Genesis and spatio-temporal analysis of glacial lakes in the peri-glacial environment of Western Himalayas

Yıl 2023, , 154 - 164, 05.07.2023

Fareeha Siddique , Atta-ur Rahman

https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1097912

Cited By: 1

Öz

Glaciers are retreating in the highest mountainous regions of the world, like Himalayan region as a result of climate change and global warming. This leads to the formation of different types of glacial lakes. These lakes are not only the source of fresh water but it also causes disaster in the form of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Astore Drainage Basin is located in north eastern mountainous region of Himalayas. This area is prone to GLOFs because of the increasing number of glacial lakes and the growth of existing lakes as a result of global warming. To provide a detailed information about the spatial and temporal information of glacial lakes detailed inventories has been developed for the study area using Landsat images for the year 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019. Glacial lakes were mapped and identified by using Normalized Different Water Index, Normalized Difference Snow Index and high-resolution Google Earth images. It was found from the analysis that the number of the glacial lakes increased from 120 to 128 in a period of thirty years (i.e., from 1989 to 2019). During the study period two lakes disappeared whereas ten new lakes were formed. There were 21 lakes which show area expansion more than 100% representing high susceptibility for GLOF. The results also showed that smaller lakes expanded more rapidly in area than the larger lakes.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Glacial Lake, Astore Drainage Basin, Normalized Difference Water Index, Normalized Difference Snow Index, Landsat

Kaynakça

• Jain, S. K., & Mir, R. A. (2019). Glacier and glacial lake classification for change detection studies using satellite data: a case study from Baspa basin, western Himalaya. Geocarto International, 34(4), 391-414.
• Gardelle, J., Arnaud, Y., & Berthier, E. (2011). Contrasted evolution of glacial lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalaya Mountain range between 1990 and 2009. Global and Planetary Change, 75(1), 47-55.
• Immerzeel, W. W. (2008). Spatial modeling of mountainous basins: an integrated analysis of the hydrological cycle, Climate Change and Agriculture.
• Bolch, T., Kulkarni, A., Kääb, A., Huggel, C., Paul, F., Cogley, J., . . . Stoffel, M. (2012). The State and Fate of Himalayan Glaciers. Science, 336, 310-314.
• Dyhrenfurth, G. O. (1955). The third Pole – The history of the High Himalaya (1st UK Edition). London: Ex Libris, Werner Laurie.
• Bajracharya, S. R., Maharjan, S., Shrestha, F., Guo, W., Liu, S., Immerzeel, W. W., & Shrestha, B. (2015). The glaciers of the Hindu Kush Himalayas: current status and observed changes from the 1980s to 2010. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 31, 1-13.
• Gilany, N., Iqbal, J., & Hussain, E. (2020). Geospatial Analysis and Simulation of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard in Hunza and Shyok Basins of Upper Indus Basin. The Cryosphere Discussions, 1-24.
• Benn, D. I., Bolch, T., Hands, K., Gulley, J., Luckman, A., Nicholson, L. I., . . .Wiseman, S. (2012). Response of debris-covered glaciers in the Mount Everest region to recent warming, and implications for outburst flood hazards. Earth-Science Reviews, 114(1), 156-174.
• Zemp, M., Frey, H., Gärtner-Roer, I., Nussbaumer, S. U., Hoelzle, M., Paul, F., . . . Vincent, C. (2015). Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century. Journal of Glaciology, 61(228), 745-762.
• Campbell, J. G. (2005). Inventory of glaciers and glacial lake and the identification of potential glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) affected by global warming in the mountains of India, Pakistan and China/Tibet Autonomous Region. Final report submitted to APN, 2004-03 CMY Kathmandu Nepal: ICIMOD & APN, 39.
• Linsbauer, A., Frey, H., Haeberli, W., Machguth, H., Azam, M. F., & Allen, S. (2015). Modelling glacier-bed overdeepenings and possible future lakes for the glaciers in the Himalaya—Karakoram region. Annals of Glaciology, 57(71), 119-130.
• Frey, H., Huggel, C., Paul, F., & Haeberli, W. (2010). Automated detection of glacier lakes based on remote sensing in view of assessing associated hazard potential. Grazer Schriften der Geographie und Raumforschung, 45, 261-272.
• Wang, X., Siegert, F., Zhou, A. G., & Franke, J. (2013). Glacier and glacial lake changes and their relationship in the context of climate change, Central Tibetan Plateau 1972–2010. Global and Planetary Change, 111, 246-257.
• Fan, J., An, C., Zhang, X., Li, X., & Tan, J. (2019). Hazard assessment of glacial lake outburst floods in Southeast Tibet based on RS and GIS technologies. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40, 1-25.
• Clague, J. J., & Evans, S. G. (2000). A review of catastrophic drainage of moraine dammed lakes in British Columbia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19(17), 1763-1783.
• Carey, M. (2005). Living and dying with glaciers: people's historical vulnerability to avalanches and outburst floods in Peru. Global and Planetary Change, 47(2), 122-134.
• Stokes, C. R., Popovnin, V., Aleynikov, A., Gurney, S. D., & Shahgedanova, M. (2007). Recent glacier retreat in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia, and associated increase in supraglacial debris cover and supra-/proglacial lake development. Annals of Glaciology, 46, 195-203.
• Emmer, A., Merkl, S., & Mergili, M. (2015). Spatiotemporal patterns of high-mountain lakes and related hazards in western Austria. Geomorphology, 246, 602-616.
• Fujita, K., Suzuki, R., Nuimura, T., & Sakai, A. (2008). Performance of ASTER and SRTM DEMs, and their potential for assessing glacial lakes in the Lunana region, Bhutan Himalaya. Journal of Glaciology, 54, 220-228.
• Wang, X., Liu, Q., Liu, S., Wei, J., & Jiang, Z. (2016). Heterogeneity of glacial lake expansion and its contrasting signals with climate change in Tarim Basin, Central Asia. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 1-11.
• Song, C., Sheng, Y., Wang, J., Ke, L., Madson, A., & Nie, Y. (2017). Heterogeneous glacial lake changes and links of lake expansions to the rapid thinning of adjacent glacier termini in the Himalayas. Geomorphology, 280, 30-38.
• ICIMOD. (2011). Report on the Status of Glaciers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region. Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Rehman, G. (2015). GLOF Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan. In A.-U. Rahman, A. N. Khan & R. Shaw (Eds.), Disaster Risk Reduction Approaches in Pakistan (pp. 217-237). Tokyo: Springer Japan.
• ICIMOD. (2005). Report on inventory of the glacier and glacial lakes of HKH region. Kathmandu, Nepal.
• ICIMOD. (2010). Report on formation of glacial lakes in the Hindu Kush Himalayas and GLOF risk assessment. Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Archer, D. (2003). Contrasting hydrological regimes in the upper Indus Basin. Journal of Hydrology, 274(1), 198-210.
• Ahmad, I., Ahmad, Z., Munir, S., Rehman, O. –u., Shah, S. R., & Shabbir, Y. (2018). Geo-spatial dynamics of snowcover and hydro-meteorological parameters of Astore basin, UIB, HKH Region, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11, 1-15.
• Morsy, S., & Hadi, M. (2023). Impact of land use/land cover on land surface temperature and its relationship with spectral indices in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 7(3), 272-282.
• Rahman, S. A., Islam, M. M., Salman, M. A., & Rafiq, M. R. (2022). Evaluating bank erosion and identifying possible anthropogenic causative factors of Kirtankhola River in Barishal, Bangladesh: an integrated GIS and Remote Sensing approaches. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 7(2), 179-190.
• Khorrami, B., & Kamran, K. V. (2022). A fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach for the assessment of forest health applying hyper spectral imageries: A case study from Ramsar forest, North of Iran. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 7(3), 214-220.
• Huggel, C., Kääb, A., Haeberli, W., Teysseire, P., & Paul, F. (2002). Remote sensing-based assessment of hazards from glacier lake outbursts: A case study in the Swiss Alps. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39, 316-330.
• Choi, H., & Bindschadler, R. (2004). Cloud detection in Landsat imagery of ice sheets using shadow matching technique and automatic normalized difference snow index threshold value decision. Remote Sensing of Environment, 91(2), 237-242.
• Wilson, R., Glasser, N. F., Reynolds, J. M., Harrison, S., Anacona, P. I., Schaefer, M., . . . Shannon, S. (2018). Glacial lakes of the Central and Patagonian Andes. Global and Planetary Change, 162, 275-291.
• Wang, W., Xiang, Y., Gao, Y., Lu, A., & Yao, T. (2014). Rapid expansion of glacial lakes caused by climate and glacier retreat in the Central Himalayas. Hydrological Processes, 29(6), 859-874.
• Shrestha, B. B., Nakagawa, H., Kawaike. K., Baba, Y., & Zhang, H. (2010). Glacial lake outburst due to Moraine Dam failure by seepage and overtopping with impact of climate change. Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute 53(B), 569-582.
• Akram, N., & Hamid, A. (2014). Climate change: A threat to the economic growth of Pakistan. Progress in Development Studies, 15, 1-14.
• Nie, Y., Liu, Q., Sheng, Y., Liu, L., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., . . . Song, C. (2017). A regional-scale assessment of Himalayan glacial lake changes using satellite observations from 1990 to 2015. Remote Sensing of Environment, 189, 1-13.
• Emmer, A., Vilímek, V., Klimeš, J., Mergili, M., & Cochachin, A. (2016). 882 lakes of the Cordillera Blanca: An inventory, classification, evolution and assessment of susceptibility to outburst floods. Catena, 147, 269-279.
• Demir, V. & Ülke Keskin, A. (2022). Flood flow calculation and flood modeling in rivers that do not have enough flow measurement (Samsun, Mert River sample). Geomatik, 7 (2), 149-162. https://doi.org/ 10.29128/geomatik.918502
• Yiğit, A. Y., Şenol, H. İ. & Kaya, Y. (2022). Using multi-temporal and multispectral satellite data for coastal change analysis in Marmara Lake. Geomatik, 7 (3), 253-260. https://doi.org/ 10.29128/geomatik.1017376