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Yüksek Doz A, D, E ve K Vitamini Uygulamalarının Prematüre Komplikasyonları Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2021, , 134 - 147, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.768895

Öz

Prematüre doğumlar tüm dünyada neonatal mortalite ve morbidite nedenlerinin başında gelmektedir. Prematüre bebeklerde nekrotizan enterokolit, neonetal sepsis, apne, hipoglisemi, hipotermi, hastaneye sık yatış, neonetal pnömoni, kanama ve beslenme sorunları sıklıkla görülen komplikasyonlardır. Bu nedenle prematüre bebekler sık aralıklarla izlenmesi ve ortaya çıkabilecek komplikasyonlara karşı korunmalıdır. Prematüre bebeklere ihtiyacı olan vitaminlerin karşılanması için enteral beslenmeyle birlikte vitamin takviyeleri verilmekte ve bunlar başlıca yağda eriyen vitaminler olan A, D, E ve K vitaminleridir. Bu vitaminler komplikasyonların önlenmesinde, bazı dokuların gelişiminde ve işlevinde oldukça önemlidir. A, D, E ve K gibi bazı vitaminlerin spesifik etkilerinin olduğu düşüncesi vitamin desteklerine olan ilgiyi artırmış ve farklı doz uygulamaları ile çalışmaların yapılmasını sağlamıştır. Annelerin ve bebeklerin D vitamini değerleri arasında pozitif bir korelasyon vardır. Bu nedenle birçok ülkede hamileliklerinin son trimesterinde uygun dozlarda D vitamini takviyesi verilmesi rutin kullanımda mevcuttur. Kemik sağlığı üzerine yapılan yüksek doz D vitamini uygulanan çalışmalarda sonuçlar çelişkilidir. Yenidoğanlarda intestinal mikroorganizma florası tam olarak gelişmediğinden K vitamini yetersizliği ve sonucunda kanamalar görülebilmektedir. Pratikte hekimlerin gerekli duyduğu durumlarda K vitamini uygulanmakta, ülkemizde yenidoğanlarda rutin kullanımı bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte erken doğmuş bebeklerde doğumda K vitamini profilaksisine yönelik öneriler, dozaj ve uygulamalar büyük farklılıklar göstermektedir. Prematüre bebeklerin doğumda A vitamini deposu yoktur. A vitamini eksikliği prematüre bebeklerde kronik akciğer hastalığı gelişme riskini arttırmaktadır. Günlük A vitamini alımı anne sütü veya mamalarla desteklenmekte birlikte bazı çalışmalarda yüksek doz A vitaminin sepsis riskini arttırdığı görülmüştür. E vitamininin yenidoğanlarda görülen solunum bozuklukları ve E vitamininden fakir mamalarla beslenen prematüre bebeklerde ödem ve anemini gelişimini engelleyebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bazı çalışmaların sonuçlarına göre yüksek doz E vitamini takviyesi kanama riskinde azalmalara sebep olmuştur ancak kullanımı için daha çok çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Fethiye Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi

Kaynakça

  • Atalay, H. & Bilal, T. (2017). Bir Antioksidan Olarak E Vitamini. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 148-150.
  • Aydın, İ., Özgürtaş, T., Turan, Ö., Koç, E., Hırfanoğlu, İ.M., Açıkel, C.H. ve diğerleri. (2009). Preterm ve Term Yenidoğanların Anne Sütünün Biyokimyasal Karşılaştırması. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi, 34(4), 242-249.
  • Backstrom, M.C., Kuusela, A.L. & Maki, R. (2000). Metabolic Bone Disease Of Prematurity. Annals of Medical Research, (28), 275–282.
  • Baysal, A. (2014). Beslenme İlkeleri. (17. Baskı). Ankara, Hatipoğlu yayınları, 176-183.
  • Blaner, W.S. (2013). Vitamin E: The Enigmatic One. Journal Of Lipid Research, 54(9), 2293-2294.
  • Böhles, H. (2004). Antioxidative Vitamins İn Prematurely And Maturely Born Infants. İnternational Journal For Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 67(5), 321-328.
  • Brion, L.P., Bell, E.F. & Raghuveer R. (2003). Vitamin E Supplementation For Prevention Of Morbidity And Mortality İn Preterm Infants, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, (4), 366-375.
  • Burris, H.H., Rifas-Shiman, S.L., Camargo, C.A., Litonjua, A.A., Huh, S.Y. & Rich-Edwards, JW. (2012). Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D During Pregnancy And Small-For-Gestational Age İn Black And White İnfants. Annals of epidemiology, (22), 581-586.
  • Bülbül, A., Uslu, H.S. & Nuhoğlu, A. (2013). Prematüre Bebeğin Enteral Beslenmesi (1.baskı) İstanbul, Tıp Kitapevi.
  • Clarke, P. & Mitchell, S. (2003). Guidelines For Vitamin K Prophylaxis İn New Borns. Paediatrics And Child Health, 23(6), 394-397.
  • Clarke, P., Mitchell, S.J., Pwynn, R., Sundaram, S., Speed, V. ve diğerleri. (2006). Vitamin K Prophylaxis For Preterm İnfants: A Randomized, Controlled Trial Of 3 Regimens. Pediatrics, 118(6), 1657-1677.
  • Costakos, D.T., Greer, F.R., Love, L.A., Dahlen, L.R. & Suttie, J.W. (2003). Vitamin K Prophylaxis For Premature Infants: 1 Mg Versus 0.5 Mg. Journal Perinatol, 20(8), 485-490.
  • Darlow, B.A. & Graham, P.J. (2002). Vitamin A Supplementation For Preventing Morbidity And Mortality İn Very Low Birthweight Infants. Cochrane Database System Review, 19-60.
  • Eugene, N.G. & Amanda, D.l. (2018). Guidelines For Vitamin K Prophylaxis İn Newborns. Paediatrics ans Child Health, 23(6), 394-402.
  • Fanoro, S. (2012). Strategies To İmprove Feding Tolerance İn Preterm İnfants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, (4), 54-56.
  • Fidan, F., Alkan, B.M. & Türk, A.T. (2014) Çağın Pandemisi: D Vitamini Eksikliği ve Yetersizliği. Osteoporoz Dergisi, (20), 71-74.
  • Fort, P., Salas, A.A. & Ambalavanan, N. (2015). Randomized Clinical Trial Of Vitamin D Supplementation İn Extremely Preterm İnfants. Journal Investigative Medicine High İmpact Case Report, (63), 417.
  • Ghany, A., Alsharany, W., Ali, A.A., Youness, E.R. & Hussein, J.S. (2016). Anti-Oxidant Profiles And Markers Of Oxidative Stress İn Preterm Neonates. Paeditrics And İnternational Child Health, 36(2), 134-140.
  • Grant, C.C., Stewart, A.W., Scragg, R., Milne, T., Rowden, J., Ekeroma, A. Ve diğerleri. (2014). Vitamin D During Pregnancy And Infancy And İnfant Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration. Pediatrics, 133(1), 143-53.
  • Greene, H.L, Hambidge, K.M, Schanler, R. & Tsang, R.C., (1988). American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Subcommittee on Pediatric Nutrition requirements, from Committee on Clinical Practice Issues. Am Journal Clinic Nutrition, (48),1324-43.
  • Greer, F.R., Marshall, S., Cherry, J. & Suttie, J.W. (2000). Vitamin K Status Of Lactating Mothers, Human Milk, and Breast-Feeding İnfants. Pediatrics, 88(4), 751-756.
  • Gürdöl, F. (2018). Beslenme Biyokimyası. (1.basım). Ankara, Nobel tıp kitapevi. 96-100.
  • Gürz, A.A., İğde, F.A. & Dikici, M.F. (2014). D Vitamininin Fetal ve Maternal Etkileri. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 7(1), 69-75.
  • Hitrova, S.T., Slancheva, B., Popivanova, A., Vakrilova, L., Pramatarova, T., Emilova, Z. ve diğerleri. (2012). Osteopenia Of Prematurity--Prophylaxis, Diagnostics And Treatment. Akusherstvo I Ginekologiia, 51(7), 24-30.
  • Ipema, H.J. (2012). Use Of Oral Vitamin K For Prevention Of Late Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding İn Neonates When İnjectable Vitamin K İs Not Available. The Annals Of Pharmacotherapy, 46(6) 879-883.
  • Justyna, C.K. (2019) Mineral and Nutritional Requirements Of Preterm İnfant. Seminars in Fetal Neonatal Medicine, 25(1), 101-104.
  • Kiatchoosakun, P., Jirapradittha, J., Panthongviriyakul, M.C., Khampitak, T., Yongvanit, P. & Boonsiri, P. (2014). Vitamin A Supplementation For Prevention Of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia İn Very-Low-Birth-Weight Premature Thai Infants: A Randomized Trial. Associtation Medical Journal, (10), 82-88.
  • Köksal, N., Akpınar, R., Köse, H. & Sayrım, K. (2003). Prematüre ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi. Güncel Pediatri Dergisi, (1), 59-72.
  • Kültürsay, N., Bilgen, H. & Türkyılmaz, C. (2018). Prematüre ve Hasta Term Bebeğin Beslenme Rehberi 2018 Güncellemesi. Türk Neotaloji Derneği Dergisi, 1-13.
  • Mactier, H., Mcculloch, D.L., Hamilton. R., Galloway, P., Bradnam, M.S., Young, D. ve diğerleri. (2012). Vitamin A Supplementation Improves Retinal Function İn Infants At Risk Of Retinopathy Of Prematurity. Global Journal Of Pediatrics and Neonatal Care, 160(6), 954-959.
  • Mcevoy, C., Jain, L., Schmidt, B., Abman, S., Bancalari, E. & Aschner, J. (2014). Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: NHLBI Workshop On The Primary Prevention Of Chronic Lung Diseases. Annals Of The American Thoracic Society,(11), 146–153.
  • Natarajan, C.K., Sankar M.J., Agarwal, R., Pratap, O.T., Jain, V., Gupta, N. & (2012). Trial Of Daily Vitamin D Supplementation İn Preterm İnfants. Pediatrics, (133), 628–634.
  • Ostrea, E.M., Balun, J.E., Winkler, R. & Porter, T. (1986). Influence Of Breast-Feeding On The Restoration Of The Low Serum Concentration Of Vitamin E And Beta-Carotene İn The Newborn Infant. American Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology, 154(5), 1014-1027.
  • Önaldı, A. (2013). K Vitamini Tanımı Etkinliği. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 85-87.
  • Pathak, A., Roth, P., Piscitelli, J. & Johnson, L. (2003). Effects Of Vitamin E Supplementation During Erythropoietin Treatment Of The Anaemia Of Prematurity. Archives Of Disease İn Childhood, 88(4), 324-328.
  • Pehlivan, İ., Hatun, Ş., Aydoğan, M., Babaoğlu, K. & Gökalp, A. (2003). Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Vitamin D Supplementation İn Healthy İnfacts. Türk Pediatri Dergisi, 45(4), 315-320.
  • Pinto, K., Collins, C.T., Gibson, R.A. & Andersen, C.C. (2015). Vitamin D İn Preterm İnfants: A Prospective Observational Study. Journal Paediatr Children Health, (51), 679–681.
  • Robert, R.J. & Knight, M.E. (2000). Pharmacology Of Vitamin E İn The Newborn. Clinics İn Perinatology, 14(4), 843-855.
  • Salle, B.L., Delvin, E., Claris, O., Hascoet, J.M. & Levy, E. (2007). Is It Justifiable To Administrate Vitamin A, E And D For 6 Months İn The Premature Infants. American Academy Of Pediatrics, 14(12), 1408-1412.
  • Schmiedchen, B., Longardt, A.C., Loui, A., Bührer, C., Raila, J. & Schweigert, F.J. (2016). Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on the Urinary Retinol Excretion in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. European journal of Pediatrics, 175(3), 365-372.
  • Sluncheva, B. (2010). Strategies For Nutrition Of The Preterm Infant With Low and Very Low Birth Weight. Akush Ginekol Journal, 49(2), 33-39.
  • Steven, A. (2013). Calcium And Vitamin D Requirements Of Enterally Fed Preterm Infants. Pediatrics, 131(5), 1676-83.
  • Stone, C.A., Mcevoy, C.T., Aschner, J.L., Kirk, A., Mills, J., Moore, P.E. ve diğerleri. (2018). Update On Vitamin E And İts Potential Role İn Preventing Or Treating Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Neonatology, 113(4), 366-378.
  • Strobel, M., Tinz, J. & Biesalski, H.K. (2012). The Importance Of Beta-Carotene As A Source Of Vitamin A With Special Regard To Pregnant And Breastfeeding Women. European journal of pediatrics (1), 1-20.
  • Terek, D., Köroğlu, Ö.A., Sözmen, E., Yalaz, M. & Kültürsay, N. (2015). Contents Of Breast Milk Obtained From Mothers Of Preterm and Term Newborn Infants. The Journal Of Pediatric Research, 2(4), 1-10.
  • Torchin, H., Ancel, P.Y., Jarreau, P.H. & Goffinet, F. (2015). Epidemiology Of Preterm Birth: Prevalence, Recent Trends, Short And Longterm Outcomes. European Journal Of Obstetrics, Gynecology And Reproductive Biology, 44(8), 723-31.
  • Uberos, J., Baldo, M., Calero, A.J. & Lopez, A.N. (2014). Effectiveness Of Vitamin A İn The Prevention Of Complications Of Prematurity. Academic Journal Of Pediatric and Neonatology, 55(5), 358-362.
  • Üstün, N. & Ovalı, F. (2018). 0-1 Yaş Bebeklerde Vitamin, Mineral ve Eser Element Desteği, Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, 10(1), 1-5.
  • Wardle, S.P., Hughes, A., Chen, S. & Shaw, N.J. (2001). Randomised Controlled Trial Of Oral Vitamin A Supplementation İn Preterm Infants To Prevent Chronic Lung Disease, Archives Of Disease İn Childhood, (1), 9-13.
  • World Health Organization. (2019). 1 in 7 Babies Worldwide Born With A Low Birthweight -The Lancet Global Health. Technical review.

Effects of High Dose A, D, E and Vitamin K Applications on Premature Complications

Yıl 2021, , 134 - 147, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.768895

Öz

Premature births are the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Necrotizing enterocolitis, neonetal sepsis, apnea, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, frequent hospitalization, neonetal pneumonia, bleeding and nutritional problems are common complications in premature babies. For this reason, premature babies should be monitored frequently and protected against possible complications. Vitamin supplements are given along with enteral nutrition to meet the vitamins they need in premature babies, and these are vitamins A, D, E, and K, mainly fat-soluble vitamins. These vitamins are very important in preventing complications, in the development and function of some tissues. The idea that certain vitamins, such as A, D, E, and K, have specific effects, increased the interest in vitamin supplements and provided studies with different dose applications. There is a positive correlation between the vitamin D values of mothers and babies. For this reason, supplementation of appropriate doses of vitamin D in the last trimester of pregnancy is routine in many countries. In studies on high doses of vitamin D on bone health, the results are contradictory. Since intestinal microorganism flora is not fully developed in newborns, vitamin K deficiency and consequently bleeding can be seen. In practice, vitamin K is applied when physicians need it, and there is no routine use in newborns in our country. However, recommendations, dosage and applications for vitamin K prophylaxis at birth show great differences in preterm babies. Premature babies do not have a vitamin A store at birth. Vitamin A deficiency increases the risk of developing chronic lung disease in premature babies. Daily intake of vitamin A is supported by breast milk or formula however in some studies it has been shown that righ doses of vitamin A increases the risk of sepsis.It is thought that vitamin E may prevent the respiratory disorders in newborn and the development of edema anemia in premature babaies fed with foods that are poor in vitamin E. According to the results of some studies, high doses of vitamin E supplements caused a decrease in bleeding risk, but more studies are needed for its use.

Kaynakça

  • Atalay, H. & Bilal, T. (2017). Bir Antioksidan Olarak E Vitamini. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 148-150.
  • Aydın, İ., Özgürtaş, T., Turan, Ö., Koç, E., Hırfanoğlu, İ.M., Açıkel, C.H. ve diğerleri. (2009). Preterm ve Term Yenidoğanların Anne Sütünün Biyokimyasal Karşılaştırması. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi, 34(4), 242-249.
  • Backstrom, M.C., Kuusela, A.L. & Maki, R. (2000). Metabolic Bone Disease Of Prematurity. Annals of Medical Research, (28), 275–282.
  • Baysal, A. (2014). Beslenme İlkeleri. (17. Baskı). Ankara, Hatipoğlu yayınları, 176-183.
  • Blaner, W.S. (2013). Vitamin E: The Enigmatic One. Journal Of Lipid Research, 54(9), 2293-2294.
  • Böhles, H. (2004). Antioxidative Vitamins İn Prematurely And Maturely Born Infants. İnternational Journal For Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 67(5), 321-328.
  • Brion, L.P., Bell, E.F. & Raghuveer R. (2003). Vitamin E Supplementation For Prevention Of Morbidity And Mortality İn Preterm Infants, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, (4), 366-375.
  • Burris, H.H., Rifas-Shiman, S.L., Camargo, C.A., Litonjua, A.A., Huh, S.Y. & Rich-Edwards, JW. (2012). Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D During Pregnancy And Small-For-Gestational Age İn Black And White İnfants. Annals of epidemiology, (22), 581-586.
  • Bülbül, A., Uslu, H.S. & Nuhoğlu, A. (2013). Prematüre Bebeğin Enteral Beslenmesi (1.baskı) İstanbul, Tıp Kitapevi.
  • Clarke, P. & Mitchell, S. (2003). Guidelines For Vitamin K Prophylaxis İn New Borns. Paediatrics And Child Health, 23(6), 394-397.
  • Clarke, P., Mitchell, S.J., Pwynn, R., Sundaram, S., Speed, V. ve diğerleri. (2006). Vitamin K Prophylaxis For Preterm İnfants: A Randomized, Controlled Trial Of 3 Regimens. Pediatrics, 118(6), 1657-1677.
  • Costakos, D.T., Greer, F.R., Love, L.A., Dahlen, L.R. & Suttie, J.W. (2003). Vitamin K Prophylaxis For Premature Infants: 1 Mg Versus 0.5 Mg. Journal Perinatol, 20(8), 485-490.
  • Darlow, B.A. & Graham, P.J. (2002). Vitamin A Supplementation For Preventing Morbidity And Mortality İn Very Low Birthweight Infants. Cochrane Database System Review, 19-60.
  • Eugene, N.G. & Amanda, D.l. (2018). Guidelines For Vitamin K Prophylaxis İn Newborns. Paediatrics ans Child Health, 23(6), 394-402.
  • Fanoro, S. (2012). Strategies To İmprove Feding Tolerance İn Preterm İnfants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, (4), 54-56.
  • Fidan, F., Alkan, B.M. & Türk, A.T. (2014) Çağın Pandemisi: D Vitamini Eksikliği ve Yetersizliği. Osteoporoz Dergisi, (20), 71-74.
  • Fort, P., Salas, A.A. & Ambalavanan, N. (2015). Randomized Clinical Trial Of Vitamin D Supplementation İn Extremely Preterm İnfants. Journal Investigative Medicine High İmpact Case Report, (63), 417.
  • Ghany, A., Alsharany, W., Ali, A.A., Youness, E.R. & Hussein, J.S. (2016). Anti-Oxidant Profiles And Markers Of Oxidative Stress İn Preterm Neonates. Paeditrics And İnternational Child Health, 36(2), 134-140.
  • Grant, C.C., Stewart, A.W., Scragg, R., Milne, T., Rowden, J., Ekeroma, A. Ve diğerleri. (2014). Vitamin D During Pregnancy And Infancy And İnfant Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration. Pediatrics, 133(1), 143-53.
  • Greene, H.L, Hambidge, K.M, Schanler, R. & Tsang, R.C., (1988). American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Subcommittee on Pediatric Nutrition requirements, from Committee on Clinical Practice Issues. Am Journal Clinic Nutrition, (48),1324-43.
  • Greer, F.R., Marshall, S., Cherry, J. & Suttie, J.W. (2000). Vitamin K Status Of Lactating Mothers, Human Milk, and Breast-Feeding İnfants. Pediatrics, 88(4), 751-756.
  • Gürdöl, F. (2018). Beslenme Biyokimyası. (1.basım). Ankara, Nobel tıp kitapevi. 96-100.
  • Gürz, A.A., İğde, F.A. & Dikici, M.F. (2014). D Vitamininin Fetal ve Maternal Etkileri. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 7(1), 69-75.
  • Hitrova, S.T., Slancheva, B., Popivanova, A., Vakrilova, L., Pramatarova, T., Emilova, Z. ve diğerleri. (2012). Osteopenia Of Prematurity--Prophylaxis, Diagnostics And Treatment. Akusherstvo I Ginekologiia, 51(7), 24-30.
  • Ipema, H.J. (2012). Use Of Oral Vitamin K For Prevention Of Late Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding İn Neonates When İnjectable Vitamin K İs Not Available. The Annals Of Pharmacotherapy, 46(6) 879-883.
  • Justyna, C.K. (2019) Mineral and Nutritional Requirements Of Preterm İnfant. Seminars in Fetal Neonatal Medicine, 25(1), 101-104.
  • Kiatchoosakun, P., Jirapradittha, J., Panthongviriyakul, M.C., Khampitak, T., Yongvanit, P. & Boonsiri, P. (2014). Vitamin A Supplementation For Prevention Of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia İn Very-Low-Birth-Weight Premature Thai Infants: A Randomized Trial. Associtation Medical Journal, (10), 82-88.
  • Köksal, N., Akpınar, R., Köse, H. & Sayrım, K. (2003). Prematüre ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi. Güncel Pediatri Dergisi, (1), 59-72.
  • Kültürsay, N., Bilgen, H. & Türkyılmaz, C. (2018). Prematüre ve Hasta Term Bebeğin Beslenme Rehberi 2018 Güncellemesi. Türk Neotaloji Derneği Dergisi, 1-13.
  • Mactier, H., Mcculloch, D.L., Hamilton. R., Galloway, P., Bradnam, M.S., Young, D. ve diğerleri. (2012). Vitamin A Supplementation Improves Retinal Function İn Infants At Risk Of Retinopathy Of Prematurity. Global Journal Of Pediatrics and Neonatal Care, 160(6), 954-959.
  • Mcevoy, C., Jain, L., Schmidt, B., Abman, S., Bancalari, E. & Aschner, J. (2014). Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: NHLBI Workshop On The Primary Prevention Of Chronic Lung Diseases. Annals Of The American Thoracic Society,(11), 146–153.
  • Natarajan, C.K., Sankar M.J., Agarwal, R., Pratap, O.T., Jain, V., Gupta, N. & (2012). Trial Of Daily Vitamin D Supplementation İn Preterm İnfants. Pediatrics, (133), 628–634.
  • Ostrea, E.M., Balun, J.E., Winkler, R. & Porter, T. (1986). Influence Of Breast-Feeding On The Restoration Of The Low Serum Concentration Of Vitamin E And Beta-Carotene İn The Newborn Infant. American Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology, 154(5), 1014-1027.
  • Önaldı, A. (2013). K Vitamini Tanımı Etkinliği. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 85-87.
  • Pathak, A., Roth, P., Piscitelli, J. & Johnson, L. (2003). Effects Of Vitamin E Supplementation During Erythropoietin Treatment Of The Anaemia Of Prematurity. Archives Of Disease İn Childhood, 88(4), 324-328.
  • Pehlivan, İ., Hatun, Ş., Aydoğan, M., Babaoğlu, K. & Gökalp, A. (2003). Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Vitamin D Supplementation İn Healthy İnfacts. Türk Pediatri Dergisi, 45(4), 315-320.
  • Pinto, K., Collins, C.T., Gibson, R.A. & Andersen, C.C. (2015). Vitamin D İn Preterm İnfants: A Prospective Observational Study. Journal Paediatr Children Health, (51), 679–681.
  • Robert, R.J. & Knight, M.E. (2000). Pharmacology Of Vitamin E İn The Newborn. Clinics İn Perinatology, 14(4), 843-855.
  • Salle, B.L., Delvin, E., Claris, O., Hascoet, J.M. & Levy, E. (2007). Is It Justifiable To Administrate Vitamin A, E And D For 6 Months İn The Premature Infants. American Academy Of Pediatrics, 14(12), 1408-1412.
  • Schmiedchen, B., Longardt, A.C., Loui, A., Bührer, C., Raila, J. & Schweigert, F.J. (2016). Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on the Urinary Retinol Excretion in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. European journal of Pediatrics, 175(3), 365-372.
  • Sluncheva, B. (2010). Strategies For Nutrition Of The Preterm Infant With Low and Very Low Birth Weight. Akush Ginekol Journal, 49(2), 33-39.
  • Steven, A. (2013). Calcium And Vitamin D Requirements Of Enterally Fed Preterm Infants. Pediatrics, 131(5), 1676-83.
  • Stone, C.A., Mcevoy, C.T., Aschner, J.L., Kirk, A., Mills, J., Moore, P.E. ve diğerleri. (2018). Update On Vitamin E And İts Potential Role İn Preventing Or Treating Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Neonatology, 113(4), 366-378.
  • Strobel, M., Tinz, J. & Biesalski, H.K. (2012). The Importance Of Beta-Carotene As A Source Of Vitamin A With Special Regard To Pregnant And Breastfeeding Women. European journal of pediatrics (1), 1-20.
  • Terek, D., Köroğlu, Ö.A., Sözmen, E., Yalaz, M. & Kültürsay, N. (2015). Contents Of Breast Milk Obtained From Mothers Of Preterm and Term Newborn Infants. The Journal Of Pediatric Research, 2(4), 1-10.
  • Torchin, H., Ancel, P.Y., Jarreau, P.H. & Goffinet, F. (2015). Epidemiology Of Preterm Birth: Prevalence, Recent Trends, Short And Longterm Outcomes. European Journal Of Obstetrics, Gynecology And Reproductive Biology, 44(8), 723-31.
  • Uberos, J., Baldo, M., Calero, A.J. & Lopez, A.N. (2014). Effectiveness Of Vitamin A İn The Prevention Of Complications Of Prematurity. Academic Journal Of Pediatric and Neonatology, 55(5), 358-362.
  • Üstün, N. & Ovalı, F. (2018). 0-1 Yaş Bebeklerde Vitamin, Mineral ve Eser Element Desteği, Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, 10(1), 1-5.
  • Wardle, S.P., Hughes, A., Chen, S. & Shaw, N.J. (2001). Randomised Controlled Trial Of Oral Vitamin A Supplementation İn Preterm Infants To Prevent Chronic Lung Disease, Archives Of Disease İn Childhood, (1), 9-13.
  • World Health Organization. (2019). 1 in 7 Babies Worldwide Born With A Low Birthweight -The Lancet Global Health. Technical review.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Buse Akçay Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4648-5368

Derya Alkan 0000-0003-0608-296X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Akçay, B., & Alkan, D. (2021). Yüksek Doz A, D, E ve K Vitamini Uygulamalarının Prematüre Komplikasyonları Üzerine Etkisi. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 8(1), 134-147. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.768895