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DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA: THE 2020 CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM AND THE US CRITICISM OF PUTIN

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 18, 48 - 69, 21.08.2024

Öz

Today, the Russian Federation is the second great power in the international system after the United States. Moreover, Russia has continued its aggressive foreign policy approach, which started with the annexation of Crimea, with the invasion of Ukraine. Therefore, domestic and foreign developments in this country attract the attention of the international community. Since 1991, the country has had a federative structure based on a semi-presidential system. After the Soviet Union, the country tried to transition to a Western-type liberal democracy. In 2000, Vladimir Putin, who became the President of Russia, started the process of change in the country by reorganizing the administrative structure of the country in order to strengthen the central authority. In the following period, President Putin started to adopt an authoritarian attitude towards the Russian bourgeoisie called oligarchs, opposition journalists who criticized him, civil society organizations and opposition parties. The legitimacy of the elections held under President Putin, who has dominated Russian politics for twenty-four years, including his term as Prime Minister, has been frequently questioned, especially by the American media and civil society organizations. On top of all these debates, the amendment of some articles of the constitution in 2020, opening the path to power for President Putin until 2036, and the transformations that will also affect non-Russian minorities after the Ukrainian War have caused President Putin to be seen as the "new tsar". The hypothesis of this study is that Western-type liberal democracy has not been developed in Russia. The study first analyzed the structure on which the Russian political system is based and then analyzed the content of the articles amended in 2020. The study also investigated how the leading US media outlets Associated Press and The New York Times, as well as the Human Rights Foundation, Atlantic Council and Wilson Center, analyzed both the amendments to the Russian Constitution and the constitutional referendum process. The study concludes that US-based organizations view President Putin as a dictator and consider not only the 2020 constitutional referendum but also some other elections in the country as illegitimate due to voter fraud and the fact that independent monitors were not allowed to observe them. The experiences of some dissident Russian journalists and politicians have also strengthened the argument that Russia is an anti-democratic country.

Kaynakça

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RUSYA’DA DEMOKRASİ: 2020 ANAYASA REFERANDUMU VE ABD’NİN PUTİN ELEŞTİRİLERİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 18, 48 - 69, 21.08.2024

Öz

Rusya Federasyonu günümüzde ABD’den sonra uluslararası sistemde yer alan ikincil büyük güçtür. Üstelik Rusya Kırım’ın ilhakı ile başlattığı agresif dış politika yaklaşımını Ukrayna’yı işgal ile devam ettirmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu ülkede yaşanan iç ve dış gelişmeler uluslararası kamuoyunun ilgisini çekmektedir. 1991’den beri ülkede yarı-başkanlık sistemine dayalı federatif bir yapılanma vardır. Ülke Sovyetler Birliği sonrasında Batı tipi liberal demokrasiye geçiş yapmaya çalışmıştır. 2000 yılında Rusya Devlet Başkanı olan Vladimir Putin ise merkezi otoriteyi güçlendirmek için ülkenin idari yapılanmasını yeniden oluşturarak ülkede değişim sürecini başlatmıştır. Başkan Putin ilerleyen süreçte oligark olarak adlandırılan Rus burjuvazisine, kendisini eleştiren muhalif gazetecilere, sivil toplum kuruluşlarına ve muhalefet partilerine yönelik otoriter bir tavır takınmaya başlamıştır. Başbakanlık yaptığı süreç de dahil edildiğinde yirmi dört yıldır Rus siyasetine hâkim olan Putin döneminde yapılan seçimlerin de meşruluğu özellikle Amerikan medyası ve sivil toplum kuruluşları tarafından sıklıkla sorgulanmıştır. Tüm bu tartışmaların üzerine bir de 2020 yılında anayasanın bazı maddeleri değiştirilerek Başkan Putin’e 2036 yılına kadar iktidar yolunun açılması ve Ukrayna Savaşı’ndan sonra Rus olmayan azınlıkları da etkileyecek dönüşümler yapılması Başkan Putin’in “yeni çar” olarak görülmesine sebebiyet vermiştir. Bu çalışmanın hipotezi Rusya’da Batı tipi liberal demokrasinin geliştirilemediğidir. Çalışmada önce Rus siyasal sisteminin üzerine oturduğu yapı analiz edilmiş ardından ise 2020 yılında değiştirilen maddelerin içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışmada ABD’nin önde gelen yayın kuruluşlarından Associated Press ve The New York Times ile Human Rights Foundation, Atlantic Council ve Wilson Center’da hem Rus Anayasasında yapılan değişikliklerin hem de anayasa referandum sürecinin nasıl analiz edildiği de araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada ABD merkezli kuruluşların Başkan Putin’i bir diktatör olarak gördükleri ve sadece 2020 anayasa referandumunu değil ülkede yapılan diğer bazı seçimleri de seçmen sahtekarlığı olduğu ve bağımsız denetçilerin gözlem yapmalarına müsaade edilmemesi nedeniyle meşru görmedikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bazı muhalif Rus gazetecilerin ve siyasilerin yaşadıkları da Rusya’nın anti-demokratik bir ülke olduğuna ilişkin savların güç kazanmasına yol açmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ağır, O. (2015). “Rusya Federasyonu’nun Siyasal Rejiminin Adlandırılması Üzerine”. ASSAM, 2 (3), 25-44.
  • Aleskerli, A. (2005). “Rusya Federasyonu Anayasası”. https://www.anayasa.gen.tr/rusya.htm; (07.10.2023). Associated Press. (2023). “Putin Approves New Restrictions on Media Coverage Ahead of Russia's Presidential Elections”, https://apnews.com/article/russia-putin-presidential-election-law-1950e667a87e5b3cb4ab008e5d078f9b, (03.12.2023).
  • Aydınlık Gazetesi. (2022). “Putin’in Oligarklarla Mücadelesi”, https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/putinin-oligarklarla-mucadelesi-304122, , (05.10.2023).
  • Babaoğlu, C., & Çobanoğlu, S. (2017). “Rusya Federasyonu Başkanlık Sistemi Ve Türkiye’ye Yansımaları”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10 (4), 285-297.
  • BBC News. (2014). “Politkovskaya Cinayetinde İki Kişiye Müebbet Hapis”, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2014/06/140609_politkovskaya, (01.12.2023).
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  • Cura, Ali. (2022). “Rusya'da Muhalif Gazetecilerin Zelenskiy İle Röportajının Yayınlanmaması İstendi”, Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/rusyada-muhalif-gazetecilerin-zelenskiy-ile-roportajinin-yayinlanmamasi-istendi/2547483, (14.11.2023).
  • Demydova, V. (2020). “Russian Constitutional Amendments 2020: Social State or Putin Forever?”, Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4 (2), 147-164.
  • Eroğlu Durkal, M., & Karahöyük, M. (2017). “Yarı Başkanlık Sistemi Ve Rusya Federasyonu Örneği”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi , 12 (1), 53-90.
  • Euronews. (2022). “Batının Yaptırım Uyguladığı Putin'e Yakın Rus Oligarklar Kimler?”, https://tr.euronews.com/2022/03/10/rusya-n-n-ukrayna-y-isgali-sonras-bat-n-n-yapt-r-m-uygulad-g-putin-e-yak-n-rus-oligarklar-, (02.11.2023).
  • Euronews. (2023). “Putin Gazeteci Politkovskaya Cinayetinin Suç Ortağını Affetti”, https://tr.euronews.com/2023/11/14/putin-gazeteci-politkovskaya-cinayetinin-suc-ortagini-ukraynada-savasa-katilinca-affetti, (16.11.2023).
  • European Parliament. (2020). “Constitutional Change in Russia”, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/651935/EPRS_BRI(2020)651935_EN.pdf, (02.11.2023).
  • Forbes. (2023). Boris Rotenberg, https://www.forbes.com/profile/boris-rotenberg/?sh=62f1b8d0126a, (15.10.2023).
  • Freedom House. (2024). “Russia”, https://freedomhouse.org/country/russia/freedom-world/2024, 20.03.2024. Gazete Oksijen. (2023). “Rusya Nobelli Muhalif Gazeteci Muratov'u Yabancı Ajanlar Listesine Aldı”, https://gazeteoksijen.com/dunya/rusya-nobelli-muhalif-gazeteci-muratovu-yabanci-ajanlar-listesine-aldi-187919, (16.11.2023).
  • Gedik, Ö., & Serdaliyeva, A. (2022). “Rusya Federasyonu Anayasası’nda 2020 Yılında “Federal Devlet” Başlığı Altnda Yapılan Değişikliklerden Hareketle Federal Yapının İncelenmesi”, Sakarya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 10 (2), 783-818.
  • Government of the Russian Federation. (y.y.), http://archive.government.ru/eng/gov/base/54.html, Erişim Tarihi: 17.09.2023.
  • Güler, M. Ç. (2020a). “Rusya’daki Anayasa Değişikliği Referandumunun Sonuçları”, SETA Perspektif, (290), 1-6. Güler, M. Ç. (2020b). “Rusya’da Anayasa Değişikliği Ve Putin’in Siyasi Geleceği”. SETA Perspektif, (279), 1-5.
  • Heintz, J. (2023a). “Under Putin The Uber Wealthy Russians Known As Oligarchs Are Still Rich But Far Less Powerful”, Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/russia-putin-oligarchs-rich-ukraine-war-9b167bb98ed050c5fbfadf0b069a0b8c, (10.11.2023).
  • Heintz, J. (2023b). “Putin is Expected to Seek Reelection in Russia But Who Would Run If He Doesn’t?”, Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/putin-russia-successors-president-election-kremlin-58154b1f252908e76083c944efc6828e, (23.11.2023).
  • Higgins, A. (2020). “The Theatrical Method in Putin’s Vote Madness”, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/01/world/europe/putin-referendum-vote-russia.html, (03.01.2024).
  • Hlivco, A and Khodorkovsky, M. (2024). “It’s Time to Declare Putin an Illegitimate Leader”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/02/22/putin-russia-election-ukraine-war-crimes-navalny-sanctions/, (16.03.2024).
  • https://www.wilsoncenter.org/insight-analysis?_page=1&keywords=&_limit=10&topics=416&regions=199&programs=108, (10.01.2024).
  • Human Rights Foundation. (2020). “Russia’s Latest Amendments to its Constituion are Anything But Constitutional”, https://hrf.org/russias-latest-approved-amendments-to-its-constitution-are-anything-but-constitutional/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIpf6F-N79ggMVVQmiAx0k0QnIEAAYASAAEgK62_D_BwE, (02.12.2023). Hürriyet. (2020). “Rusya'da Muhalif Gazeteci Evinin Önünde Saldırıya Uğradı”, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/rusyada-muhalif-gazeteciye-evinin-onunde-saldiriya-ugradi-41599573, (29.11.2023). Independent Türkçe. (2021). “Rusya Seçime Gidiyor: Putin Güç Kaybederken Muhalefet Yükselişte”, https://www.indyturk.com/node/412166/d%C3%BCnya/rusya-se%C3%A7ime-gidiyor-putin-g%C3%BC%C3%A7-kaybederken-muhalefet-y%C3%BCkseli%C5%9Fte, (03.12.2023).
  • Independent Türkçe. (2023a). “Putin’e Yakınlığı İle Tanınan Oligark Deripaska”, https://www.indyturk.com/node/614406/d%C3%BCnya/putine-yak%C4%B1nl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1yla-tan%C4%B1nan-oligark-deripaska-rusyan%C4%B1n-paras%C4%B1-seneye-kadar, (06.11.2023).
  • Independent Türkçe. (2023b). “Rusya'da Gazeteci Cinayetinin Hükümlüsü Ukrayna’da Savaşması Karşılığında Affedildi”, https://www.indyturk.com/node/674576/d%C3%BCnya/rusyada-gazeteci-cinayetinin-h%C3%BCk%C3%BCml%C3%BCs%C3%BC-ukraynada-sava%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1-kar%C5%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1nda-affedildi, (03.12.2023).
  • Isayeva, L. ve Günlü R. (2019). “Rus Siyasal Rejiminde Putin Dönemi İktidar ve Muhalefet İlişkisi”, Sosyal ve Beşeri Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20 (40), 79-92.
  • Kalinichenko, P. ve Kochenov, D. V. (2021). “Introductory Note to Amendments to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation Concerning International Law”, The American Society of International Law, 60, 341- 345.
  • Kendall-Taylor, A. (2020). “Putin is Following the Game Plan of Other Autocrats Before Him”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/17/russia-constitutional-change-putin-transition-autocrats/, (16.03.2024).
  • Kemaloğlu, İ. (2016). “21. Yüzyılın Başında Rusya Federasyonu”, Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (2), 1-14. Klingner, B. (2024). “The China-Russia-North Korea Partnership: A Triple Threat That Can’t Be Ignored”, The Heritage Foundation, https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/commentary/the-china-russia-north-korea-partnership-triple-threat-cant-be-ignored, (20.03.2024).
  • Klimkin P, Ivanov, V. ve Umland, A. (2020). “Putin’s New Constitution Spells Out Modern Russia’s Imperial Ambitions”, Atlantic Council, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/belarusalert/putins-new-constitution-spells-out-modern-russias-imperial-ambitions/, (18.12.2023).
  • Klimkin, P., Ivanov V. ve Umland, A. (2020). “Putin's New Constitution Spells Out Modern Russia's Imperial Ambitions”, Atlantic Council, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/belarusalert/putins-new-constitution-spells-out-modern-russias-imperial-ambitions/, (15.11.2023).
  • Kolesnikov, A. (2023). “Blood and Iron: How Nationalist Imperialism Became Russia’s State Ideology”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/12/06/blood-and-iron-how-nationalist-imperialism-became-russia-s-state-ideology-pub-91181, (20.03.2024).
  • Kolesnikov, A. (2024). “Eroding Consolidation: Putin’s Regime Ahead of the 2024 Election”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/91955, (21.03.2024).
  • Litvinova, D. (2023). “Putin Moves a Step Closer to a Fifth Term”, Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/russia-presidential-election-2024-putin-dcb4049245a651c06720ee0d39b8518f, (7.12.2023).
  • Lu, C. (2024). “Russia’s Predetermined Presidential Contest”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/03/14/russia-election-putin-ukraine-war/, (18.03.2024).
  • McKay, H. (2020). “Putin Could Make Move to Absorb Belarus, Europe’s Last Dictatorship Experts Say”, https://www.foxnews.com/world/inside-europes-last-dictatorship-the-soviet-styled-belarus, (19.03.2024).
  • Medyascope. (2022a). “Aşırı Zenginlik Ömrü Kısaltıyor”, https://medyascope.tv/2022/09/16/asiri-zenginlik-omru-kisaltiyor-iste-rusya-ukrayna-savasi-basladigindan-bu-yana-olen-rus-oligarklar/, (13.11.2023).
  • Medyascope. (2022b). “Savaş Demek Artık Suç”, https://medyascope.tv/2022/03/22/savas-demek-artik-suc-putinin-gazabindan-kacan-rus-gazeteciler-anlatiyor/, (16.11.2023).
  • Miller, C. (2020). “Succession and Punishment”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/21/succession-and-punishment/, (13.03.2024).
  • Parkhomenko, S. (2020). “Russia’s Little Green Men In Voting Booths”, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/russias-little-green-men-voting-booths, (06.01.2024).
  • Pomeranz, W. E. (2020). “The Putin Constitution”, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/putin-constitution, (08.01.2024). Radchenko S. and Rakhmetov B. (2020). “Putin is Ruling Like a Central Asian Dictator”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/06/putin-ruling-russia-like-a-kazakhstan-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan-tajikistan-belarus-central-asian-dictator/, (15.03.2024).
  • Reuters. (2024). “Reactions abroad to Russia’s Presidential Election”, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/reactions-russias-presidential-election-abroad-2024-03-17/, (18.03.2024).
  • Sang, L. S. (2020). “Putin Asks Court to Amend Constitution Allow Him to Remain in Power Until 2036”, https://www.foxnews.com/world/putin-law-2036-in-power-court, (20.03.2024).
  • Schulmann, E. (2023). “Bureaucracy as the Pillar of Stability: Are There Any Real Institutions Inside the Russian Political Regime?”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/91195, (20.03.2024).
  • Shuster, S. (2020). “A Bloodless Revolution. Putin’s Plan to Rewrite Russia’s Constitution Could Allow Him to Lead for Years to Come”, Time, https://time.com/5765534/vladimir-putin-russia-constitution-medvedev/, (18.03.2024).
  • Sözcü. (2023). “Muhalif Gazeteciye 25 Yıl Hapis”, https://www.sozcu.com.tr/muhalif-rus-gazeteciye-25-yil-hapis-wp7656878, (04.12.2023).
  • Statista. (2022). “Constitutional Reform in Russia 2020”, https://www.statista.com/topics/6056/constitutional-reform-in-russia-2020/#topicOverview, (02.01.2024).
  • Statista. (2024). “Results of the Voting on Constitutional Amendments in Russia”, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1130263/results-of-constitutional-voting-russia/, (06.01.2024).
  • Tanas, O. and Meyer, H., “Vladimir Putin Signals He May Seek to Extend His Rule in 2024”, Time, https://time.com/5857003/vladimir-putin-russia-fifth-presidential-term/, (17.03.2024).
  • Tuncel, T. K. (2020). “Rusya Anayasası'nda Yapılan Değişiklikler”, Avrasya İncelem Merkezi, https://avim.org.tr/tr/Analiz/RUSYA-ANAYASASI-NDA-YAPILAN-DEGISIKLIKLER, (30.09.2023).
  • Türkölmez, O. (2017). “Putin Mi Rusya’yı Kurtardı, Rusya Mı Putin’i Yarattı? Son Yüzyıla İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme”, PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3 (2), 17-29.
  • Wilson Center. (2021a). “Is Putin’s Constitution Good or Bad News for Russia?”, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/collection/debrief-russias-2020-constitutional-amendments, (03.01.2024).
  • Wilson Center. (2021b). “The Putin Mandate? Assessing the Numbers Behind Russia’s Constitutonal Vote”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwG34uD2FGY, (05.01.2024).
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Pınar Özden Cankara 0000-0003-3739-4771

Naciye Karigin 0009-0007-9094-8696

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 18

Kaynak Göster

APA Özden Cankara, P., & Karigin, N. (2024). DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA: THE 2020 CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM AND THE US CRITICISM OF PUTIN. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(18), 48-69.

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