Kadın Çalışanların Kadınsı Cinsiyet Normları ve İşin Anlamlılığı Arasındaki Etkileşimde Cinsiyet Rol Stresinin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2018, , 42 - 56, 31.05.2018

Serdar Yener

https://doi.org/10.25203/idd.331875

Cited By: 1

Öz

 Amaç :  Araştırmanın
amacı kadın çalışanların kadınsı cinsiyet normları ve işe adanmışlıkları
arasındaki ilişkide cinsiyet rol stresinin aracı rolünü ortaya koymaktır.

Tasarım/Yöntem:Niceliksel
araştırma yöntemleriyle kolayda örneklem yoluyla  Batı Karadeniz  il ve ilçelerinde 412 kadın çalışan üzerine
yapılmıştır.  Toplanan anketler öncelikle
geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizine tabi tutulduktan sonra  tanımlayıcı istatistik, korelasyon ve
regresyon testleri uygulanmıştır.

Sonuçlar:Analiz
sonuçlarına göre cinsiyet rol stresinin kadınsı cinsiyet normları ve işe
adanmşlıkları arasında aracı rolü gözlenmiştir.

Özgün Değer:Kadınların
ev ve iş yerinde üstlenmiş olduğu farklı rollerin  işin anlamlılığını nasıl etkilediğini ortaya
koymak ve alanyazına bu açıdan katkı sağlamak özgün değeridir. Araştırma iki
sosyal kuram üzerine bina edilmiştir; sosyal norm ve sosyal rol kuramları.
Ayrıca araştırmada  toplumumuzda kadının
iş hayatındaki işin anlamlılığı algısını arttırabilecek sosyal cinsiyet
normlarının etkisinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kadınsı cinsiyet normu, cinsiyet rol stresi, işin anlamlılığı

The Mediating Role of Gender Role Stress on the Relationship between Gender Norms and Meaningfulness of Job

Öz

Objectives:  The purpose of the research is to reveal mediation role
of gender role stress on the relation between gender norms and meaningfulness
of job .

 

Design/ Method: Datas
were collected through convenience sampling method from 412  female employees in West Blacksea cities  and districts. After conducting validity and
reliability tests, descriptive, corelation and regression analysis were done.

 

Results: According
to the results of analysis mediating role gender role stress on the relation
between gender norms and meaninfulness of job 
is observed .

 

Originality:  C ontributing
to the literature by presenting how the different roles of women assumed at
work and home effect their work engagement and meaningfulness is originality of
research . The research is grounded on two social theories; social norms and
social role theories. It is also intended that with this research , we will be
able to find out the effects of social gender norms on enhancing women’s
perceptions of  meaningfulness.

Anahtar Kelimeler

feminine gender norms, gender role stress, meaningfulness of work

Kaynakça

• Afşar, S. T. (2014). Impact of Quality of Work-life on Organizational Commitment, International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(4), 124-152.
• Akerlof, G.A. & R.E. Kranton (2000). Economics and identity. Quarterly Journal of Economics 115: 715–753.
• Akın, A., Hamedoğlu, M.A., Kaya, Ç. & Sarıçam, H. (2013). Turkish Version of the Work and Meaning Inventory (WAMI): Validity and Reliability Study, Journal of European Education, 3(2), 11-16.
• Allan, B.A., Dexter, C., Kinsey, R. & Parker, S. (2016). Meaningful work and mental health: job satisfaction as a moderator, Journal of Mental Health, Early Online: 1–7.
• Alparslan, A.M., Bozkurt, Ö.Ç. & Özgöz, A. (2015). İşletmelerde Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı ve Kadın Çalışanların Sorunları, MAKÜ İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(3), 66-81.
• Andreassi, J., Lawter, L., Brockerhoff, M. & Rutigliano, P. (2012). Job Satisfaction Determinants: A Study Across 48 Nations. In J.Tang (Ed.) Proceedings of 2012 Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business-US North East. Chapter: Business Without Borders(pp.49-73). Fairfield CT: Sacred Heart University.
• Amato, F. J. (2012). The Relationship of Violence to Gender Role Conflict and Conformity to Masculine Norms in a Forensic Sample, The Journal of Men’s Studies, 20(3), 187-208.
• Beaglaoich, C., Sarma, K. & Morrison, T.G. (2013). New directions in gender role conflict research. In Gelfer, J. (Ed.), Masculinities in a global era (pp. 17-51). New York: Springer.
• Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing, Psychological Review, 88, 354-364.
• Bergman, E., Malm, D., Ljungquist, B., Berterö, C. & Karlsson, J.-E. (2012). Meaningfulness is not the most important component for changes in sense of coherence, European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 11(3), 331-338.
• Bicchieri, C. (2006). The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Bicchieri, C. & A. Chavez (2010). Behaving as Expected: Public Information and Fairness Norms, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 23(2), 161-178.
• Bipp, T. (2010). What do people want from their jobs? The big five, core self-evaluations and work motivation, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 18(1), 28-39.
• Blakemore, J. E. O. (2003). Children’s beliefs about violating gender norms: Boys shouldn’t look like girls, and girls shouldn’t act like boys, Sex Roles, 48, 411-419.
• Boudet, A.M., Pettesch, P. & Turk, C., with Thumala, A. (2012). On Norms And Agency. Conversations with Women and Men about Gender Equality in 20 Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. (http://bit.ly/1jGGobQ, 12 Nisan 2017 tarihinde erişildi).
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S. & Slaughter, J. (2011). Work Engagement: A Quantitative Review and Test of its relations with Task and Contextuaş Performance, Personell Psychology, 64, 89-136.
• Cialdini, Robert B. & Trost, M.R. (1998). Social Influence: Social Norms, Conformity and Compliance. In Gilbert, D., Fiske, S.T., and Lindzey, G.(Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (4th ed, Vol.2, pp. 151–192). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
• Coetzee, M. (2009). Psychological career resources and subjective work experiences of working adults: An exploratory study, Southern African Business Review, 13(2), 1-31.
• Cohen-Meitar R., Carmeli A. ve Waldman D.A. (2009). Linking meaningfulness in the workplace to employee creativity: the intervening role of organisational identification and positive psychological experiences, Creativity Research Journal, 21, 361–375.
• Coyle, E. F., Van Leer, E., Fulcher, M. & Schroeder, K. (2015). Assessing Emerging Adults’ Anticipated Work-Family Conflict and Coping Strategies, Sex Roles. Crane, M. & Markus, H. (1982). Gender identity: Benefits of a self-schema approach, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1195-1197.
• Crawford, E.A., Rich, B.L., Buckman, B. & Bergeron, J. (2014). The antecedents and rivers of employee engagement. In Truss, C. et al. (Eds), Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice (pp. 57–81). London: Routledge.
• Crouter, A. C. (1984). Spillover from family to work: The neglected side of the work-family interface, Human Relations, 37, 425-441.
• Curtin, N., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A. & Caruthers, A. (2011). Femininity ideology and sexual health in young women: A focus on sexual knowledge, embodiment, and agency, International Journal of Sexual Health, 23(1), 48-62.
• Del Libano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M. & Schaufeli, W.B. (2012). About the dark and bright sides of self-efficacy: workaholism and work engagement, Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 688–701.
• Dempsey, S.E. & Sanders, M. L. (2010). Meaningful Work? Nonprofit Marketization and Work/Life Imbalance in Popular Autobiographies of Social Entrepreneurship, Organization, 17, 437-459.
• Dik, B. J. & Duffy, R. D. (2009). Calling and Vocation at Work: Definitions and Prospects for Research and Practice, 37(3), 424-450.
• Dik, B. J. & Duffy, R. D. (2012). Make your job a calling: How the psychology of vocation can change your life at work. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press.
• Dudte, K. (2008). Social Influence and Gender Norms. Ohio State University, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, 2008.
• Eagly, A. H. & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders, Psychological Review, 109, 573–598.
• Eagly, A. H., Beall, A. ve Sternberg, R. S. (Eds.). (2004). The psychology of gender (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
• Efthim, P. W., Kenny, M. E. & Mahalık J. R. (2001). Gender Role Stres in Relation to Shame, Guilt, and Externalization, Journal of Counselling & Development, 79, 430-438.
• Elster, J. (1989). Social Norms and Economic Theory, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3 (4): 99-117
• Eren, E. (2015). Örgütsel Davranış ve Yönetim Psikolojisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi.
• Erikson, E.H. (1964). Insight and responsibility. New York: WW Norton.
• EUC (2017). Report on Equality between Women and Men in the EU. European Commission Report. Belgium.
• Fahey, T., Nolan, B. & Whelan, C. (2003). Monitoring quality of life in Europe, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Office for Official Publications of the European Commission, Luxembourg, 2003.
• Fairlie, P. (2011). Meaningful work, employee engagement, and other key employee outcomes: Implications for human resource development, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13, 508–525.
• Ferrant, G., Tuccio, M., Loiseau, E. & Nowacka, K. (2014). The Role of Discriminatory Social Institutions in Female South-South Migration. Issues Paper, OECD Development Center. (https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/SIGI%20and%20 Female%20Migration_final.pdf, 02 Mayıs 2017 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
• Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., and Lindzey, G. (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 357-411). New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2005). Beyond outcomes: measuring procedural utility, Oxford Economic Papers, 57, 90–111.
• Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. & Lindzey, G. (Eds.) (1998) Handbook of social psychology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Gillespie, B.L. & Eisler, R.M. (1992). Development of the Feminine Gender Role Stress Scale: A cognitive-behavioral measure of stress, appraisal, and coping for women, Behavior Modification, 16, 426-438.
• Googasian, M.E. (2007). Role Model Effects on Health Communication Practices, Indian University, Unpublished Master Thesis, 2007.
• Gooty, J., Gavin, M., Johnson, P. D., Frazier, M. L. & Snow, D. B. (2009). In the eyes of the beholder: Transformational leadership, positive psychological capital, and performance, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15(4), 353-367.
• Greenhaus, J. H. & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles, Academy of Management Review, 10 (1), 76-88.
• Gül, H., Yalçınoğlu, N. & Atlı, Z. C. (2014). Türkiye’de Çalışma Yaşamında Kadının Konumu ve Sorunları, TAF Prev. Med. Bull., 13(2), 169-176.
• Hackman, J. R., Oldham, G., Janson, R. ve Purdy, K. (1975). A new strategy for job enrichment, California Management Review, 17 (4), 57-71.
• Hakim, C. (2000). Work-Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century: Preference Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Halford, S. & Strangleman, T. (2009). In search of the sociology of work: Past, present and future, Sociology, 43(5), 811-828.
• Harrison, M. M. (2009). Finding meaning in the every day: An in-depth investigation of meaningful work experiences. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
• Hartung, P. J. & Subich, L. M. (Eds.). (2011). Developing self in work and career: Concepts, cases, and contexts. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). An Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-based Approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Hayes, J. A. & Mahalik, J. R. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological distress in male counseling clients, Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 116–125.
• Hines, M., Brook, C. & Conway, G. (2004). Androgen and psychosexual development: Core gender identity, sexual orientation, and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), The Journal of Sex Research, 41(1), 75-81.
• Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values (abridged ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Pub.
• Hutmire, J.L. (2016). Meaningfulness of Work as Perceived by Women from Diverse Social Classes: A Grounded Theory (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Walden University.
• Jahoda, G. (2002). Culture, biology and development. In Keller, H., Portinga, Y.H. and Schölmerich, A. (Eds.), Between Culture and Biology (pp.13-29). United Kingdom; Cambridge Press.
• Jones, W. H., Chernovetz, M. E. & Hansson, R. O. (1978). The enigma of androgyny: Differential implications for males and females?, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 298-313.
• Kahn, R.L. & Quinn, R.P. (1970). Role stress: A framework for analysis. In McLean, A. (Ed), Occupational mental health. New York NY:Rand-McNally.
• Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work, Academy of Management Journal, 33(4): 692-724.
• Koç, M., Avcı, Ö.H. & Bayar, Ö. (2017). Kadın Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi Ölçeği’nin (KTCRSÖ) Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 41, 284-297.
• Kelly Araştırması (2009). Kelly Global Workforce Index: February 2009. (www.kellyservices.com 16.05.2017 tarihinde erişilmiştir.).
• Langman, L. (2011). Self, identity, and social institutions [Review of the book Self, identity, and social institutions, by Neil J. MacKinnon and David R. Heise]. [Book Review]. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, 40(4), 465-467.
• Levant, R. F. vd. (2007). Initial validation of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised (MRNI-R), The Journal of men’s Studies, 15(1), 83-100.
• Liu, W. M., Rochlen, A. & Mohr, J. J. (2005). Real and ideal gender-role conflict: Exploring psychological distress among men, Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(2), 137-148.
• Lytton, H. & Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents’ differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 109, 267–296.
• Mahalik, J. R.. (2005). Development of the conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory, Sex Roles, 52, 417-435.
• MacIntosh, J., Wuest, J., Gray, M. M. & Cronkhite, M. (2010). Workplace bullying in health care affects the meaning of work, Qualitative Health Research, 20(8), 1128-1141.
• Mayor, E. (2015). Gender roles and traits in stress and health, Frontiers of Psychology, 6, 779.
• Moore, T. M. & Stuart, G.L. (2004). Effects of masculine gender role stress on men’s cognitive, affective, physiological and aggressive responses to intimate conflict situations, Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, 132-142.
• Nord,W. R., Brief, A. P., Atieh, J. M. & Doherty, E. M. (1990). Studying meanings of work: The case of work values. In A. P. Brief &W. R. Nord (Eds.), Meanings of occupational work (pp. 21–64). Lexington: Lexington Books.
• O’Neil, J. M. (2015) Men’s gender role conflict: Psychological costs, consequences, and an agenda for change. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
• O’Neil, J. M. & Denke, R. (2016). An empirical review of gender role conflict research: New conceptual models and research paradigms. In Wong, Y. J., Wester, S. R., Wong, Y. J., and Wester, S. R. (Eds.), APA handbook of men and masculinities (pp. 51-79). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
• Overell, S. (2009). The Meaning of Work, Provacation Paper 3. The Good Work Commission Report, 2009.
• Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M. & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individualand organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122-141.
• Pool, G.J, Schwegler, A.F, Theodore B.R & Fuchs P.N (2007). Role of gender norms and group identification on hypothetical and experimental pain tolerance, Pain, 129, 122–129.
• Pratt, M. G. & Ashforth, B. E. (2003). Fostering Meaningfulness in Working and at Work. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, and R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline (pp. 309-327). San Francisco, CA: Berret-Koehler.
• Richmond, K., Levant, R., Smalley, B. & Cook, S. (2015). The Femininity Ideology Scale (FIS): dimensions and its relationship to anxiety and feminine gender role stress, Women & Health, 55(3), 263-279.
• Ritz, A. & Waldner, C. (2011). Competing for future leaders, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 31(3), 291-316.
• Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of Categorization. In Rosch, E. and Lloyd, B. (Eds), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Rothmann, S. & Hamukang, L. (2013). Callings, work role fit, psychological meaningfulness and work engagement among teachers in Zambia, South African Journal of Education, 33(2).
• Sacchi, M. D. (1998). A bootstrap procedure for high-resolution velocity analysis, Geophysics, 63(5), 1716–1725.
• Schnell, T. (2011). Individual differences in meaning-making: Considering the variety of sources of meaning, their density and diversity, Personality & Individual Differences, 51(5), 667-673.
• Schnell, T., Höge, T. & Pollet, E. (2013). Predicting meaning in work: Theory, data, implications, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 543–554.
• Schultz, P.W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J. & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The Constructive, Destructive and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms, Psychological Science, 18 (5), 429-439.
• Scroggins, W. (2008). The relationship between employee fit perceptions, job performance, and retention: Implications of perceived fit, Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, 20(1), 57-71. Sinha, C. & Sinha, R. (2012). Factors affecting employee retention: A comparative analysis of two organizations from heavy engineering industry, European Journal of Business and Management, 4(3), 145-162.
• Sirgy, M.J. (2002). The Psychology of Quality of Life. Dordecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Sirgy, M. J., Reilly, N., Wu J. & Efraty, D. (2008). A Work-Life Identity Model of Well-Being: Towards a Research Agenda Linking Quality-of-Work-Life (QWL) Programs with Quality of Life (QOL), Applied Research in Quality of Life, 3(3), 181-202.
• Staw, B.M., Bell, N. E. ve Clausen, J. A. (1986). The Dispositonal approach to job attitudes : A lifetime longitudinal test, Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 56-77.
• Stillson, R. W., O'Neil, J. M. & Owen, S. V. (1991). Predictors of adult men's gender-role conflict: Race, class, unemployment, age, instrumentality-expressiveness, and personal strain, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(4), 458-464.
• Sturges, J., Conway, N. & Liefooghe, A. (2010). Organizational support, individual attributes, and the practice of career self-management behavior, Group & Organization Management, 35(1), 108-141.
• Thapisa, A. P. N. (1989). The Meaningfulness of Work: Improving the Quality of Life Through Job Enrichment. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989.
• Thomas, K. W. (2009). Intrinsic Motivation at Work (2nd Ed.). San Fransisco: Berrett-Koehler Pub.
• Vallerand, R. J. (2012). From motivation to passion: In search of the motivational processes involved in a meaningful life, Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 53(1), 42-52.
• Wallace, C., Pichler, F. & Hayes, B.C. (2007). First European Quality of Life Survey. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Loughlinstown, Dublin. (https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_ publication/field_ef_document/ef0695en.pdf, 08 Haziran 2017 tarihinde erişildi).
• West, C. & Fenstermaker, S. (1995). Doing difference, Gender & Society, 9 (1), 8-37.
• Wood, J. V., Saltzberg, J. A., Golsamt, L. A. (1990). Does affect induce self-focused attention?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 (5), 899-908.
• Wrzesniewski, A., LoBuglio, N., Dutton, J. E. & Berg, J. M. (2013). Job crafting and cultivating positive meaning and identity in work, Advances in positive organizational psychology, 1(1), 281-302.
• Wu, Y. & Shih, K. (2010). The Effects of Gender Role on Perceived Job Stress, The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 6 (2), 74-79.