Examining the validity and reliability of the academic entitlement scale in Turkish culture
Yıl 2024,
, 195 - 212, 16.03.2024
Adem Kantar
,
Büşra Aslan Cevheroğlu
,
Aysegul Bakır
,
Serel Akdur Çiçek
Öz
This study aims to adapt the Academic Entitlement Scale to Turkish culture and examine the scale's measurement invariance according to gender. The study was conducted with 372 university students aged 18 and 54 (I = 20.90). The study used the Academic Entitlement Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, and Locus of Control Scale as data collection tools. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to identify the construct validity of the scale. The measurement invariance of the scale according to gender was examined using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations between research variables were analyzed with the Pearson Correlation Test. Cronbach's Alpha was performed to measure the internal consistency reliability of the study. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that academic entitlement was positively correlated with self-esteem and external locus of control. In addition, it was revealed that the externalized responsibility sub-dimension was positively correlated to narcissism. The research findings indicate that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool within Turkish culture.
Etik Beyan
Erzurum Technical University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee, 10 Number of Decision: 5 Date: 20.04.2021.
Kaynakça
- Achacoso, M.V. (2006). “What do you mean my grade is not an A?”: An investigation of academic entitlement, causal attributions, and self-regulation in college students. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/what-do-you-mean-my-grade-is-not-investigation/docview/304984244/se-2
- Aksoy, N., & Sural, Ü.Ç. (2022). Academic Entitlement Expectations of Preservice Primary School Teachers. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.459.1
- Barton, A.L., & Hirsch, J.K. (2016). Permissive parenting and mental health in college students: Mediating effects of academic entitlement. Journal of American College Health, 64(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1060597
- Baumeister, R.F., Bushman, B.J., & Campbell, W.K. (2000). Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression: Does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egotism? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00053
- Bentler, P.M., & Chou, C.P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological methods & research, 16(1), 78-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004
- Bhattacharya, S., Bashar, M.A., Srivastava, A., & Singh, A. (2019). Nomophobia: No mobile phone phobia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(4), 1297. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_71_19
- Blincoe, S., & Garris, C.P. (2017). Challenging the assumption of a Western phenomenon: Academic entitlement in Saudi Arabia. The Journal of Experimental Education, 85(2), 278-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2016.1199009
- Bonaccio, S., Reeve, C.L., & Lyerly, J. (2016). Academic entitlement: Its personality and general mental ability correlates, and academic consequences. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.012
- Bosson, J.K., Lakey, C.E., Campbell, W.K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C.H., & Kernis, M.H. (2008). Untangling the links between narcissism and self‐esteem: A theoretical and empirical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(3), 1415-1439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00089.x
- Boswell, S.S. (2012). “I deserve success”: Academic entitlement attitudes and their relationships with course self-efficacy, social networking, and demographic variables. Social Psychology of Education, 15(3), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-012-9184-4
- Cain, J., Romanelli, F., & Smith, K.M. (2012). Academic entitlement in pharmacy education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(10). https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7610189
- Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing: 25(8), 652 661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
- Campbell, W.K., Bonacci, A.M., Shelton, J., Exline, J.J., & Bushman, B.J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 29 45. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8301_04
- Chowning, K., & Campbell, N.J. (2009). Development and validation of a measure of academic entitlement: Individual differences in students’ externalized responsibility and entitled expectations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(4), 982. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016351
- Ciani, K.D., Summers, J.J., & Easter, M.A. (2008). Gender differences in academic entitlement among college students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(4), 332-344. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.169.4.332-344
- Côté, S., Stellar, J.E., Willer, R., Forbes, R.C., Martin, S.R., & Bianchi, E.C. (2021). The psychology of entrenched privilege: High socioeconomic status individuals from affluent backgrounds are uniquely high in entitlement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(1), 70-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220916633
- Dubovsky, S.L. (1986). Coping with entitlement in medical education. New England Journal of Medicine, 315(26), 1672-1674. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198612253152609
- El-Alayli, A., Hansen-Brown, A.A., & Ceynar, M. (2018). Dancing backwards in high heels: Female professors experience more work demands and special favor requests, particularly from academically entitled students. Sex Roles, 79, 136 150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0872-6
- Elias, R.Z. (2017). Academic entitlement and its relationship with perception of cheating ethics. Journal of Education for Business, 92(4), 194 199. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2017.1328383
- Exline, J.J., Baumeister, R.F., Bushman, B.J., Campbell, W.K., & Finkel, E.J. (2004). Too proud to let go: narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 894. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.894
- Fletcher, K.L., Pierson, E.E., Speirs Neumeister, K.L., & Finch, W.H. (2020). Overparenting and perfectionistic concerns predict academic entitlement in young adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 348-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01663-7
- Greenberger, E., Lessard, J., Chen, C., & Farruggia, S.P. (2008). Self-entitled college students: Contributions of personality, parenting, and motivational factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(10), 1193-1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9284-9
- Hambleton, R.K. and Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1, 1-16.
- Harvey, P., & Harris, K.J. (2010). Frustration-based outcomes of entitlement and the influence of supervisor communication. Human Relations, 63(11), 1639 1660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710362923
- Hill, M.S., & Fischer, A.R. (2001). Does entitlement mediate the link between masculinity and rape related variables?. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.48.1.39
- Jack, G., & Donnellan, H. (2010). Recognising the person within the developing professional: Tracking the early careers of newly qualified child care social workers in three local authorities in England. Social Work Education, 29(3), 305 318. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615470902984663
- Kılıç, S. (2016). Cronbach'ın alfa güvenirlik katsayısı [Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient]. Journal of Mood Disorders, 6(1), 47 48. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20160307122823
- Kopp, J.P., Zinn, T.E., Finney, S.J., & Jurich, D.P. (2011). The development and evaluation of the academic entitlement questionnaire. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 44(2), 105-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175611400292
- Kumari, D., & Gautam, M.K. 648. “I deserve higher Grades”: An Analysis of Academic Entitlement Attitude among Students of Higher Education. Journal of Dialogues on Education, 11(1), 1-10.
- Lippmann, S., Bulanda, R.E., & Wagenaar, T.C. (2009). Student entitlement: Issues and strategies for confronting entitlement in the classroom and beyond. College Teaching, 57, 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567550903218596
- McLellan, C.K., & Jackson, D.L. (2017). Personality, self-regulated learning, and academic entitlement. Social Psychology of Education, 20(1), 159 178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-016-9357-7
- Menon, M.K., & Sharland, A. (2011). Narcissism, exploitative attitudes, and academic dishonesty: An exploratory investigation of reality versus myth. Journal of Education for Business, 86(1), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832321003774772
- Moeller, S.J., Crocker, J., & Bushman, B.J. (2009). Creating hostility and conflict: Effects of entitlement and self-image goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 448-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.11.005
- Morrow, W. (1994). Entitlement and achievement in education. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 13(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074084
- Peirone, A., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (2017). “I bought my degree, now I want my job!” Is academic entitlement related to prospective workplace entitlement?. Innovative Higher Education, 42(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-016-9365-8
- Pilotti, M.A., Al Ghazo, R., & Al Shamsi, S.J. (2022). Academic entitlement amid social change in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(4), 1718-1730. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-05-2021-0168
- Reysen, R., Reysen, M., & Reysen, S. (2021). Academic entitlement predicts smartphone usage during class. College Teaching, 69(1), 52 57. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2020.1803192
- Singleton-Jackson, J.A., Jackson, D.L., & Reinhardt, J. (2011). Academic Entitlement: Exploring Definitions and Dimensions of Entitled Students. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.18848/1833 1882/CGP/v05i09/51883
- Sohr-Preston, S., & Boswell, S.S. (2015). Predicting academic entitlement in undergraduates. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 27(2), 183-193.
- Solomon, I., & Leven, S. (1975). Entitlement. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 12(3), 280. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086444
- Turnipseed, D.L., & Cohen, S.R. (2015). Academic entitlement and socially aversive personalities: Does the Dark Triad predict academic entitlement?. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 72-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.003
- vanWieirngen, K.A., Formicola, A., Peirone, A., & Falsetta, T. (2013, May 30). Academic entitlement leads to negative outcomes, student researchers find. Retrieved from http://www.uwindsor.ca/dailynews/2013-05-29/academic-entitlement-leadsnegative-consequences-student-researchers-find
- Wasieleski, D.T., Whatley, M.A., Briihl, D.S., & Branscome, J.M. (2014). Academic entitlement scale: Development and preliminary validation. Psychology Research, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5542/2014.06.004
- Whatley, M.A., Wasieleski, D.T., Breneiser, J.E., & Wood, M.M. (2019). Understanding academic entitlement: Gender classification, self-esteem, and covert narcissism. Educational Research Quarterly, 42(3), 49-71.
- Wicherts, J.M. (2007). Group differences in intelligence test performance. Unpublished dissertation, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.280565
- Wilson, T.D., Dunn, D.S., Kraft, D., & Lisle, D.J. (1989). Introspection, attitude change, and attitude-behavior consistency: The disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 287-343). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60311-1
- Yalçın, S (2021). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci bilgi notu. [Scale development and adaptation process information note]. Retrieved from http://egitim.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/347/2021/06/Olcek-Gelistirme-ve-Uyarlama.Bilgi-notu.-Doc.-Dr.-Seher-Yalcin.pdf.
- Yan, D., Xi, L., Shu, S.U., & Li, L. (2021). The Online Learning Academic Achievement of Chinese Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Role of Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Entitlement. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 8(3), 116-127. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/pes/issue/64305/976295
- Zarei, S. (2022). The Mediating role of academic entitlement in the relationship between Permissive Parenting and Psychological Distress among Students. Psychological Studies, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1060597
- Zuckerman, M. (1979). Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Journal of Personality, 47(2), 245-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00202.x
Examining the validity and reliability of the academic entitlement scale in Turkish culture
Yıl 2024,
, 195 - 212, 16.03.2024
Adem Kantar
,
Büşra Aslan Cevheroğlu
,
Aysegul Bakır
,
Serel Akdur Çiçek
Öz
This study aims to adapt the Academic Entitlement Scale to Turkish culture and examine the scale's measurement invariance according to gender. The study was conducted with 372 university students aged 18 and 54 (I = 20.90). The study used the Academic Entitlement Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, and Locus of Control Scale as data collection tools. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to identify the construct validity of the scale. The measurement invariance of the scale according to gender was examined using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations between research variables were analyzed with the Pearson Correlation Test. Cronbach's Alpha was performed to measure the internal consistency reliability of the study. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that academic entitlement was positively correlated with self-esteem and external locus of control. In addition, it was revealed that the externalized responsibility sub-dimension was positively correlated to narcissism. The research findings indicate that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool within Turkish culture.
Etik Beyan
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The research protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee under the 10/5 application number.
Destekleyen Kurum
This study received no specific funding from any public, private, or non-profit agency.
Kaynakça
- Achacoso, M.V. (2006). “What do you mean my grade is not an A?”: An investigation of academic entitlement, causal attributions, and self-regulation in college students. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/what-do-you-mean-my-grade-is-not-investigation/docview/304984244/se-2
- Aksoy, N., & Sural, Ü.Ç. (2022). Academic Entitlement Expectations of Preservice Primary School Teachers. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.459.1
- Barton, A.L., & Hirsch, J.K. (2016). Permissive parenting and mental health in college students: Mediating effects of academic entitlement. Journal of American College Health, 64(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1060597
- Baumeister, R.F., Bushman, B.J., & Campbell, W.K. (2000). Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression: Does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egotism? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00053
- Bentler, P.M., & Chou, C.P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological methods & research, 16(1), 78-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004
- Bhattacharya, S., Bashar, M.A., Srivastava, A., & Singh, A. (2019). Nomophobia: No mobile phone phobia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(4), 1297. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_71_19
- Blincoe, S., & Garris, C.P. (2017). Challenging the assumption of a Western phenomenon: Academic entitlement in Saudi Arabia. The Journal of Experimental Education, 85(2), 278-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2016.1199009
- Bonaccio, S., Reeve, C.L., & Lyerly, J. (2016). Academic entitlement: Its personality and general mental ability correlates, and academic consequences. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.012
- Bosson, J.K., Lakey, C.E., Campbell, W.K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C.H., & Kernis, M.H. (2008). Untangling the links between narcissism and self‐esteem: A theoretical and empirical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(3), 1415-1439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00089.x
- Boswell, S.S. (2012). “I deserve success”: Academic entitlement attitudes and their relationships with course self-efficacy, social networking, and demographic variables. Social Psychology of Education, 15(3), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-012-9184-4
- Cain, J., Romanelli, F., & Smith, K.M. (2012). Academic entitlement in pharmacy education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(10). https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7610189
- Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing: 25(8), 652 661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
- Campbell, W.K., Bonacci, A.M., Shelton, J., Exline, J.J., & Bushman, B.J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 29 45. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8301_04
- Chowning, K., & Campbell, N.J. (2009). Development and validation of a measure of academic entitlement: Individual differences in students’ externalized responsibility and entitled expectations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(4), 982. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016351
- Ciani, K.D., Summers, J.J., & Easter, M.A. (2008). Gender differences in academic entitlement among college students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(4), 332-344. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.169.4.332-344
- Côté, S., Stellar, J.E., Willer, R., Forbes, R.C., Martin, S.R., & Bianchi, E.C. (2021). The psychology of entrenched privilege: High socioeconomic status individuals from affluent backgrounds are uniquely high in entitlement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(1), 70-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220916633
- Dubovsky, S.L. (1986). Coping with entitlement in medical education. New England Journal of Medicine, 315(26), 1672-1674. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198612253152609
- El-Alayli, A., Hansen-Brown, A.A., & Ceynar, M. (2018). Dancing backwards in high heels: Female professors experience more work demands and special favor requests, particularly from academically entitled students. Sex Roles, 79, 136 150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0872-6
- Elias, R.Z. (2017). Academic entitlement and its relationship with perception of cheating ethics. Journal of Education for Business, 92(4), 194 199. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2017.1328383
- Exline, J.J., Baumeister, R.F., Bushman, B.J., Campbell, W.K., & Finkel, E.J. (2004). Too proud to let go: narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 894. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.894
- Fletcher, K.L., Pierson, E.E., Speirs Neumeister, K.L., & Finch, W.H. (2020). Overparenting and perfectionistic concerns predict academic entitlement in young adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 348-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01663-7
- Greenberger, E., Lessard, J., Chen, C., & Farruggia, S.P. (2008). Self-entitled college students: Contributions of personality, parenting, and motivational factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(10), 1193-1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9284-9
- Hambleton, R.K. and Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1, 1-16.
- Harvey, P., & Harris, K.J. (2010). Frustration-based outcomes of entitlement and the influence of supervisor communication. Human Relations, 63(11), 1639 1660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710362923
- Hill, M.S., & Fischer, A.R. (2001). Does entitlement mediate the link between masculinity and rape related variables?. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.48.1.39
- Jack, G., & Donnellan, H. (2010). Recognising the person within the developing professional: Tracking the early careers of newly qualified child care social workers in three local authorities in England. Social Work Education, 29(3), 305 318. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615470902984663
- Kılıç, S. (2016). Cronbach'ın alfa güvenirlik katsayısı [Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient]. Journal of Mood Disorders, 6(1), 47 48. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20160307122823
- Kopp, J.P., Zinn, T.E., Finney, S.J., & Jurich, D.P. (2011). The development and evaluation of the academic entitlement questionnaire. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 44(2), 105-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175611400292
- Kumari, D., & Gautam, M.K. 648. “I deserve higher Grades”: An Analysis of Academic Entitlement Attitude among Students of Higher Education. Journal of Dialogues on Education, 11(1), 1-10.
- Lippmann, S., Bulanda, R.E., & Wagenaar, T.C. (2009). Student entitlement: Issues and strategies for confronting entitlement in the classroom and beyond. College Teaching, 57, 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567550903218596
- McLellan, C.K., & Jackson, D.L. (2017). Personality, self-regulated learning, and academic entitlement. Social Psychology of Education, 20(1), 159 178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-016-9357-7
- Menon, M.K., & Sharland, A. (2011). Narcissism, exploitative attitudes, and academic dishonesty: An exploratory investigation of reality versus myth. Journal of Education for Business, 86(1), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832321003774772
- Moeller, S.J., Crocker, J., & Bushman, B.J. (2009). Creating hostility and conflict: Effects of entitlement and self-image goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 448-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.11.005
- Morrow, W. (1994). Entitlement and achievement in education. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 13(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074084
- Peirone, A., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (2017). “I bought my degree, now I want my job!” Is academic entitlement related to prospective workplace entitlement?. Innovative Higher Education, 42(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-016-9365-8
- Pilotti, M.A., Al Ghazo, R., & Al Shamsi, S.J. (2022). Academic entitlement amid social change in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(4), 1718-1730. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-05-2021-0168
- Reysen, R., Reysen, M., & Reysen, S. (2021). Academic entitlement predicts smartphone usage during class. College Teaching, 69(1), 52 57. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2020.1803192
- Singleton-Jackson, J.A., Jackson, D.L., & Reinhardt, J. (2011). Academic Entitlement: Exploring Definitions and Dimensions of Entitled Students. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.18848/1833 1882/CGP/v05i09/51883
- Sohr-Preston, S., & Boswell, S.S. (2015). Predicting academic entitlement in undergraduates. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 27(2), 183-193.
- Solomon, I., & Leven, S. (1975). Entitlement. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 12(3), 280. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086444
- Turnipseed, D.L., & Cohen, S.R. (2015). Academic entitlement and socially aversive personalities: Does the Dark Triad predict academic entitlement?. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 72-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.003
- vanWieirngen, K.A., Formicola, A., Peirone, A., & Falsetta, T. (2013, May 30). Academic entitlement leads to negative outcomes, student researchers find. Retrieved from http://www.uwindsor.ca/dailynews/2013-05-29/academic-entitlement-leadsnegative-consequences-student-researchers-find
- Wasieleski, D.T., Whatley, M.A., Briihl, D.S., & Branscome, J.M. (2014). Academic entitlement scale: Development and preliminary validation. Psychology Research, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5542/2014.06.004
- Whatley, M.A., Wasieleski, D.T., Breneiser, J.E., & Wood, M.M. (2019). Understanding academic entitlement: Gender classification, self-esteem, and covert narcissism. Educational Research Quarterly, 42(3), 49-71.
- Wicherts, J.M. (2007). Group differences in intelligence test performance. Unpublished dissertation, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.280565
- Wilson, T.D., Dunn, D.S., Kraft, D., & Lisle, D.J. (1989). Introspection, attitude change, and attitude-behavior consistency: The disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 287-343). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60311-1
- Yalçın, S (2021). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci bilgi notu. [Scale development and adaptation process information note]. Retrieved from http://egitim.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/347/2021/06/Olcek-Gelistirme-ve-Uyarlama.Bilgi-notu.-Doc.-Dr.-Seher-Yalcin.pdf.
- Yan, D., Xi, L., Shu, S.U., & Li, L. (2021). The Online Learning Academic Achievement of Chinese Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Role of Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Entitlement. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 8(3), 116-127. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/pes/issue/64305/976295
- Zarei, S. (2022). The Mediating role of academic entitlement in the relationship between Permissive Parenting and Psychological Distress among Students. Psychological Studies, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1060597
- Zuckerman, M. (1979). Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Journal of Personality, 47(2), 245-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00202.x