Network Governance: A Theoretical Study in the Context of City Management

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 249 - 267, 28.04.2022

Levent Memiş

https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.525564

Öz

The complexity of the problems faced by public arena brings up formations reflecting cooperation among organizations outside of the classical hierarchical organizations. In this context, ıt seems that different collaborations appeared between formal and informal organizations and they are conceptualized in different ways. One of the organizations came up at this point get its riposte by the concept of “network governance”. At this study, network governance is embraced as an organization model and became a subject of an analysis at a theoretical level in city management. Because the cities are the places that subject complex problems are realized first by social, economic and environmental aspects. In subject study, It is understood that network governance model, without neglecting its finiteness and criticisms, by its distinctive feature with regard to structure, operation and characteristic, presents important occasions to manage complex problems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Complex Problems, Actors, Cooperation, Network Governance, City Management

Ağ Yönetişimi: Kent Yönetimi Bağlamında Teorik Bir İnceleme

Öz

Kamusal açıdan karşılaşılan sorunların karmaşıklığı, klasik hiyerarşik örgütlenmelerin dışında, örgütler arasında iş birliklerini yansıtan oluşumları gündeme getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda biçimsel ve biçimsel olmayan örgütler arasında farklı iş birlikleri ortaya çıkmakta ve farklı şekillerde kavramsallaştırıldığı görülmektedir. Bu noktada gündeme gelen örgütlenmelerden biri de “ağ yönetişimi” kavramı ile karşılık bulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bir örgütlenme modeli olarak ele alınan ağ yönetişimi, kent yönetimi bağlamında teorik düzeyde inceleme konusu yapılmaktadır. Çünkü kentler, günümüz açısından adı geçen karmaşık sorunların; sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutlarıyla birinci derecede gerçekleştiği mekânlardır. Yapılan incelemede, sahip olduğu sınırlılıklar ve getirilen eleştiriler ihmal edilmeden, ağ yönetişimi modelinin, yapı, işleyiş ve karakteristik açıdan ayırıcı özellikleriyle, karmaşık sorunların yönetiminde önemli fırsatlar sunduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karmaşık Sorunlar, Aktörler, İş Birliği, Ağ Yönetişimi, kent yönetimi

Kaynakça

• AARS, J., FIMREITE, A. L. (2005). Local government and governance in Norway: Stretched accountability in network politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 28, 3, 239-256.
• AARSÆTHER, N., NYSETH, T., BJORNA, H. (2011). Two networks, one city: Democracy and governance networks in urban transformation. European Urban and Regional Studies, 18, 3, 306–320.
• ACAR, M. (2004). Örgüsel yönetim. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• AGRANOFF, R., MCGUIRE, M. (2001). Big questions in public network management research. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 11-3, 295-326.
• AGRANOFF, R., MCGUIRE, M. (2003). Collaborative public management: New strategies for local governments. Washington, DC.: Goorgetown University Press.
• AGRANOFF, R. (2007). Managing within networks: Adding value to public organizations, Washington, DC.: Georgetown University Press.
• AGRANOFF, R. (2012). Collaborating to manage: A primer for the public sector, Washington, DC.: Georgetown University Press.
• ALFORD, J., O’FLYNN, J. (2012). Rethinking public service delivery: Managing with external providers. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• ANSELL, C. (2000). The networked polity: Regional development in western Europe, Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administaratin and Institutions, 13, 3, 303-333.
• ATEŞ ÖZALP, S. (2015). Turizm idaresinde ağ yönetişim modeli: Türkiye örneği (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara: ODTÜ SBE.
• AYGÜL, C. (2006). Şebeke kuramlarına eleştirel bir yaklaşım. Memleket SiyasetYönetim, 1, 141-153.
• BARNES, M., SKELCHER, C., BEIRENS, H., DALZIEL, R., JEFFARES, S., WILSON, L. (2008). Designing citizen-centred governance. Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2013, http://www.jrf.org.uk/system/files/2205-governance-citizens-engagement.pdf
• BEKKERS, V. (2011). Linking innovation to the public sector: Contexts, concepts and challenges. İç. Victor Bekkers, Jurian Edelenbos ve Bram Steijn (Eds.), Innovation in the public sector linking capacity and leadership (3-32). Palgrave Macmillan.
• BERRY, F. S., BROWER, R. S., CHOI, S. O., GOA, W. X., JANG, H., KWON, M., WORD, J. (2004). Three traditions of network research: What the public management research agenda can learn from other research communities. Public Administration Review, 64, 5, 539–552.
• BEVIR, M., RHODES, R. A. W. (2006). Decentred theory, change and network governance. UC Berkeley: UC Berkeley Previously Published Works.
• BEVIR, M. (2009). Key concepts in governance. California: Sage Publications.
• BOGASON, P., TOONEN, T. A. J. (1998). Introductıon: Networks in publıc administration. Public Administration, 76, 205-227.
• BOGASON, P., MUSSO, J. A. (2006). The democratic prospects of network governance. American Review of Public Administration, 36, 1, 3-18.
• BOGASON, P., ZOLNER, M. (2007). Methods for network governance research: an introduction. İç. Peter Bogason ve Mette Zolner (Eds.), Methods in democratic network governance (1-20). Palgrave Macmillan.
• BÖRZEL, T. A. (1998). Organizing babylon - On the different conceptions of policy Networks. Public Administration, 76, 253-273.
• BÖRZEL, T. A. (2011). Networks: Reified metaphor or governance panacea?, Public Administration, 89, 1, 49–63.
• BRUIJN, L. A., HEUVELHOF, E. F. (1997). Instruments for network management. İç. W. J. M. Kickert, E. -H. Klijn ve J. F. M. Koppenjan (Eds.), Managing complex networks: Strategies for the public sector (119-136), SAGE Publications.
• CASTELLS, M. (2008). Enformasyon çağı: Ekonomi, toplum ve kültür, ağ toplumunun yükselişi. (E. Kılıç, Çev.), İkinci Baskı, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• COENEN, F. (2009). Introduction. İç. Frans H. J. M. Coenen (Eds.), Public participation and better environmental decisions (1-19), Springer.
• COHEN, S. (2011). Sustainability management: Lessons from and for New York City, Americ, and the Planet. Columbia University Press.
• CUPPEN, E., BREUKERS, S., HISSCHEMÖLLER, M., BERGSMA, E. (2010). Q methodology to select participants for a stakeholder dialogue on energy options from biomass in the Netherlands. Ecological Economics, 69, 579–591.
• ÇUKURÇAYIR, M. A. (2011). Yerel Yönetimler, Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi.
• DRUCKER, P. (1993). Kapitalist ötesi toplum, İstanbul: İnklâp Kitabevi.
• EDELENBOS, J., KLIJN, E.-H. (2007). Trust in complex decision-making networks: A theoretical and empirical exploration. Administration & Society, 39, 1, 25-50.
• ERSAVAŞ KAVANOZ, S. (2021). Karmaşık sorunlarla mücadelede iş birlikçi yönetişim ve aktörler, İç. Suna Ersavaş Kavanoz, Abdullah Uzun ve Hayriye Şengün (Edt.), Karmaşık sorunlar ve kent (35-50), Ankara: Astana Yayınları.
• FERLIE, E., FITZGERALD, L., MCGIVERN, G., DOPS, S., BENNETT, C. (2011). ‘Public policy networks and ‘wicked problems’: A Nascent Solution?. Public Administration, 89, 2, 307-324.
• GILCHRIST, A. (2009). The well-connected community: A networking approach to community development. Second Edition, UK: The Policy Press.
• GRADDY, E. A. ve CHEN, B. (2009). Partner selection and the effectiveness of interorganizational collaborations. İç. Rosemary O’Leary ve Lisa Blomgren Bingham (Eds.) The collaborative public manager (53-70), Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
• GOLDSMITH, S., EGGERS, W. D. (2004). Government by network. Washingto D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
• GÖYMEN, K. (2010). Türkiye’de yerel yönetişim ve yerel kalkınma. İstanbul: Boyut Yayıncılık ve Tic. A.Ş..
• GÜZELSARI, S. (2003). Neo-liberal poltikalar ve yönetişim modeli. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 36, 2, 17-34.
• HAFNER-BURTON, E. M., KAHLER, M., MONTGOMERY, A.H. (2009). Network analysis for international relations. International Organization, 63, 03, 559-592.
• HUPPE, G. A. ve CREECH, H. (2012). Developing social capital in networked governance initiatives: A lock-step approach. The International Institute for Sustainable Development. Erişim Tarihi: 18.05.2014, http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2012/developing_social_capital_network_gov.pdf
• HUYS, M. ve KOPPENJAN, J. (2010). Policy networks in practice: The debate on the future of Amsterdam airport schiphol. İç. S. P. Osborne (Ed.), The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance (365-393), New York: Routledge.
• ISETT, K. R., MERGEL, I. A., LEROUX, K., MISCHEN, P. A., RETHEMEYER, R. K. (2011). Networks in public administration scholarship: Understanding where we are and where we need to go. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21, i157–i173.
• JENKS, M., BURTON, E., WILLIAMS, K. (1996). Compact cities and sustainability: An introduction, İç. Mike Jenks, Elizabeth Burton ve Katie Williams (Eds.),The compact city: A sustainable urban form? (2-6), Oxford: Oxford Brookes University.
• KEIVANI, R. (2010). A review of the main challenges to urban sustainability. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 1, 1-2, 5-16.
• KENNEY, M. (2009). Turning to the “dark side”: Coordination, exchange and learning in criminal networks. Miles Kahler (Ed.), Networked politics: Agency, power and governance (79-102), Ithaca ve Londan: Cornell Universty Press.
• KEYMAN, F., LORASDAĞI, B. K. (2010). Kentler, Anadolu’nun dönüşümü, Türkiye’nin geleceği, Birinci Baskı, İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
• KICKERT, W. (1994). Complexity, governance and dynamics: Conceptual explorations of public network management. İç. Jan Kooiman (Ed.), Modern governance: New government-society interactions (191-204), SAGE Publications.
• KICKERT, W. J. M., KOPPENJAN, J. F. M. (1997). Public management and network management: An overview. İç. W. J. M. Kickert, E. -H. Klijn ve J. F. M. Koppenjan (Eds.), Managing complex networks: Strategies for the public sector (35-61), SAGE Publications.
• KICKERT, W. J. M., KLIJN, E. H., KOPPENJAN, J. F. M. (1997). Introduction: A management perspective on policy Networks. İç. W. J. M. Kickert, E. -H. Klijn ve J. F. M. Koppenjan (Eds.), Managing complex networks: Strategies for the public sector (xi-xv), SAGE Publications.
• KIM, J. (2006). Networks, network governance, and networked Networks. International Review of Public Administration, 11, 1, 19-34.
• KJAER, A. M. (2004), Governance, First Published, USA ve UK: Polity Press.
• KLIJN, E.-H. (2008). Governance and governance networks in Europe. Public Management Review, 10, 4, 505-525.
• KLIJN, E.-H., SKELCHER, C. (2007). Democracy and governance networks: Compatıble or not?. Public Administration, 85, 3, 587–608.
• KLIJN, E.-H., KOPPENJAN, J. F.M. (2000). Public management and policy networks foundations of a network approach to governance. Public Management: An International Journal of Research and Theory, 2, 2, 135-158.
• KLIJN, E.-H., STEIJN, B., EDELENBOS, J. (2010). The impact of network management on outcomes in governance Networks. Public Administration, 88, 4, 1063–1082.
• KLIJN, E.-H. (1997). Policy networks: An overview. İç. W. J. M. Kickert, E. -H. Klijn ve J. F. M. Koppenjan (Eds.), Managing complex networks: Strategies for the public sector (14-34), SAGE Publications.
• KLIJN, E.-H. (2010). Trust in governance networks: Looking for conditions for innovative solutions and outcomes. İç. S. P. Osborne (Ed.), The new public governance?: Emerging perspectives on the theory and practice of public governance (303-321), New York: Routledge.
• KOOIMAN, J. (2010). Governace and governability. İç. S. P. Osborne (Ed.), The new public governance?: Emerging perspectives on the theory and practice of public governance (72-86), New York: Routledge.
• KOLIBA, C., MEEK, J. W., ZIA, A. (2011). Governance networks in public administration and public policy. U.S.A.: CRC Press.
• KOLIBA, C. (2014). Governance network performance: A complex adaptive systems approach. İç. R. Keast, M. Mandell ve R. Agranoff (Eds.), Network theory in the public sector building new theoretical frameworks (84-102), New York ve London: Routledge.
• KOPPENJAN, J., KLIJN, E.-H. (2014). What can governance network theory learn from complexity theory? Mirroring two perspectives on complexity. İç. R. Keast, M. Mandell ve R. Agranoff (Eds.), Network theory in the public sector building new theoretical frameworks (157-173), New York ve London: Routledge.
• KOPPENJAN, J., KLIJN, E.-H. (2004). Managing uncertainties in networks: A network approach to problem solving and decision making. New York: Routledge.
• KURT, Ö. (2008). Ağ yönetişimi yaklaşımı ve Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Derneği’nin Türkiye’deki faaliyetleri. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). ODTÜ SBE, Ankara.
• LAKING, R. (2005). The role of network governance in local government strategic decision-making – A note. Erişim tarihi: web sayfasına erişim sağlanamadı.
• LEACH, R., PERCY-SMITH, J.(2001). Local governance in Britain, New York: Palgrave.
• LEWIS, J. M., CONSIDINE, M., ALEXANDER, D. (2011). Innovation inside government: The importance of Networks. İç. Victor Bekkers, Jurian Edelenbos ve Bram Steijn (Eds.), Innovation in the public sector linking capacity and leadership (107-133), Palgrave Macmillan.
• LINDEN, R. M. (2002). Working across boundaries making collaboration work in government and nonprofit organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• LÖFGREN, K., RINGHOLM, T. (2009). Introduction: New network modes of Nordic local governance. Local Government Studies, 35, 5, 505-514.
• MCGUIRE, M., AGRANOFF, R. (2011). The limitations of public management networks. Public Administration, 89, 2, 265–284.
• MILWARD, H. B., PROVAN, K. G. (2003). Managing networks effectively. Erişim tarihi: 10.03.2015, http://teep.tamu.edu/Npmrc/Milward.pdf.
• MILWARD, H. B., RAAB, J. (2009). Dark networks and the problem of islamic jihadist terrorism. İç. Stephen Goldsmith ve Donald F. Kettl (Eds.), Unlocking the power of networks, keys to high-performance government (168-189), Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
• MORÇÖL, G. (2012). A complexity theory for public policy, New York: Routledge.
• NYSETH, T. (2008). Network governance in contested urban landscapes. Planning Theory & Practice, 9, 4, 497-514.
• ORHAN, G., YALÇIN, L. (2015). Ağlar, yönetişim ve ağ yönetişimi: Tarihsel ve kavramsal bir değerlendirme. İç. Özer Köseoğlu ve Mehmet Zahid Sobacı (Edt.), Kamu yönetiminde paradigma arayışları: Yeni kamu işletmeciliği ve ötesi (171-204), Bursa: Dora Basım-Yayım Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
• ÖNALAN, F., RYCHLY, L. (2007). Avrupa’da Yerel Düzeyde Diyalog Karsılastırmalı Durum Arastırması. Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2014, http://www.ilo.org/public/turkish/region/eurpro/ankara/areas/dialogueconf/avr-rapor.pdf.
• O'TOOLE, L. J. (1997). Treating networks seriously: Practical and research-based agendas in public administration. Public Administration Review, 57, 1, 45-52.
• O’TOOLE, L. J., MEIER, K. J. (2004). Public management in intergovernmental networks: Matching structural networks and managerial networking. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14, 469–494.
• ÖZTAŞ, N., ACAR, M. (2004). Ağbağ analizine giriş: Kavramlar ve yöntemler. İç. Muhittin Acar ve Hüseyin Özgür (Edt.), Çağdaş Kamu Yönetimi II (289-320), Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• ÖZTAŞ, N. (2007). Sosyal sermayenin ağbağ kuramları: Dayanışmacı ve aracı sosyal sermaye. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 40, 3, 79-98.
• POPP, J.K., MILWARD, H. B., MACKEAN, G., CASEBEER, A., LINDSTROM, R. (2014). Inter-organizational networks: A review of the literature to inform practice. IBM Center for Business of Government, Collaborating Across Boundaries Series.
• POWELL, W. W. (1990). Neither market nor hierarchy: Network forms of organization. Research In Organizational Behavior, 12, 295-336.
• PROVAN, K. G., KENIS, P. (2007). Modes of network governance: Structure, management, and effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18, 229–252.
• PROVAN, K.G., FISH, A., SYDOW, J. (2007). Interorganizational networks at the network level: A review of the empirical literature on whole networks. Journal of Management, 33, 3, 479-516.
• PROVAN, K. G., LEMAIRE, R. H. (2012). Core concepts and key ideas for understanding public sector organizational networks: Using research to inform scholarship and practice. Public Administration Review, 72, 5, 638–648.
• RICE, D. (2014). Governing through networks: A systemic approach. İç. Robyn Keast, Myrna Mandell ve Robert Agranoff (Eds.), Network theory in the public sector building new theoretical frameworks (102-117), New York ve London: Routledge.
• RHODES, R.A.W. (1997). Understanding governance: Policy networks, governance, reflexivity and accountability. USA: Open Universty Press.
• RHODES, R. A. W. (2013). How to manage your policy network. Erişim Tarihi: 09. 06. 2015, http://www.raw-rhodes.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Com-Sec-2013-v2.pdf
• RHODES, R.A.W. (2006). Policy network analysis. İç. M. Moran, M. Reın ve R. E. Goodin (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook Of Public Polıcy (425-447), Oxford University Press.
• RYDIN, Y. (2010). Governing for sustainable urban development, London: Earthscan.
• SADİOĞLU, U. (2012). 2000’li yıllarda Türkiye ve Almanya’da yaşanan yerel yönetimler reformunun karşılaştırılması: İl belediyeleri için bir model önerisi (Doktora Tezi) Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, SBE.
• SHIROMA, E. O. (2014). Networks in action: New actors and practices in education policy in Brazil. Journal of Education Policy, 29, 3, 323-348.
• SİPAHİ, E. B., DİNÇER, S. (2021). Önleyici perspektiften kensel suçlar üzerine bir değerlendirme: Türkiye için öneriler, İç. Suna Ersavaş Kavanoz, Abdullah Uzun ve Hayriye Şengün (Edt.), Karmaşık sorunlar ve kent (267-292), Ankara: Astana Yayınları.
• SOBACI, M. Z. (2013). Politika ağları: Aktörler arası ilişkiler üzerinden kamu politikasını anlamak, İç. Mete Yıldız ve Mehmet Zahid Sobacı (Edt.), Kamu Politikası: Kuram ve Uygulama (130-147), Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
• SORENSEN, E., TORFING, J. (2007). Introduction governance network research: Towards a second generation. İç. Eva Sorensen ve Jacob Torfing (Eds.), Theories of democratic network governance (1-21), Palgrave Macmillan.
• SORENSEN, E. (2006). Metagovernance: The changing role of politicians in processes of democratic governance. The American Review of Public Administration, 36, 98-114.
• SULLIVAN, H., SKELCHER, C. (2002). Working across boundaries: Collaboration in public services, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• SWEETING, D. (2002). Leadership in urban governance: The Mayor of London. Local Government Studies, 28, 1, 3-20.
• TOPRAK, Z. (2011). Yerel yönetimlerde başkanın politik lider rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecbuası, 69, 1 - 2, 299-316.
• TORFING, J. (2007a). A comparative and multi-level analysis of governance networks: A pilot study of employment policy. İç. Peter Bogason ve Mette Zolner (Eds.), Methods in Democratic Network Governance (74-98), Palgrave Macmillan.
• TORFING, J. (2007b). Introduction: Democratic network governance. İç. Martin Marcussen ve Jacob Torfing (Eds.), Democratic network governance in Europe (1-22), Palgrave Macmillan.
• ÜSTÜNER, Y. (2008). Kamu yönetimi ve ağ yaklaşımları. İç. Bekir Parlak (Edt.), Kamu yönetiminde yeni vizyonlar (61-90), Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi Yayınları.
• ÜSTÜNER, Y. (2003). Siyasa oluşturma sürecinde ağ yönetişimi kuramı. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 36, 3, 49-65.
• WEBER, E. P., KHADEMIAN, A. M. (2008). Wicked problems, knowledge challenges, and collaborative capacity builders in network settings. Public Administration Review, 68, 2, 334–349.
• ZABCI, F. Ç. (2002). Dünya Bankası'nın küresel pazar için yeni stratejisi: Yönetişim. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 57, 3, 151-179.
• ZENGİN, E. ve KESGİN, M. (2013). Yerel yönetimlerin çocuk suçluluğunun önlenmesinde ilgili kurumlarla etkileşimi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 37, 13-32.