Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Effects of locating abattoir to the neighbouring communities in Kano State, Nigeria

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 48, 187 - 201, 08.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1161854

Öz

For years, abattoir solid waste disposal in many developing nations has been a major problem. Many abattoirs in Sub-Saharan Africa especially Nigeria deposit their wastes within the immediate locations or dispose them into water bodies which causes effects to the people living close to abattoirs. On the other hand, locating abattoirs in urban center furnishes many advantages to the people therein. Though, the impact of abattoir practice poses threat to the physical and man-made environment. The aim of this study was to determine the environmental as well as socio-economic effects of location of abattoir to the neighbouring people. A mixed method of quantitative and qualitative approach was employed. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample 400, 44 and 44 of respondents living proximity to abattoir, traditional head of butchers (Sarakunan-Pawa) and chairman of butchers’ association respectively. Quantitative data were collected from people neighbouring abattoir. While the qualitative data were derived from in-depth interview conducted to traditional heads of butchers (Sarakunan pawa) and Chairman of butchers’ association. This research used statistical tools, frequency count, bar and pie charts for data analysis and presentation. Findings of this research revealed that more than 25% of people living very close to abattoir do not been disturbed by bad odour produced by the abattoir. It is also revealed that there are both positive and negative effects of abattoir set by locating abattoir in an area, but the negative effects outweigh its positive ones. This research concluded that appropriate planning should be put in place to avoid encroaching by people close to abattoir or establish new abattoir close to residential area. And also proper drainage and modern methods of abattoir solid waste management should be designed

Destekleyen Kurum

Nil

Proje Numarası

Nil

Teşekkür

I want extend my appreciation to the editorial board for giving chance to submit my research article

Kaynakça

  • Abdullahi, A., Hassan, Kadarman, N., Junaidu, Y. M., Adeyemo, O. K., & Lua, P. L. (2016). Occupational hazards among the abattoir workers associated with noncompliance to the meat processing and waste disposal laws in Malaysia. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 9, 157–163. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S98271
  • Ahmad, S. A., Nura, I. B., Khalil, M. S., & Abdulkadir, B. (2021). Assessment of the effects of noise pollution on students’ performance in Kano metropolitan local government areas. International Journal of Environental Pollution and Environmental Modelling, 4(2), 76-84.
  • Adeoye, P. A., Dauda, S. M., Musa, J. J., Adebayo, S. E., & Sadeeq, M. A. (2012). Evaluation of water quality standards and sanitary conditions in Moniya Abattoir, Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 2(1), 17-22.
  • Adewumi, J. R., Babatola, J. O., & Adejuwon, E. O. (2016). Assessment of Abattoir Wastes Management Strategy in Akure South West Nigeria. Futo Journal Series 2(1), 186-194.
  • Alimentarius, C. (1993). Code of Hygiene practice for meat (CAC/RCP 58- 2005). Retrieved from http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standard/10196/cxp_058e
  • Alvarez, R., & Lide´n, G. (2008). The effect of temperature variation on biomethanation at high altitude. Bioresource Technology, 99, 7278– 7284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.055
  • Babatunde, B. B., Vincent-Akpu, I. F., Woke, G. N., Atarhinyo, E., Aharanwa, U. C., Green, A. F., & Isaac-Joe, O. (2013). Comparative analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in three local government areas in Rivers State, Nigeria. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol, 7(9), 874-881. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST12.112
  • Bello, N. I. (2021). Environmental Problems as a Threat to Sustainable Urban Development in Kano Metropolitan- a revıew. In A. Csiszárik-Kocsir& P. Rosenberger (Eds.), Current Studies in Social Sciences 2021 (pp. 124–133). ISRES Publishing.
  • Bello, M., Lawan,Kwaga, J. K. P., & Raji, M. A. (2011). Assessment of carcass contamination with E. coli 0157 before and after washing with water at abattoirs in Nigeria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, (150), 184-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.029
  • Bello, Y. O. & Oyedemi, D. T. A. (2009). The impact of abattoir activities and management in residential neighbourhoods: A case study of Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences 19(2): 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2009.11892699
  • Central Pollution Control Board [CPCB] (2017). Revised Comprehensive Industry Document on Slaughter Houses. Delhi: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
  • Chukwu, O., Adeoye, P. A. & Chidiebere, I. (2011). Abattoir wastes generation, management and the environment: a case of Minna, North Central Nigeria. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 1(6): 100-109. ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print) 2222-5234 (Online).
  • Coker, A. O., Olugasa, B. O., & Adeyemi, A. O. (2001): Abattoir wastewater Quality in South Western Nigeria, Proceedings of the 27th WEDC Conference, pp. 329-331, Lusaka, Zambia, Loughborough University, United Kingdom.
  • Dada, O. T., Odufuwa, B. O., Badiora, A. I., Agbabiaka, H. I., Ogunseye, N. O., & Samuel, O. S. (2020). Environmental hazard and health risks associated with slaughterhouses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Environmental Hazards. ISSN: 1747- 7891 https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2020.1747382
  • Department of Agriculture and Rural Development [DARD] (2009). Guideline manual for the management of abattoirs and other waste of animal origin. Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Gauteng Provincial Government: South Africa.
  • Emeka, U. J., & Onyema, O. V. (2017). Assessment of QGBOR-Hill Abattoir Operations on some environmental variables of Aba River and property values. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), 4(6), 7379-7389.
  • Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (2001). Renewable energy feedstock. Prepared by the Operational Guidelines for Abattoirs or Environmental and Energy Study Institute, Slaughterhouses. US. 10-30.
  • Ezeoha, S. L., & Ugwuishiwu, B. O. (2011). Status of abattoir wastes research in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 30(2), 143-148.
  • Ezeoha, S. L. (2000). Pollution and Biogas Production Potentials of Abattoir Wastes. Unpublished M. Eng. Project Report, submitted to the Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
  • FAO (2014). FAO design of model slaughterhouses for rural area. Section 2.4
  • Fasanmi F. E. (2002). Management of Abattoir: Nigerian experience. In: Proceedings of a National Workshop on Abattoir Management and Public Health organized by Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association at women Development centre Abuja. 10 – 17.
  • Fearon, J., Mensah, S. B., & Boateng, V. (2014). Abattoir operations, waste generation and management in the Tamale metropolis: Case study of the Tamale slaughterhouse. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 6(1), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPHE2013.0574
  • İncekara, S., & Abubakar, A. S. (2014). A comparative analysis of students' attitude towards the environment: Case study from Turkey and Nigeria. Deutschland: Lambert Academic Publishing.
  • Istifanus, V., Haruna, B., & Bwala, H. B. (2017). Infrastructure Challenges: the Review of Environmental and Health Implication of Abattoir operation in a developing country. Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 5(6), 60-72.
  • Kehinde, A. H. & Abiodun, S. M. (2014). Poor Slaughterhouse Waste Management: Empirical Evidences from Nigeria and Implications on Achieving Millennium Development Goals. An International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1).
  • Koh, A. (2007). Green productivity approaches to swim turning waste into profit, In: solid waste management: issues and challenges in Asia. Report of the APO survey on solid-waste management 2004–05, 11 – 16.
  • Livestock Marketing Authority (LMA) (2000). Guideline on the Establishment of Export Abattoir, Addis Ababa.
  • Magaji, J. Y., & Chup, C. D. (2012). The Effects of abattoir waste on water quality in Gwagwalada – Abuja. Ethiopia Journal of Environmental Studies and Management (EJESM), 5(4) (Supplementary 2) 542- 549. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v5i4.S14
  • Nafarnda, W. D., Yaji, A., & Kubkomawa, H. I. (2006). Impact of slaughterhouse waste on aquatic life: a case study of Yola slaughterhouse. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 12, 31–33. https://doi.org/10.4314./gjpas.v12i1.16540
  • Nafarnda, W. D., Ajayi, I. E., Shawulu, J. C., Kawe, M. S., Omeiza, G. K., Sani, N. A., Tenuche, O. Z., Dantong, D. D.,& Tags, S. Z. (2012). Bacteriological quality of Abattoir effluents discharged into water bodies in Abuja, Nigeria. International Scholarly Research Network Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/515689
  • Nwanta, J. A., Onunkwo, J. I., Ezenduka, V. E., Phil-Eze, P. O., & Egege, S. C. (2008). Abattoir operations and waste management in Nigeria: A review of challenges and prospects. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 7(2), 61- 67.
  • Nwanta, J. A., Onunkwo, J., & Ezenduka, E. (2010). Analysis of Nsukka Metropolitan Abattoir Solid Waste and Its Bacterial Contents in South Eastern Nigeria: Public Health Implication. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 65(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338240903390263
  • Ogbonnaya, C. (2008). Analysis of groundwater pollution from abattoir waste in Minna, Nigeria. Research Journal of Dairy Sciences, 2(4), 74-77.
  • Oruonye, E. D. (2015). Challenges of abattoir waste management in Jalingo Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Geography, 1(2), 22-31.
  • Osibanjo, O., & Adie G. U. (2007). Impact of effluent from Bodija abattoir on the physio-chemical parameters of Oshunkaye stream in Ibadan city, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6(15), 1806 – 1811.
  • Pruss A, Giroult E, Rushbrook P (eds) (1999). Safe Management of Waste from Health Care Activities. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Roberts, H., De jager, L., & Blight, G. (2009). Waste handling practices at red meat abattoirs in South Africa. Waste Management Resources, 27(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07085754
  • Salvato, J. A. (1992). Environmental Engineering and Sanitation (4th Edition). New York: John Wiley.
  • Sha’Ato, R., Aboho, S. Y., Oketunde, F. O., Eneji, I. S., Unazi, G., & Agwa, S. (2007). Survey of solid waste generation and composition in a rapidly growing urban area in central Nigeria. Waste Management, 27(3), 352-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.02.008
  • Shah, R. (2012). Generation of Waste by Economic Activities. United Nations Statistical Division, (UNSD). UNECE/EUROSTAT/ EEA Workshop on Waste Statistics, Geneva.
  • Sridhar MKC (1996). Women in Waste Management. A Seminar Paper Sponsored by LHHP and the British Council on Educating Women for Sustainable Environmental Management, Owerri, Nigeria, March 5-7.
  • Wani, S. A., Gazalli, H., & Sohi, A. H. (2014) Animal Byproducts-Efficient utilization vis-à-vis benefits. In: Compendium of 6th conference of Indian Meat Science Association and National Symposium on Sustainable meat production for nutritional security and consumer well-being: Challenges and strategies, 28-30th November, DUVASU, Mathura, India.
  • Wing, S., & Wolf, S. (2000). Intensive livestock operations, Health and Quality of life among Eastern North Carolina Residents". Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(3), 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108233
  • World Bank (1998). Poor management of processing wastes. Environmental assessment: pressure state response indicators. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998.
  • World Health Organization [WHO] (2005). Public Health and Air pollution. http://www.cleanairforce.com/docs/GCAFHealthBenefitsPoster.pdf retrieved on 24th May, 2019

Effects of locating abattoir to the neighbouring communities in Kano State, Nigeria

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 48, 187 - 201, 08.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1161854

Öz

For years, abattoir solid waste disposal in many developing nations has been a major problem. Many abattoirs in Sub-Saharan Africa especially Nigeria deposit their wastes within the immediate locations or dispose them into water bodies which causes effects to the people living close to abattoirs. On the other hand, locating abattoirs in urban center furnishes many advantages to the people therein. Though, the impact of abattoir practice poses threat to the physical and man-made environment. The aim of this study was to determine the environmental as well as socio-economic effects of location of abattoir to the neighbouring people. A mixed method of quantitative and qualitative approach was employed. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample 400, 44 and 44 of respondents living proximity to abattoir, traditional head of butchers (Sarakunan-Pawa) and chairman of butchers’ association respectively. Quantitative data were collected from people neighbouring abattoir. While the qualitative data were derived from in-depth interview conducted to traditional heads of butchers (Sarakunan pawa) and Chairman of butchers’ association. This research used statistical tools, frequency count, bar and pie charts for data analysis and presentation. Findings of this research revealed that more than 25% of people living very close to abattoir do not been disturbed by bad odour produced by the abattoir. It is also revealed that there are both positive and negative effects of abattoir set by locating abattoir in an area, but the negative effects outweigh its positive ones. This research concluded that appropriate planning should be put in place to avoid encroaching by people close to abattoir or establish new abattoir close to residential area. And also proper drainage and modern methods of abattoir solid waste management should be designed

Proje Numarası

Nil

Kaynakça

  • Abdullahi, A., Hassan, Kadarman, N., Junaidu, Y. M., Adeyemo, O. K., & Lua, P. L. (2016). Occupational hazards among the abattoir workers associated with noncompliance to the meat processing and waste disposal laws in Malaysia. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 9, 157–163. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S98271
  • Ahmad, S. A., Nura, I. B., Khalil, M. S., & Abdulkadir, B. (2021). Assessment of the effects of noise pollution on students’ performance in Kano metropolitan local government areas. International Journal of Environental Pollution and Environmental Modelling, 4(2), 76-84.
  • Adeoye, P. A., Dauda, S. M., Musa, J. J., Adebayo, S. E., & Sadeeq, M. A. (2012). Evaluation of water quality standards and sanitary conditions in Moniya Abattoir, Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 2(1), 17-22.
  • Adewumi, J. R., Babatola, J. O., & Adejuwon, E. O. (2016). Assessment of Abattoir Wastes Management Strategy in Akure South West Nigeria. Futo Journal Series 2(1), 186-194.
  • Alimentarius, C. (1993). Code of Hygiene practice for meat (CAC/RCP 58- 2005). Retrieved from http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standard/10196/cxp_058e
  • Alvarez, R., & Lide´n, G. (2008). The effect of temperature variation on biomethanation at high altitude. Bioresource Technology, 99, 7278– 7284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.055
  • Babatunde, B. B., Vincent-Akpu, I. F., Woke, G. N., Atarhinyo, E., Aharanwa, U. C., Green, A. F., & Isaac-Joe, O. (2013). Comparative analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in three local government areas in Rivers State, Nigeria. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol, 7(9), 874-881. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST12.112
  • Bello, N. I. (2021). Environmental Problems as a Threat to Sustainable Urban Development in Kano Metropolitan- a revıew. In A. Csiszárik-Kocsir& P. Rosenberger (Eds.), Current Studies in Social Sciences 2021 (pp. 124–133). ISRES Publishing.
  • Bello, M., Lawan,Kwaga, J. K. P., & Raji, M. A. (2011). Assessment of carcass contamination with E. coli 0157 before and after washing with water at abattoirs in Nigeria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, (150), 184-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.029
  • Bello, Y. O. & Oyedemi, D. T. A. (2009). The impact of abattoir activities and management in residential neighbourhoods: A case study of Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences 19(2): 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2009.11892699
  • Central Pollution Control Board [CPCB] (2017). Revised Comprehensive Industry Document on Slaughter Houses. Delhi: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
  • Chukwu, O., Adeoye, P. A. & Chidiebere, I. (2011). Abattoir wastes generation, management and the environment: a case of Minna, North Central Nigeria. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 1(6): 100-109. ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print) 2222-5234 (Online).
  • Coker, A. O., Olugasa, B. O., & Adeyemi, A. O. (2001): Abattoir wastewater Quality in South Western Nigeria, Proceedings of the 27th WEDC Conference, pp. 329-331, Lusaka, Zambia, Loughborough University, United Kingdom.
  • Dada, O. T., Odufuwa, B. O., Badiora, A. I., Agbabiaka, H. I., Ogunseye, N. O., & Samuel, O. S. (2020). Environmental hazard and health risks associated with slaughterhouses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Environmental Hazards. ISSN: 1747- 7891 https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2020.1747382
  • Department of Agriculture and Rural Development [DARD] (2009). Guideline manual for the management of abattoirs and other waste of animal origin. Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Gauteng Provincial Government: South Africa.
  • Emeka, U. J., & Onyema, O. V. (2017). Assessment of QGBOR-Hill Abattoir Operations on some environmental variables of Aba River and property values. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), 4(6), 7379-7389.
  • Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (2001). Renewable energy feedstock. Prepared by the Operational Guidelines for Abattoirs or Environmental and Energy Study Institute, Slaughterhouses. US. 10-30.
  • Ezeoha, S. L., & Ugwuishiwu, B. O. (2011). Status of abattoir wastes research in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 30(2), 143-148.
  • Ezeoha, S. L. (2000). Pollution and Biogas Production Potentials of Abattoir Wastes. Unpublished M. Eng. Project Report, submitted to the Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
  • FAO (2014). FAO design of model slaughterhouses for rural area. Section 2.4
  • Fasanmi F. E. (2002). Management of Abattoir: Nigerian experience. In: Proceedings of a National Workshop on Abattoir Management and Public Health organized by Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association at women Development centre Abuja. 10 – 17.
  • Fearon, J., Mensah, S. B., & Boateng, V. (2014). Abattoir operations, waste generation and management in the Tamale metropolis: Case study of the Tamale slaughterhouse. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 6(1), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPHE2013.0574
  • İncekara, S., & Abubakar, A. S. (2014). A comparative analysis of students' attitude towards the environment: Case study from Turkey and Nigeria. Deutschland: Lambert Academic Publishing.
  • Istifanus, V., Haruna, B., & Bwala, H. B. (2017). Infrastructure Challenges: the Review of Environmental and Health Implication of Abattoir operation in a developing country. Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 5(6), 60-72.
  • Kehinde, A. H. & Abiodun, S. M. (2014). Poor Slaughterhouse Waste Management: Empirical Evidences from Nigeria and Implications on Achieving Millennium Development Goals. An International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1).
  • Koh, A. (2007). Green productivity approaches to swim turning waste into profit, In: solid waste management: issues and challenges in Asia. Report of the APO survey on solid-waste management 2004–05, 11 – 16.
  • Livestock Marketing Authority (LMA) (2000). Guideline on the Establishment of Export Abattoir, Addis Ababa.
  • Magaji, J. Y., & Chup, C. D. (2012). The Effects of abattoir waste on water quality in Gwagwalada – Abuja. Ethiopia Journal of Environmental Studies and Management (EJESM), 5(4) (Supplementary 2) 542- 549. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v5i4.S14
  • Nafarnda, W. D., Yaji, A., & Kubkomawa, H. I. (2006). Impact of slaughterhouse waste on aquatic life: a case study of Yola slaughterhouse. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 12, 31–33. https://doi.org/10.4314./gjpas.v12i1.16540
  • Nafarnda, W. D., Ajayi, I. E., Shawulu, J. C., Kawe, M. S., Omeiza, G. K., Sani, N. A., Tenuche, O. Z., Dantong, D. D.,& Tags, S. Z. (2012). Bacteriological quality of Abattoir effluents discharged into water bodies in Abuja, Nigeria. International Scholarly Research Network Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/515689
  • Nwanta, J. A., Onunkwo, J. I., Ezenduka, V. E., Phil-Eze, P. O., & Egege, S. C. (2008). Abattoir operations and waste management in Nigeria: A review of challenges and prospects. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 7(2), 61- 67.
  • Nwanta, J. A., Onunkwo, J., & Ezenduka, E. (2010). Analysis of Nsukka Metropolitan Abattoir Solid Waste and Its Bacterial Contents in South Eastern Nigeria: Public Health Implication. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 65(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338240903390263
  • Ogbonnaya, C. (2008). Analysis of groundwater pollution from abattoir waste in Minna, Nigeria. Research Journal of Dairy Sciences, 2(4), 74-77.
  • Oruonye, E. D. (2015). Challenges of abattoir waste management in Jalingo Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Geography, 1(2), 22-31.
  • Osibanjo, O., & Adie G. U. (2007). Impact of effluent from Bodija abattoir on the physio-chemical parameters of Oshunkaye stream in Ibadan city, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6(15), 1806 – 1811.
  • Pruss A, Giroult E, Rushbrook P (eds) (1999). Safe Management of Waste from Health Care Activities. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Roberts, H., De jager, L., & Blight, G. (2009). Waste handling practices at red meat abattoirs in South Africa. Waste Management Resources, 27(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07085754
  • Salvato, J. A. (1992). Environmental Engineering and Sanitation (4th Edition). New York: John Wiley.
  • Sha’Ato, R., Aboho, S. Y., Oketunde, F. O., Eneji, I. S., Unazi, G., & Agwa, S. (2007). Survey of solid waste generation and composition in a rapidly growing urban area in central Nigeria. Waste Management, 27(3), 352-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.02.008
  • Shah, R. (2012). Generation of Waste by Economic Activities. United Nations Statistical Division, (UNSD). UNECE/EUROSTAT/ EEA Workshop on Waste Statistics, Geneva.
  • Sridhar MKC (1996). Women in Waste Management. A Seminar Paper Sponsored by LHHP and the British Council on Educating Women for Sustainable Environmental Management, Owerri, Nigeria, March 5-7.
  • Wani, S. A., Gazalli, H., & Sohi, A. H. (2014) Animal Byproducts-Efficient utilization vis-à-vis benefits. In: Compendium of 6th conference of Indian Meat Science Association and National Symposium on Sustainable meat production for nutritional security and consumer well-being: Challenges and strategies, 28-30th November, DUVASU, Mathura, India.
  • Wing, S., & Wolf, S. (2000). Intensive livestock operations, Health and Quality of life among Eastern North Carolina Residents". Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(3), 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108233
  • World Bank (1998). Poor management of processing wastes. Environmental assessment: pressure state response indicators. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998.
  • World Health Organization [WHO] (2005). Public Health and Air pollution. http://www.cleanairforce.com/docs/GCAFHealthBenefitsPoster.pdf retrieved on 24th May, 2019
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Nura Isyaku Bello 0000-0001-8186-5839

Proje Numarası Nil
Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

APA Bello, N. I. (2023). Effects of locating abattoir to the neighbouring communities in Kano State, Nigeria. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(48), 187-201. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1161854
AMA Bello NI. Effects of locating abattoir to the neighbouring communities in Kano State, Nigeria. IGGE. Şubat 2023;(48):187-201. doi:10.32003/igge.1161854
Chicago Bello, Nura Isyaku. “Effects of Locating Abattoir to the Neighbouring Communities in Kano State, Nigeria”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 48 (Şubat 2023): 187-201. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1161854.
EndNote Bello NI (01 Şubat 2023) Effects of locating abattoir to the neighbouring communities in Kano State, Nigeria. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 48 187–201.
IEEE N. I. Bello, “Effects of locating abattoir to the neighbouring communities in Kano State, Nigeria”, IGGE, sy. 48, ss. 187–201, Şubat 2023, doi: 10.32003/igge.1161854.
ISNAD Bello, Nura Isyaku. “Effects of Locating Abattoir to the Neighbouring Communities in Kano State, Nigeria”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 48 (Şubat 2023), 187-201. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1161854.
JAMA Bello NI. Effects of locating abattoir to the neighbouring communities in Kano State, Nigeria. IGGE. 2023;:187–201.
MLA Bello, Nura Isyaku. “Effects of Locating Abattoir to the Neighbouring Communities in Kano State, Nigeria”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 48, 2023, ss. 187-01, doi:10.32003/igge.1161854.
Vancouver Bello NI. Effects of locating abattoir to the neighbouring communities in Kano State, Nigeria. IGGE. 2023(48):187-201.