This study evaluates changes in firms’ capital structures after a seasoned equity offering by testing the effects of firm-specific factors on leverage ratios. The relationship between the determined dependent variables and firm-specific factors is associated with the predictions of pecking order and trade-off theory. In 3 different models in which leverage ratios are determined as dependent factors and firm-specific factors as independent variables, 10 basic hypotheses are proposed, and the relationship between the variables is examined using panel data analysis. According to the results obtained in the analyses, as the number of seasoned equity offerings increases, firms’ leverage ratios decrease, and firms tend to use more debt because of the corporate tax base discount granted to seasoned equity offerings. In addition, it has been determined that rather than choosing to source resources through equity or borrowing, the view of benefiting from both sources of funds is dominant in the face of the resource requirements of seasoned equity offering firms.
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Cortez, M. A., Susanto, S. (2012). The Determinants Of Corporate Capital Structure: Evidence From Japane-se Manufacturing Companies. Journal Of International Business Research, 11(3), 121-134. google scholar
Deesomsak, R., Paudyal, K., Pescetto, G. (2004). The Determinants Of Capital Structure: Evidence From The Asia Pacific Region. Journal Of Multinational Financial Management, 14(4-5), 387-405. google scholar
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Huang, G., Song, F. M. (2006). The Determinants Of Capital Structure: Evidence From China. China Eco-nomic Review, 17(1), 14-36. google scholar
Iqbal, A., Akbar, S., Shiwakoti, R. K. (2014). The Long Run Performance Of UK Firms Making Multiple Rights Issues. International Review Of Financial Analysis, 28, 156-165. google scholar
Jensen, M. C., Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ca-pital Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. google scholar
Jung, K., Kim, Y. C., Stulz, R. M. (1996). Timing, Investment Opportunities, Managerial Discretion, and The Security Issue Decision. Journal of FinancialEconomics, 42(2), 159-185. google scholar
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Li, Z., Wang, P. (2021). Flotation Costs Of Seasoned Equity Offerings: Does Corporate Social Responsibility Matter? European Financial Management, 1-38. google scholar
Marsh, P. (1982). The Choice Between Equity and Debt: An Empirical Study. The Journal ofFinance, 37(1), 121-144. google scholar
Mazur, K. (2007). The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice: Evidence From Polish Companies. Inter-national Advances In Economic Research, 13, 495-514. google scholar
Megginson, W. L. (1997). Corporate Finance Theory. Addison-Wesley, 1. baskı. google scholar
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Mehrotra, V., Mikkelson, W.H., Partch, M.M. (2005). Do Managers Have Capital Structure Targets? Eviden-ce From Corporate Spinoffs. Journal ofApplied Corporate Finance, 17(1), 18-26. google scholar
Modigliani, F., Miller, M. H. (1958). The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and The Theory of Invest-ment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261-297. google scholar
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests For Cross Section Dependence In Panels. Institute for the Study ofLabor (IZA) Discussion Paper, 1240. google scholar
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Scott, H. J. (1979). Bankruptcy, Secured Debt and Optimal Capital Structure. The Journal ofFinance, 34(1), 253-260. google scholar
Sheikh, N. A., Wang, Z. (2011). Determinants Of Capital Structure: An Empirical Study Of Firms In Manu-facturing Industry Of Pakistan. Managerial Finance, 37(2), 117-133. google scholar
Shenoy, C., Koch, P. D. (1996). The Firm’s Leverage-Cash Flow Relationship. Journal ofEmpirical Finance, 2(4), 307-331. google scholar
Stamou, S. C., Huang, W., Coakley, J. (2020). Serial SEOs and Capital Structure. International Review Of Financial Analysis, 71, 1-15. google scholar
Stulz, R. (1988). Managerial Control Of Voting Right: Financial Policies and The Market For Corporate Control. Journal OfFinancial Economics, 20, 25-54. google scholar
Titman, S., Wessels, R. (1988). The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice. The Journal Of Finance, 43(1), 1-19. google scholar
Walker, D. M., Yost, K., Zhao, J. (2016). Credibility and Multiple SEOs: What Happens When Firms Return To The Capital Market? Financial Management, 45(3), 675-703. google scholar
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Zhu, D., Li, Y. (2022). Empirical Research on Seasoned Equity Offerings, Board Member Characteristics and Corporate Investment Efficiency. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 22, Article ID 3365840, Hindawi. google scholar
Alves, P. F. P., Ferreira, M. A. (2011). Capital Structure and Law Around The World. Journal Of Multinatio-nal Financial Management, 21, 119-150. google scholar
Antoniou, A., Guney, Y., Paudyal, K. (2008). The Determinants of Capital Structure: Capital Market Ori-ented Versus Bank Oriented Institutions. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 43(1), 59-92. google scholar
Asad, F., Gulzar, S., Bangassa, K., Khan, M. J. (2020). Capital Structure Adjustment and Market Reaction Following Seasoned Equity Offerings. International Journal Of Finance&Economics, 25(3), 388-411. google scholar
Ashour, M., Atik, A. (2024). Earnings Management Around Seasoned Equity Offerings: A Systematic Litera-ture Review. Pamukkale University Journal of Business Research (PIAR), 11(1), 291 - 314. google scholar
Babu, N. S., Chalam, V. G. (2014). Determinants Of Capital Structure Of Indian Textile Industry-An Empi-rical Analysis. International Journal OfAdvance Research, 2(2) ISSN 2320-9127. google scholar
Berger, P. G., Ofek, E., Yermack, D. (1997). Managerial Entrenchment and Capital Structure Decisions. The Journal OfFinance, 52(4), 1411-1438. google scholar
Barclay, M. J., Fu, F., Smith, C. W. (2021). Seasoned Equity Offerings and Corporate Financial Management. Journal Of Corporate Finance, 66(1), 1-29. google scholar
Booth, L., Aivazian, V., Kunt, A. D., Maksimovic, V. (2001). Capital Structures in Developing Countries. The Journal ofFinance, 56(1), 87-130. google scholar
Bradley, M., Jarrell, G. A., Kim, E. H. (1984). On The Existence Of An Optimal Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence. The Journal of Finance, 39(3), 857-878. google scholar
Brealey, R., Myers, S. C., Allen, F. (2017). Principles of Corporate Finance. Mc Graw Hill Education, New York. google scholar
Chen, Y. C., Liu, J. T. (2022). Seasoned Equity Offerings, Return of Capital and Agency Problem: Empirical Evidence From Taiwan. Asia Pacific Management Review, 27(2), 92-105. google scholar
Cortez, M. A., Susanto, S. (2012). The Determinants Of Corporate Capital Structure: Evidence From Japane-se Manufacturing Companies. Journal Of International Business Research, 11(3), 121-134. google scholar
Deesomsak, R., Paudyal, K., Pescetto, G. (2004). The Determinants Of Capital Structure: Evidence From The Asia Pacific Region. Journal Of Multinational Financial Management, 14(4-5), 387-405. google scholar
Drobetz, W., Fix, R. (2003). What Are The Determinants of The Capital Structure? Some Evidence For Swit-zerland. University of Basel, WWZ/ Department of Finance, Working Paper 4(03). google scholar
Fama, E., French, K. R. (2002). Testing Trade-Off and Pecking Order Predictions About Dividends and Debt. The Review of Financial Studies, 15(1), 1-33. google scholar
Fan, J. P. H., Twite, G. J., Titman, S. (2012). An International Comparison of Capital Structure and Debt Maturity Choices. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 47(1), 23-56. google scholar
Fu, F., Smith, C. W. (2021). Strategic Financial Management: Lessons From Seasoned Equity Offerings. Journal Of Applied Corporate Finance, 33(1), 22-35. google scholar
Frank, M. Z., Goyal, V. K. (2003). Testing The Pecking Order Theory of Capital Structure. Journal of Finan-cial Economics, 67(2), 217-248. google scholar
Frank, M., Goyal, V. K. (2008). Trade-off and Pecking Order Theories of Debt, Espen Eckbo (Ed). Handbook of Empirical Corporate Finance, North-Holland, 135-197. google scholar
Friend, I., Lang, L. H. P. (1988). An Emprical Test of The Impact of Managerial Self-Interest on Corporate Capital Structure. The Journal of Finance, 43(2), 271-288. google scholar
Gad, M., Hass, L. H., Marangoni, C. (2024). Seasoned Equity Offerings and Firm Workplace Safety. S&P Global Market Intelligence. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4759539 or http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.4759539 google scholar
Gaud, P., Jani, E., Hoesli, M., Bender, A. (2005). The Capital Structure Of Swiss Companies: An Empirical Analysis Using Dynamic Panel Data. European Financial Management, 11(1), 51-69. google scholar
Harris, M., Raviv, A. (1990). Capital Structure and The Informational Role Of Debt. The Journal Of Finan-ce, 45(2), 321-349. google scholar
He, L., Li, H.,Liu, H., Vu, T. N. (2024). Why Do Banks Issue Equity? Research in International Business and Finance, 69, 1-23. google scholar
Hernholm, P., Wormsen, A. O. (2023). Are Seasoned Equity Offerings Predictable? Norwegian School of Economics Master Thesis in Economic and Business Administration Major in Financial Economics, 1-60. google scholar
Hirota, S. (1999). Are Corporate Financing Decisions Different In Japan? An empirical Study On Capital Structure. Journal of The Japanese and International Economies, 13(3), 201-229. google scholar
Ho, C. Y., Wu, E., Yu, J. (2024). The Price of Corporate Social Irresponsibility in Seasoned Equity Offerings: International Evidence, The British Accounting Review, 56(4), 1-19. google scholar
Huang, G., Song, F. M. (2006). The Determinants Of Capital Structure: Evidence From China. China Eco-nomic Review, 17(1), 14-36. google scholar
Iqbal, A., Akbar, S., Shiwakoti, R. K. (2014). The Long Run Performance Of UK Firms Making Multiple Rights Issues. International Review Of Financial Analysis, 28, 156-165. google scholar
Jensen, M. C., Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ca-pital Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. google scholar
Jung, K., Kim, Y. C., Stulz, R. M. (1996). Timing, Investment Opportunities, Managerial Discretion, and The Security Issue Decision. Journal of FinancialEconomics, 42(2), 159-185. google scholar
Le, L. H., Nguyen, T. B. N., Pham, X. Q. (2020). What Influences Decision On Seasoned Equity Offerings Of Listed Vietnamese Companies? The Journal OfAsian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(5), 1-7. google scholar
Li, Z., Wang, P. (2021). Flotation Costs Of Seasoned Equity Offerings: Does Corporate Social Responsibility Matter? European Financial Management, 1-38. google scholar
Marsh, P. (1982). The Choice Between Equity and Debt: An Empirical Study. The Journal ofFinance, 37(1), 121-144. google scholar
Mazur, K. (2007). The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice: Evidence From Polish Companies. Inter-national Advances In Economic Research, 13, 495-514. google scholar
Megginson, W. L. (1997). Corporate Finance Theory. Addison-Wesley, 1. baskı. google scholar
Mehran, H. (1992). Executive Incentive Plans, Corporate Control and Capital Structure. The Journal Of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 27(4), 539-560. google scholar
Mehrotra, V., Mikkelson, W.H., Partch, M.M. (2005). Do Managers Have Capital Structure Targets? Eviden-ce From Corporate Spinoffs. Journal ofApplied Corporate Finance, 17(1), 18-26. google scholar
Modigliani, F., Miller, M. H. (1958). The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and The Theory of Invest-ment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261-297. google scholar
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests For Cross Section Dependence In Panels. Institute for the Study ofLabor (IZA) Discussion Paper, 1240. google scholar
Rajan, R. G., Zingales, L. (1995). What Do We Know About Capital Structure? Some Evidence From Inter-national Data. The Journal ofFinance, 50(5), 1421-1460. google scholar
Ross, S. A. (1977). The Determination of Financial Structure: The Incentive Signalling Approach. The Bell Journal ofEconomics, 8(1), 23-40. google scholar
Sayılgan, G., Sayman, Y. (2012). The Effect of Partnership Structures of Manufacturing Companies on Fi-nancing Decisions: Istanbul Stock Exchange Application (1998-2009). , 12(48), Istanbul Stock Exchange, 1-16. google scholar
Sanchez, M. G., Juan, A. I . S. S., Jımenez, E. M. I. (2023). Earnings Management in Socially Responsible Firms Around Seasoned Equity Offerings: Evidence from France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Heliyon, 9. google scholar
Scott, H. J. (1979). Bankruptcy, Secured Debt and Optimal Capital Structure. The Journal ofFinance, 34(1), 253-260. google scholar
Sheikh, N. A., Wang, Z. (2011). Determinants Of Capital Structure: An Empirical Study Of Firms In Manu-facturing Industry Of Pakistan. Managerial Finance, 37(2), 117-133. google scholar
Shenoy, C., Koch, P. D. (1996). The Firm’s Leverage-Cash Flow Relationship. Journal ofEmpirical Finance, 2(4), 307-331. google scholar
Stamou, S. C., Huang, W., Coakley, J. (2020). Serial SEOs and Capital Structure. International Review Of Financial Analysis, 71, 1-15. google scholar
Stulz, R. (1988). Managerial Control Of Voting Right: Financial Policies and The Market For Corporate Control. Journal OfFinancial Economics, 20, 25-54. google scholar
Titman, S., Wessels, R. (1988). The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice. The Journal Of Finance, 43(1), 1-19. google scholar
Walker, D. M., Yost, K., Zhao, J. (2016). Credibility and Multiple SEOs: What Happens When Firms Return To The Capital Market? Financial Management, 45(3), 675-703. google scholar
Walker, D. M., Wu, Q. (2019). Equity Issues When In Distress. European Financial Management, 25(3), 489 -519. google scholar
Zhu, D., Li, Y. (2022). Empirical Research on Seasoned Equity Offerings, Board Member Characteristics and Corporate Investment Efficiency. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 22, Article ID 3365840, Hindawi. google scholar
Ahmet Kurtaran
KARADENIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS, BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PR.0000-0003-1780-2491Türkiye
Kalaycıoğlu, Z., & Kurtaran, A. (2024). Changes in Capital Structure in Seasoned Equity Offerings: BIST Implementation. Istanbul Business Research, 53(2), 201-228. https://doi.org/10.26650/ibr.2024.53.1216752