Battery selection criteria for electric vehicles: techno-economic analysis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 65 - 74, 30.06.2023

Alaattin Yücenurşen , Ahmet Samancı

https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1216888

Cited By: 1

Öz

In this study, different battery types to be used in the conversion of a small and light (600-1000 kg) internal combustion engine vehicle into an electric vehicle were analyzed. The study was conducted to ensure that this vehicle is suitable for urban use and has a range of approximately 100 km. Each battery technology capacity is evaluated to be approximately 15 kWh. While performing the techno-economic analysis of different battery types, it was taken into account that they provide the necessary energy for about 10 years. Seven different battery technologies (lead-acid, gel, Ni-Cd, Li-Ion, LiFePo4, LiPo, Ni-MH) were used for comparison. In the analysis; price assessment in US Dollars ($), 10-year investment cost, weight and volume values, weight and volume values required to produce 1 kWh of energy were presented in tables. In addition to these, a review of battery life was made. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of battery technologies compared to each other are given. As a result of the study, it was seen that the cheapest technology for a 10-year lifespan was lead-acid technology. It has been determined that lead-acid technology is 30% cheaper than the second cheapest gel technology and 82% cheaper than the most expensive technology, LiPo technology. In the study, it was revealed that the lightest technology was LiPo. It has been determined that this technology is 85% lighter than gel technology. Besides this information, data on cycle life, self-discharge, advantages and disadvantages are presented in tabular form.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Battery Selection, Electric Vehicle, Techno-Economic Analysis

Kaynakça

• Ünlü, N., Karahan, Ş., Tür, O., Uçarol, H., Özsu, E., Yazar, A., Turhan, L., Akgün, F., Tırıs, M. “Elektrikli Araçlar,” TÜBİTAK Marmara Araştırma Merkezi Enerji Sistemleri ve Çevre Araştırma Enstitüsü, Gebze, Turkey, 2003.
• Sayın, A.A., Yüksel, İ. “Elektrikli Renault Fluence aracı, lityum- iyon bataryasının modellenmesi ve batarya yönetimi,” Mühendis ve Makine, 52, (616), 75-82, 2011.
• Chan, C.C. “The rise & fall of electric vehicles in 1828–1930: lessons learned,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 101 (1), 206 – 212, 2013.
• Can Güven, E., Gedik K., “Environmental Management of End-of-life Electric Vehicle Batteries” Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9 (2), 726-737, 2019.
• Adedeji, B. P., “A Novel Method for Estimating Parameters of Battery Electric Vehicles,” Intelligent Systems with Applications 15, 1-31, 2022.
• Bhosale, A. P., Bodke, K., Babhulkar, A., Amale, S., Mastud, S. A., & Chavan, A. B., “Materials Today: Proceedings Comparative environmental assessment of different battery technologies used for electric vehicles,” Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023.
• Xia, X., & Li, P., “A review of the life cycle assessment of electric vehicles: Considering the influence of batteries,” Science of the Total Environment, 814, 152870, 2022.
• Şenyürek, Ü., Soyhan, H. S., & Çelik, D. D. C., “Battery Caused Fires in Electric Vehicles,” Uluslararası Yakıtlar Yanma ve Yangın Dergisi, 10, (1), 21–27, 2022.
• Liu W., Placke T, Chau K.T. “Overview of batteries and battery management for electric vehicles,” Energy Reports, 8, 4058-4084, 2022.
• Zhao, G., Wang, X., & Negnevitsky, M., “Connecting battery technologies for electric vehicles from battery materials to management,” IScience, 25, (2), 103744, 2022.
• Alyar H., “Elektrikli Otomobillerin Yapısı ve Yangın Riskleri,” Mühendislikte Yakıtlar, Yangın ve Yanma Dergisi, 10(1), 1-8, 2022.
• Aggarwal, A., & Chawla, V. K., “A sustainable process for conversion of petrol engine vehicle to battery electric vehicle: A case study,” Materials Today: Proceedings, 38, 432–437, 2020.
• 13. Özcan, Ö. F., Karadağ, T., Altuğ, M., & Özgüven, Ö. F., “Elektrikli Araçlarda Kullanılan Pil Kimyasallarının Özellikleri ve Üstün Yönlerinin Kıyaslanması Üzerine Bir Derleme Çalışması,” Journal of Science, 8, (2), 276–298, 2021.
• Z. Liu et al., Comparing total cost of ownership of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles, Energy Policy, 158, 112564, 2021.
• Saleh, S. A. G., “An Investigation on the Comparison of the Performance of Lithium- Ion Batteries and Nickel Metal Hydride,” Master. Thesis, Karabük University, 2021
• Gerssen-Gondelach, S. J., & Faaij, A. P. C., “Performance of batteries for electric vehicles on short and longer-term”, Journal of Power Sources, 212, 111–129, 2012.
• Çetin, S. M., Karakaya, B., & Gençoğlu, M.T., “Elektrikli Araçlar İçin Lityum İyon Bataryaların Modellenmesi,” Fırat Üniversitesi Müh. Bil. Dergisi, 33, (2), 755–763, 2021.
• Ekici, Y.E. and Tan N., “Farklı Batarya Tiplerinin Şarj ve Deşarj Karakteristiklerinin Hibrit Araç Modeli Üzerinde İncelenmesi,” International Conferance on Innovatiive Engineering Applications, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey, 2017
• Efe, Ş., & Güngör, Z. A., “Geçmişten Günümüze Batarya Teknolojisi. European Journal of Science and Technology, 32, 947–955, 2022.
• https://www.tehad.org/2021/04/27/elektrikli-otomobil-ve-calisma-prensibi/,10/10/2022
• http://www.arabalar.com.tr/suzuki/alto/1992/0-8-gl ,10/10/2022
• E. Akbıyık and A. Gören, “Şehir İçi Bir Aracın Kullanım Profilinin Saptanarak Elektrikli Taşıta Dönüştürülmesinde Üç Faz AA Motoru ve FDA Motoru Tercihleri ile Farklı Batarya Paketi Seçimlerinin Karşılaştırılması,” Kastamonu Univ. J. Eng. Sci. 4(1), 11– 24, 2018.
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Suzuki_Alto_(3rd_generation)#/media/File: Suzuki_Alto_1992.jpg , 06/10/2022
• https://www.ucay.com.tr/blog/elektrikli-arac-sarj-istasyon-batarya-gucleri/,06/10/2022
• https://www.trendyol.com/president/12v-72ah-600cca-aku-2020-petlas-uretimi-p-46241235?boutiqueId=61&merchantId=20508 9&utm_source=aff_t&utm_medium=cpc&utm _campaign=cimri_urun_listeleme&adjust_trac ker=1xed9e_u72in2&adjust_campaign=cimri_urun_listeleme , 07/10/2022
• https://urun.n11.com/aku/12v-90ah-80-ah-ebatinda-amper-jel-yigit-aku-P467915164?gclsrc=aw.ds&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIwYKs4P7N-gIVzdnVCh0CsgAeEAQYASABEgKZ1 vD_BwE, 07/10/2022
• https://www.trendyol.com/tnl/2400mah-sc-nicd-sarjli-supurge- matkap-pili-p-59191066, 07/10/2022
• https://www.hepsiburada.com/orion-18650-3-7v-3200-mah-bms-devreli-sarjli-pil-pm-HBC00000ZAU01, 12/10/2022
• https://www.n11.com/urun/12-v-18ah-lityum-demir-fosfat-aku-lifepo4-ctechi-4064444?magaza=solarmagazam&gclsrc=aw.ds&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIw5rK4oDOgIVz7LVCh13hA2JEAQYASABEgJjzPD_ Bw E , 07/10/2022
• https://www.direnc.net/37v-5000- mah-li-polymer-pil , 07/10/2022.
• https://www.infostar.com.tr/tnl-2700mah- 12v-puntali-aa-basliksiz-nimh-sarj-edilebilir- pil, 07/10/2022.
• https://urun.n11.com/aku/president-72-ah- amper-aku-2-yil-petlas-garantisi-2021-uret-P418696028,12/10/2022.
• https://www.yigitaku.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/11/YD-12-80-AH_AGM-brosur.pdf , 07.10.2022
• https://www.robotistan.com/37v-5000ma h- lipo-pil-devreli, 12/10/2022
• F. Şahin and E. Kılınç, “Elektrikli Araç Batarya Aktif Dengeleme Sistemleri için Çift Yönlü Flyback Dönüştürücü Tasarımı,” Politek. Derg., 0900, 2021.
• B. Aydın, “Yakıt Pilli Elektrikli Araçların Tahriki İçin Farklı Tipte Batarya Gruplarının Belirlenmesi,” PhD Thesis, Yıldız Technical University, 2010.
• Ö. F. Özcan, T. Karadağ, M. Altuğ, and Ö.F. Özgüven, “Elektrikli Araçlarda Kullanılan Pil Kimyasallarının Özellikleri ve Üstün Yönlerinin Kıyaslanması Üzerine Bir Derleme Çalışması,” J. Sci. 8, (2), 276-298, 2021.
• K. Ogura and M. L. Kolhe, “Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles,” Electric Vehicles: Prospects and Challenges 139- 167, 2017.
• T. Sasaki et al., “Memory Effect in a Lithium-Ion Battery,” Nat. Mater. 12, (6); 569-575, 2013.
• J. Ying, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, K. Miao, and N. Mithulananthan, “A Review on The State-of-The-Art Technologies of Electric Vehicle, İts İmpacts and Prospects,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 49, 365–385, 2015.
• Y. Muratoğlu and A. Akkaya, “Elektrikli Araç Teknolojisi ve Pil Yönetim Sistemi- İnceleme,” Elektr. Mühendisliği Derg. 458, 10-14, 2016.
• A. Gelen and E. Tüfekçioğlu, “Lityum- Polimer Piller için Şarj ve Dengeleyici Devre Tasarımı,” Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilim. Enstitüsü Derg. 13, (2), 839-846, 2020.
• F. Un-Noor, S. Padmanaban, L. Mihet-Popa, M. N. Mollah, and E. Hossain, “A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development, ” Energies, 10, 1-82, 2017.