Affairs Review. 16(2), 124-158. https://doi.org/10.37513/ciar.v16i2.731
  • Cescube. (2022). The 7th Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Meeting in Myanmar. https://www.cescube.com/vp-the-7th-lancang-mekong-cooperation-meeting-in-myanmar adresinden erişildi.
  • Clark, R. & Park, E. (2023). The Impact of Chinese Dam Construction on the Mekong Downstream: Implications for Vietnam. National University of Singapore (NUS) East Asian Institute (EAI), Commentary, (63), 1-4.
  • Congressional Research Service. (2023). Thailand: background and U.S. relations. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10253 adresinden erişildi.
  • Congressional Research Service. (2024). U.S.-Vietnam relations. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF10209.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Grünwald, R., Wang, W. & Feng, Y. (2022). Politicization of the Hydropower Dams in the Lancang-Mekong Basin: A Review of Contemporary Environmental Challenges. Energies. 15(5). 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051682
  • Keyvan, Ö. Z. (2022). ABD-Çin Rekabetinde Tayland’ın Riski Dengeleme (Hedging) Stratejisi, Pamukkale Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 52, Denizli, 313-331.
  • Lancang Mekong Cooperation-China. (2021, February 2). A brief introduction of Lancang- Mekong Cooperation. http://www.lmcchina.org/eng/2021-02/02/content_41460160.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Mekong US Partnership. (2024). Mekong-U.S. partnership plan of action 2021-2023. https://mekonguspartnership.org/about/plan-of-action/ adresinden erişildi. OEC. (2024). China/Vietnam. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/vnm adresinden erişildi.
  • Phonem Penh Post. (2021, January 5). China FDI hits $860M in first 11 months of 2020. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/china-fdi-hits-860m-first-11-months-2020 adresinden erişildi.
  • Runde, D. F. (2021, July 8). US has opportunity to establish stronger economic ties with Laos. The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/international/566775-us-has-opportunity-to-establishstronger- economic-ties-with-laos/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Special Eurasia (2022). Vietnam: a disputed land between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. https://www.specialeurasia.com/2022/07/04/vietnam-china-united-states/ adresinden erişildi.
  • The Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2024a). China/Laos. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/lao adresinden erişildi.
  • The Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2024b). China/Myanmar. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/mmr adresinden erişildi.
  • The Third Pole. (2021, October 1). Untold impact on northern Thailand’s wildlife from Mekong dams. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/nature/untold-impact-on-northern-thailandswildlife- from-mekong-dams/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Census Bureau (2024). Trade in Goods with Cambodia. https://www.census.gov/foreigntrade/ balance/c5550.html adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (1997, June 20). U.S.-Cambodia Relations. https://1997- 2001.state.gov/regions/eap/fs_us_cambodia_970620.html adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2019, February 21). Lower Mekong Initiative. https://www.state.gov/lower-mekong-initiative/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2021b, June 16). U.S. relations with Cambodia. https://bit.ly/3K2lsiC adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2021c, April 9). U.S. relations with Vietnam. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-vietnam/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2021d, June 3). U.S. relations with Burma. https://bit.ly/3DvnOnS adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2023). 2023 Investment Climate Statements: Laos. https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-investment-climate-statements/laos/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2024, November 7). U.S. relations with Laos. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-laos/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Embassy in Laos (2024). Policy And History. https://la.usembassy.gov/policy-and-history/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024a). Laos. https://bit.ly/3qTHrka adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024b). Cambodia. https://bit.ly/36KWFkI adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024c). Vietnam. https://bit.ly/3uNBNBA adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024d). Thailand. https://ustr.gov/countriesregions/ southeast-asia-pacific/thailand adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024e). Burma, https://ustr.gov/countriesregions/southeast-asia-pacific/burma adresinden erişildi.
  • USAID. (2024). Mekong-U.S. Partnership. https://www.usaid.gov/asia-regional/lowermekong- initiative-lmi adresinden erişildi.
  • Wezeman, P.D., Kuimova, A. & Wezeman, S. T. (2022). Trends in internatıonal arms transfers-2021. SIPRI Fact Sheet. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022- 03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Yu, H. (2024). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative (Asia in Transition, Volume. 26). Singapore: Springer.

ABD VE ÇİN’İN BÜYÜK MEKONG ALT BÖLGESİ’NDEKİ REKABETİ: KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 163 - 185, 08.04.2025

Öz

Bu çalışma, ABD ve Çin’in Büyük Mekong Alt Bölgesi’ndeki bilhassa ekonomik-ticari rekabetlerini, nicel verileri de dahil ederek karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Çalışmada nitel yorumsamacı analiz yöntemi kullanılmakla birlikte nicel verilerin analizinde karşılaştırmalı analiz yönteminden de yararlanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel hipotezi de ABD ve Çin’in Büyük Mekong Alt Bölgesi’nde rekabet etme potansiyelinin olduğu, ancak ABD’nin bu ülkelerde Çin’le ekonomik açıdan rekabet edebilecek enstrümanlardan büyük oranda yoksun olduğu yönündedir. Burada temel olarak Çin’le coğrafi yakınlık, kültürel ve diğer sosyolojik bağlar gibi faktörlerin etkili olduğu varsayımı kabul edilmektedir. Lancang-Mekong İşbirliği, Çin’in liderliğinde bir proje olarak görülmektedir. Buna karşılık ABD, 2009 yılından beri “Aşağı Mekong Girişimi” adı altında Kamboçya, Laos, Tayland ve Vietnam’la işbirliği yürütmektedir. Çin, Mekong Nehri’nin kendi bölümünde birçok baraj inşa etmektedir. Bu barajlardan elde ettiği hidrolojik verilerini Mekong ülkeleriyle paylaşmak için Lancang-Mekong İşbirliği platformunu kullanmaktadır. ABD ise bölgede Çin’le özellikle ekonomik açıdan rekabet edebilecek düzeyde değildir. Bunun için ABD’nin bölgedeki altyapı ve ulaştırma projelerine yönelik yatırımlarını ciddi oranda artırması gerekir. Uzun vadede ABD, Büyük Mekong Alt Bölgesi’nde siyasi, ekonomik ve askeri partner olarak ağırlığını koyamayacak gibi durmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Anqi, F. & Fandi, C. (2022). China proposes 6 programs with Lancang-Mekong countries despite ‘customary’ Western provocation of ties. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202207/1269760.shtml adresinden erişildi.
  • Caffe, L. I. (2023). Mekong River: Regional Planning, Sustainable Development, and Transboundary Cooperation in Southeast Asia. Cornell International Affairs Review. 16(2), 124-158. https://doi.org/10.37513/ciar.v16i2.731
  • Cescube. (2022). The 7th Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Meeting in Myanmar. https://www.cescube.com/vp-the-7th-lancang-mekong-cooperation-meeting-in-myanmar adresinden erişildi.
  • Clark, R. & Park, E. (2023). The Impact of Chinese Dam Construction on the Mekong Downstream: Implications for Vietnam. National University of Singapore (NUS) East Asian Institute (EAI), Commentary, (63), 1-4.
  • Congressional Research Service. (2023). Thailand: background and U.S. relations. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10253 adresinden erişildi.
  • Congressional Research Service. (2024). U.S.-Vietnam relations. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF10209.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Grünwald, R., Wang, W. & Feng, Y. (2022). Politicization of the Hydropower Dams in the Lancang-Mekong Basin: A Review of Contemporary Environmental Challenges. Energies. 15(5). 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051682
  • Keyvan, Ö. Z. (2022). ABD-Çin Rekabetinde Tayland’ın Riski Dengeleme (Hedging) Stratejisi, Pamukkale Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 52, Denizli, 313-331.
  • Lancang Mekong Cooperation-China. (2021, February 2). A brief introduction of Lancang- Mekong Cooperation. http://www.lmcchina.org/eng/2021-02/02/content_41460160.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Mekong US Partnership. (2024). Mekong-U.S. partnership plan of action 2021-2023. https://mekonguspartnership.org/about/plan-of-action/ adresinden erişildi. OEC. (2024). China/Vietnam. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/vnm adresinden erişildi.
  • Phonem Penh Post. (2021, January 5). China FDI hits $860M in first 11 months of 2020. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/china-fdi-hits-860m-first-11-months-2020 adresinden erişildi.
  • Runde, D. F. (2021, July 8). US has opportunity to establish stronger economic ties with Laos. The Hill, https://thehill.com/opinion/international/566775-us-has-opportunity-to-establishstronger- economic-ties-with-laos/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Special Eurasia (2022). Vietnam: a disputed land between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. https://www.specialeurasia.com/2022/07/04/vietnam-china-united-states/ adresinden erişildi.
  • The Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2024a). China/Laos. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/lao adresinden erişildi.
  • The Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2024b). China/Myanmar. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/mmr adresinden erişildi.
  • The Third Pole. (2021, October 1). Untold impact on northern Thailand’s wildlife from Mekong dams. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/nature/untold-impact-on-northern-thailandswildlife- from-mekong-dams/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Census Bureau (2024). Trade in Goods with Cambodia. https://www.census.gov/foreigntrade/ balance/c5550.html adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (1997, June 20). U.S.-Cambodia Relations. https://1997- 2001.state.gov/regions/eap/fs_us_cambodia_970620.html adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2019, February 21). Lower Mekong Initiative. https://www.state.gov/lower-mekong-initiative/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2021b, June 16). U.S. relations with Cambodia. https://bit.ly/3K2lsiC adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2021c, April 9). U.S. relations with Vietnam. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-vietnam/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2021d, June 3). U.S. relations with Burma. https://bit.ly/3DvnOnS adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2023). 2023 Investment Climate Statements: Laos. https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-investment-climate-statements/laos/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Department of State. (2024, November 7). U.S. relations with Laos. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-laos/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Embassy in Laos (2024). Policy And History. https://la.usembassy.gov/policy-and-history/ adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024a). Laos. https://bit.ly/3qTHrka adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024b). Cambodia. https://bit.ly/36KWFkI adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024c). Vietnam. https://bit.ly/3uNBNBA adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024d). Thailand. https://ustr.gov/countriesregions/ southeast-asia-pacific/thailand adresinden erişildi.
  • US Trade Representative Office. (2024e). Burma, https://ustr.gov/countriesregions/southeast-asia-pacific/burma adresinden erişildi.
  • USAID. (2024). Mekong-U.S. Partnership. https://www.usaid.gov/asia-regional/lowermekong- initiative-lmi adresinden erişildi.
  • Wezeman, P.D., Kuimova, A. & Wezeman, S. T. (2022). Trends in internatıonal arms transfers-2021. SIPRI Fact Sheet. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022- 03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Yu, H. (2024). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative (Asia in Transition, Volume. 26). Singapore: Springer.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyal Politika (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Cenk Tamer 0000-0002-1331-7942

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tamer, C. (2025). ABD VE ÇİN’İN BÜYÜK MEKONG ALT BÖLGESİ’NDEKİ REKABETİ: KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 163-185.