Yeni Bir Eşitsizlik Biçimi Olarak Dijital Yoksulluk

Yıl 2024, , 407 - 421, 17.05.2024

Mira Assadi

https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.1143096

Öz

Küresel dünyanın en önemli özelliği ürünler, hizmetler ve bilginin ulusal sınırları aşarak uluslararası bağlamda tüm toplumlara kolayca ulaşmasıdır. Ancak ürünlerin eşitsiz biçimde dağılımı gibi bilgi ve enformasyon teknolojilerinin de eşitsiz dağılımından söz edilebilir. Bu durumda dijital bölünmenin sonucu olan dijital yoksulluk, yeni bir eşitsizlik biçimi olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı dijital yoksulluğu yeni bir eşitsizlik biçimi olarak ele almak ve Dünya’da ve Türkiye’deki internete erişim durumlarına bakarak dijital yoksulluğun ne anlama geldiğini tartışmaktır. Yöntem olarak bu çalışma bir derleme çalışması niteliğindedir. Dolayısıyla dijital yoksulluk alanında yayınlanmış ulusal ve uluslararası araştırmalar üzerine durulmuştur. Makalede eşitsizlik, yoksulluk, dijitalleşme ve dijital yoksulluk konuları irdelenmiştir. Çalışmanın tartışma bölümünde dijital yoksulluğun ortaya çıkışında toplumsal, ekonomik, kültürel ve politik faktörlerden söz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak dijital yoksulluğun diğer yoksulluk türlerinin yaygınlaşması ve derinleşmesindeki önemine vurgu yapılmış bu sorunun, geleceğin en önemli sorunlarından birisi olabileceği ifade edilmiştir. Dijital yoksulluğu kapsamlı bir biçimde ele almak, bu alanda farkındalığın gelişmesine katkı sağlamak, dijital ve enformasyon teknolojilere olan ihtiyacın önemine değinmek ve bu eşitsizliği azaltmaya yönelik öneriler sunmak araştırmanın özgün değerini gösterebilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eşitsizlik, Yoksulluk, Dijitalleşme, Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri, Dijital Yoksulluk

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Digital Poverty as a New Form of Inequality

Öz

The most important feature of the global world is easily delivered products, services and information to all societies in an international context by crossing national borders. However, just like the unequal distribution of products, it can be mentioned that information and information technologies are also unequally distributed. In this case, digital poverty, which is the result of digital divide, emerges as a new form of inequality. The aim of this article is to consider digital poverty as a new form of inequality and to discuss what digital poverty means by looking at the internet access situation in the world and in Turkey. As a method, this study is a review study. Therefore, national and international published research in the field of digital poverty is focused on. In the article, the issues of inequality, poverty, digitalization and digital poverty are discussed. In the discussion, social, economic, cultural and political factors in the emergence of digital poverty are mentioned. As a result, the importance of digital poverty in the spread and deepening of other types of poverty has been emphasized and it has been stated that this problem may be one of the most important problems of the future. Addressing digital poverty in a comprehensive way, contributing to the development of awareness in this area, emphasizing the importance of the need for digital and information technologies, and recommendations to reduce this inequality can show the originality of the research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Inequality, Poverty, Digitization, Information and Communication Technologies, Digital Poverty

Kaynakça

• ADEYA, C. N. (2002). ICTs and poverty: A literature review. Ottawa, IDRC.
• ALVAREDO, F. & GASPARINI, L. (2015). Recent trends in inequality and poverty in developing countries. A. Atkinson and F. Bourguignon, (Eds.), Handbook of Income Distribution, (pp. 697–805). Elsevier: vol 2.
• AURIGA (2016). Digital transformation: history, present, and future trends. Retrieved May 12, 2022, from https://auriga.com/blog/2016/digital-transformation-history-present-and-future-trends/
• BARRANTES, R. (2007). Analysis of ICT demand: what is digital poverty and how to measure it? H. Galperin and J. Mariscal (Eds.), Digital Poverty: Latin American and Caribbean Perspectives, (pp. 29-53). Canada: International Development Research Centre.
• BARRANTES CÁCERES, R. (2007). Digital poverty: Concept and measurement, with an application to Peru. Institute of Peruvian Studies. Working paper, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265038043_Digital_poverty_Concept_and_measurement_with_an_application_to_Peru
• BOURGUIGNON, F. (2018). World changes in inequality: An overview of facts, causes, consequences, and policies. CESifo Economic Studies, 64(3), 345-370.
• BOWYER, G., GRANT, A., NIELSEN, A. & DILWORTH, N. (2021). Closing the Digital Divide for Good: An end to the digital exclusion of children and young people in the UK. UNICEF: Carnegie UK Trust. Retrieved May 12, 2022, from https://gdc.unicef.org/resource/closing-digital-divide-good-end-digital-exclusion-children-and-young-people-uk
• BRENNEN, J. S., & KREISS, D. (2016). Digitalization. The international encyclopedia of communication theory and philosophy, (pp. 1-11). Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect111
• CASTELLS, M. (2000). Toward a sociology of the network society. Contemporary sociology, 29(5), (pp. 693-699). Published by American Sociological Association. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2655234.
• CHAKRAVARTY, S. R., & MAJUMDER, A. (2005). Measuring human poverty: A generalized index and an application using basic dimensions of life and some anthropometric indicators. Journal of Human Development, 6(3), 275-299.
• Citizens Advice Scotland (2018). Disconnected: Understanding digital inclusion and improving access. Edinburgh: Citizens Advice Scotland. Retrieved May 26, 2022, from https://www.cas.org.uk/publications/launch-disconnected-understanding-digital-inclusion-and-improving-access
• ÇALIŞKAN, Ş. (2010). Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, No. 59, (pp. 89-132).
• EKER, T. (2021). Gelir dağılımı ve yoksulluk analizi: Türkiye örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İktisat Anabilim Dalı, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Aziz Bostan. Erişim tarihi 02 Temmuz 2022. http://adudspace.adu.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11607/4357/3210.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• ETS (2002). Digital Transformation: A Framework for ICT literacy. A Report of the International ICT Literacy Panel. Retrieved June 02, 2022, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.453.7843&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• HOLMES, H., & BURGESS, G., (2021). New Horizons: Digital Exclusion And The İmportance Of Getting Online. Cambridge Centre for Housing & Planning Research. Department of Land Economy. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
• FÖRSTER, M. F., & TÓTH, I. G. (2015). Cross-country evidence of the multiple causes of inequality changes in the OECD area. Handbook of Income Distribution, Elsevier, Vol. 2, 1729-1843.
• GOBBLE, M. M. (2018). Digitalization, digitization, and innovation. Research-Technology Management, 61(4), 56-59. Retrieved June 01, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2018.1471280
• Good Things Foundation (2021). Digital Skills and Safety. Sheffield: Good Things Foundation. Retrieved June 02, 2022, from https://www.goodthingsfoundation.org/the-digital-divide/digital-skills-and-safety/
• International Monetary Fund IMF (2021). The IMF And Income Inequalıty Introduction To Inequality. Retrieved June 02, 2022, from https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/Inequality/introduction-to-inequality
• JOHNSON, J. (2021). Worldwide digital population as of January 2021. Retrieved June 02, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/#:~:text=How%20many%20people%20use%20the,the%20internet%20via%20mobile%20devices
• KALAYCI, C. (2013). Dijital Bölünme, Dijital Yoksulluk ve Uluslararası Ticaret. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27(3), 145-160.
• KRZYWDZINSKI, M. (2021). Automation, digitalization, and changes in occupational structures in the automobile industry in Germany, Japan, and the United States: A brief history from the early 1990s until 2018. Industrial and Corporate Change, 30(3), 499-535.
• LIVINGSTONE, S. & HELSPER, E. (2007). Gradations in digital inclusion: children, young people and the digital divide. New Media and Society. Vol. 9:4. 671-696. Retrieved June 22, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807080335
• LEHDONVIRTA, V. (2012). A history of the digitalization of consumer culture. Digital virtual consumption, 23 (11).
• LOK-DESSALLIEN, R. (1999). Review of poverty concepts and indicators. UNDP Soc Dev Poverty Elimin Div Poverty Reduct Ser. 21, 1-21. Retrieved June 02, 2022, from http://ftp.unpad.ac.id/orari/library/library-ref-ind/ref-ind-1/application/poverty-reduction/Poverty/Review_of_Poverty_Concepts.pdf
• MCLUHAN, M. (1962). The Gutenberg galaxy: The making of typographic man. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
• Office For National Statistics ONS (2019). Exploring the UK’s digital divide. London: Office for National Statistics. Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/householdcharacteristics/homeinternetandsocialmediausage/articles/exploringtheuksdigitaldivide/2019-03-04
• SEYREK, İ., ve SARIKAYA, M. (2008). Teknoloji Politikaları ve Türkiye: Bir İnceleme. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(15), 53-79.
• SEN, A. K. (1983). Poor, Relatively Speaking. Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, Vol. 35, No. 2, 153-169. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2662642?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
• SEN, A. K. (1985). Commodities and Capabilities, North Holland: Amsterdam.
• SEN, A. K. (1987). Standard of Living, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• SEN, A. K. (1997). On Economic Inequality, with a Substantial Annexe by J. E. Foster and A. K. Sen, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• SCHALLMO, D. R., & WILLIAMS, C. A. (2018). History of digital transformation. In Digital Transformation Now! Springer, Cham, 3-8.
• SCIADAS, G. (2003). Monitoring the digital divide... and beyond. Orbicom Research Committee. Canada: Claude-Yves Charron. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https://www.infodev.org/sites/default/files/resource/InfodevDocuments_20.pdf
• SMITH, A. (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Everyman Edition, London: Home University Library.
• Statista, (2019). Countries with the highest number of internet users as of December 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/262966/number-of-internet-users-in-selected-countries/
• Statista, (2022). Percentage of global population accessing the internet from 2005 to 2021, by market maturity. Retrieved June 17, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/209096/share-of-internet-users-in-the-total-world-population-since-2006/
• The World Bank (2021). Narrowing the Digital Divide Can Foster Inclusion and Increase Jobs. Retrieved June 17, 2022, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/09/24/narrowing-the-digital-divide-can-foster-inclusion-and-increase-jobs
• TSATSOU, P. (2011) Digital divides revisited: what is new about divides and their research? Media, Culture & Society. 33(2). 317-331. DOI: 10.1177/0163443710393865.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu TÜİK (2021). Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması. Erişim Haziran 10, 2022, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-37437
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu TÜİK (2020). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, 2020. Erişim Haziran 10, 2022, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Arastirmasi-2020-37404
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu TÜİK (2021). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, 2021. Erişim Haziran 10, 2022, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Arastirmasi-2021-45581
• United Nations Development Programme UNDP (1990–2005). Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
• United Nations (15 February 2021). Economic and Social Council commission for Social Development. Retrieved June 17, 2022, from https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/soc4895.doc.htm
• University of Cambridge (2021). Pay the wi-fi or feed the children: Coronavirus has intensified the UK’s digital divide. Retrieved June 17, 2022, from https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/digitaldivide
• YILMAZ, R., ve KOYUNCU, J. Y. (2018). The contribution of ICT to poverty reduction: a panel data evidence. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 7(4), 63-75.